Modified radical mastectomy: A pilot clinical trial comparing the use of conventional electric scalpel and harmonic scalpel

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the rates of local postoperative complications among women undergoing modified radical mastectomy with an electric scalpel (ES) or a harmonic scalpel (HS). It is thought that HS use has less postoperative complications, mainly seroma formation. Methods: This study was a prospective non-randomised clinical trial (NCT01391988) among consecutive patients, performed in parallel. Patients underwent modified radical mastectomy using an HS or ES. We analysed the following operative variables: time, blood loss and seroma volume drainage. Postoperative complications, including seroma, flap necrosis, haematoma and infection were evaluated on the 7th and 14th days. Results: Forty-six patients underwent a MRM with ES and 49 with HS; no differences were observed between the groups. The rate of local complications was 29% in the HS group and 52% in the ES group (p=0.024). The rates of seroma (16.3% versus 28.3%; p=0.161), necrosis (4.1% vs. 21.7%; p=0.013; OR=0.15), haematoma (2.0% vs. 8.7%; p=0.195) and infection (2.0% vs. 6.5%; p=0.351) were lower in the HS group. Adding the findings of all comparative studies using HSs in MRM to the seroma rates in the current study, the seroma rate, expressed as a categorical variable, did not decrease with HS. Seroma was present in 60/219 cases using an HS and in 69/239 cases utilising an ES (p=0.72). Based on a multivariate analysis, HS decreased the risk of skin necrosis (p=0.015). Conclusions: HSs do not decrease the seroma rate. However, this method may be useful in skin sparing mastectomy because it decreases skin flap necrosis. © 2013 Surgical Associates Ltd.

Changes during chilled storage of whole tilapia and short-term frozen storage of tilapia fillets

This study evaluated the physicochemical changes in Nile tilapia (n = 82, 373.71 ± 61.91 g) refrigerated for up to 92 h and in the frozen fillets. The tilapias were captured with nets, slaughtered by ice and water shock (1:1) in a temperature of approximately 2°C for 30 min, and stored refrigerated at 4°C in polystyrene boxes containing ice. The fish were filleted, and filets were weighed and frozen. The drip loss and protein were determined after 23 days of frozen storage. After 4 h of storage, all fish were in full rigor mortis. The pH of the muscles decreased for up to 45 h of the storage period. The fillets obtained from tilapia stored for more than 72 h lost more weight and protein. Thus, the filleting or processing of tilapia should be done before 72 h of cold storage, since deterioration of the fish starts to occur after this period. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Periodontal disease reduces water and sodium intake induced by injection of muscimol into the lateral parabrachial nucleus

Objective: Gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor activation with muscimol in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) induces water and 0.3 M NaCl intake. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a local inflammatory event, such as periodontal disease (PD), is able to alter the effects of muscimol on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake in fluid-replete rats and in rats treated with furosemide (FURO) combined with captopril (CAP) injected subcutaneously. Design: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: with PD and those without PD (control condition). Fifteen days after PD, both groups had cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN. Results: In fluid-replete rats without PD, injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN induced 0.3 M NaCl and water intake and a pressor response. In fluid-replete rats with PD, a decrease was observed in water intake and pressor response but not in 0.3 M NaCl intake. In control rats with FURO + CAP treatment, injections of muscimol into the LPBN increased 0.3 M NaCl and water intake. In PD rats with FURO + CAP treatment, a decrease was observed in 0.3 M NaCl and water intake after muscimol in the LPBN. Alveolar bone loss and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plasmatic concentration were higher in PD rats in comparison with controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that PD is able to reduce the pressor response and the dipsogenic and natriorexigenic effects induced by the activation of GABAA receptors in the LPBN, probably due to the elevation of the plasmatic concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Disinfection protocols to prevent cross-contamination between dental offices and prosthetic laboratories

Control of cross-contamination between dental offices and prosthetic laboratories is of utmost importance to maintain the health of patients and dental office staff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate disinfection protocols, considering antimicrobial effectiveness and damage to the structures of prostheses. Solutions of 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 50% vinegar and sodium perborate were evaluated. Specimens were contaminated in vitro with standardized suspensions of Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis spores. Disinfection by immersion for 10. min was performed. Final counts of microorganisms were obtained using the plating method. Results were statistically compared by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's test. The surface roughness of 40 specimens was analyzed before and after 10 disinfection cycles, and results were compared statistically using Student's t test. The solution of 50% vinegar was as effective as 1% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine against C. albicans, E. coli and S. mutans. The sodium perborate solution showed the lowest antimicrobial effectiveness. Superficial roughness increased after cycles in 1% sodium hypochlorite (p=0.02). Solutions of 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine and 50% vinegar were effective for the disinfection of heat-polymerized acrylic specimens. Sodium hypochlorite increased the superficial roughness. © 2013 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.

Suco de laranja reduz colesterol e insulina no sangue de indivíduos saudáveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

An assessment of the economic and social impacts of climate change on the tourism sector in the Caribbean

There are significant, fundamental changes taking place in global air and sea surface temperatures and sea levels. The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted that many of the warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface temperatures have occurred within the last twelve years, i.e. 1995-2006 (IPCC, 2007). The Caribbean tourism product is particularly vulnerable to climate change. On the demand side, mitigation measures in other countries – for example, measures to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels – could have implications for airfares and cruise prices and, therefore, for the demand for travel, particularly to long-haul destinations such as the Caribbean (Clayton, 2009). On the supply side, sea level rise will cause beaches to disappear and damage coastal resorts. Changes in the frequency and severity of hurricanes are likely to magnify that damage. Other indirect impacts on the tourism product include rising insurance premiums and competition for water resources (Cashman, Cumberbatch, & Moore, 2012). The present report has used information on historic and future Caribbean climate data to calculate that the Caribbean tourism climatic index (TCI) ranges from −20 (impossible) to +100 (ideal). In addition to projections for the Caribbean, the report has produced TCI projections for the New York City area (specifically, Central Park), which have been used as comparators for Caribbean country projections. The conditions in the source market provide a benchmark against which visitors may judge their experience in the tourism destination. The historical and forecasted TCIs for the Caribbean under both the A2 and B2 climate scenarios of the IPCC suggest that climatic conditions in the Caribbean are expected to deteriorate, and are likely to become less conducive to tourism. More specifically, the greatest decline in the TCI is likely to occur during the northern hemisphere summer months from May to September. At the same time, the scenario analysis indicates that home conditions during the traditional tourist season (December – April) are likely to improve, which could make it more attractive for visitors from these markets to consider ‘staycations’ as an alternative to overseas trips.

An assessment of the economic impact of climate change on the coastal and human settlements, tourism and transport sectors in Barbados

This report analyses the coastal and human settlements, tourism and transport sectors in Barbados to assess the potential economic impact of climate change on the sectors. The fundamental aim of this report is to assist with the development of strategies to deal with the potential impact of climate change on Barbados. Some of the key anticipated manifestations of climate change for the Caribbean include elevated air and sea-surface temperatures, sea-level rise, possible changes in extreme events and a reduction in freshwater resources. The economic impact of climate change on the three sectors was estimated for the A2 and B2 IPCC scenarios until 2050 (tourism and transport sectors) and 2100 (coastal and human settlements sector). An exploration of various adaptation strategies was also undertaken for each sector using standard evaluation techniques. The analysis has shown that based upon exposed assets and population, SLR can be classified as having the potential to create potential catastrophe in Barbados. The main contributing factor is the concentration of socioeconomic infrastructure along the coastline in vulnerable areas. The A2 and B2 projections have indicated that the number of catastrophes that can be classified as great is likely to be increased for the country. This is based upon the possible effects of the projected unscheduled impacts to the economy both in terms of loss of life and economic infrastructure. These results arise from the A2 and B2 projections, thereby indicating that growth in numbers and losses are largely due to socioeconomic changes over the projection period and hence the need for increased adaptation strategies. A key adaptation measure recommended is for the government of Barbados to begin reducing the infrastructure deficit by continuously investing in protective infrastructure to decrease the country’s vulnerability to changes in the climate. With regard to the tourism sector, it was found that by combining the impacts due to a reduction in tourist arrivals, coral reef loss and SLR, estimated total economic impact of climate change is US $7,648 million (A2 scenario) and US $5,127 million (B2 scenario). An economic analysis of the benefits and costs of several adaptation options was undertaken to determine the cost effectiveness of each one and it was found that four (4) out of nine (9) options had high cost-benefit ratios. It is therefore recommended that the strategies that were most attractive in terms of the cost-benefit ratios be pursued first and these were: (1) enhanced reef monitoring systems to provide early warning alerts of bleaching events; (2) artificial reefs or fish-aggregating devices; (3) development of national adaptation plans (levee, sea wall and boardwalk); (4) revision of policies related to financing carbon neutral tourism; and (5) increasing recommended design wind speeds for new tourism-related structures. The total cost of climate change on international transportation in Barbados aggregated the impacts of changes in temperature and precipitation, new climate policies and SLR. The impact for air transportation ranges from US$10,727 million (B2 scenario) to US$12,279 million (A2 scenario) and for maritime transportation impact estimates range from US$1,992 million (B2 scenario) to US$2,606 million (A2 scenario). For international transportation as a whole, the impact of climate change varies from US$12,719 million under the B2 scenario to US$14,885 million under the A2 scenario. Barbados has the institutions set up to implement adaptive strategies to strengthen the resilience of the existing international transportation system to climate change impacts. Air and sea terminals and facilities can be made more robust, raised, or even relocated as need be, and where critical to safety and mobility, expanded redundant systems may be considered.

Efeitos de tácticas alternativas de controle do tripes do prateamento em cultura de amendoim e seus reflexos na produtividade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Co-ordination and fatigue of countermovement jump

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação do efeito protetor do urucum e da bixina sobre a genotoxicidade induzida pelo antitumoral cisplatina em células da linhagem PC12

Pós-graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição - FCFAR

Utilização de lâminas serrilhadas no corte basal da cana-de- açúcar

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Modelagem numérica do terreno na avaliação do volume admissível em canais de cordões de contorno nivelados

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Perda de carga em mangueiras gotejadoras novas, usadas e com emissores entupidos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Alterações oxidativas em portadores da doença de Alzheimer: correlação com os estágios da doença e o quadro cognitivo dos pacientes

A sobrevida da população tem aumentado de forma progressiva e atribui-se à melhoria da qualidade dos serviços de saúde e das condições gerais de vida, sendo marcante, sobretudo nos países industrializados. Este aumento da expectativa de vida repercute no aumento da incidência de doenças comuns em idades avançadas. O envelhecimento é considerado fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Alzheimer (DA). Uma das teorias para a patogênese da DA postula que a neurodegeneração é o resultado de alterações no metabolismo oxidativo com acometimento do tecido cerebral vulnerável. O fato de o envelhecimento ser um fator de risco na DA, reforça também a hipótese da participação dos radicais livres, pois os efeitos de sua ação podem se acumular durante anos. A DA é uma doença insidiosa e progressiva e caracteriza-se clinicamente por uma perda progressiva da memória e de outras funções cognitivas, além de mudanças comportamentais e sociais. O déficit de memória é o principal e usualmente o primeiro sintoma da DA, com comprometimento especialmente da retenção e recordação de novas informações. O presente trabalho visa avaliar se ocorrem alterações no metabolismo oxidativo detectáveis no sangue de pacientes com a DA, e se estas podem ser relacionadas com os diferentes estágios da doença e com o quadro cognitivo dos pacientes. Foram avaliados 30 pacientes com a doença de Alzheimer e 28 indivíduos no grupo controle atendidos na Unidade de Ensino e Assistência de Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEAFTO-UEPA). O metabolismo oxidativo foi avaliado através da medida da capacidade antioxidante total equivalente ao Trolox (TEAC) e da mensuração dos níveis das substâncias que reagem ao ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARS. Também foram realizados testes neuropsicológicos em todos os sujeitos participantes do estudo. Não foram observadas correlações significativas no desempenho dos testes neuropsicológicos com os níveis de TBARS e TEAC nos pacientes com a DA. Observou-se que a capacidade antioxidante total (CAOT) estava significativamente diminuída nos pacientes com a DA em comparação com o grupo controle independentemente do estágio da doença, mostrando uma possível relação entre a CAOT e a DA. Na avaliação de TBARS houve uma tendência para maiores concentrações nos pacientes com DA do que no grupo controle, porém a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa, apenas a fase moderada foi significativa quando comparada com o grupo controle. A avaliação da peroxidação lipídica através dos níveis de TBARS provavelmente não seria um biomarcador adequado para a doença de Alzheimer.

Análise comparativa dos padrões neurodegenerativos da substância cinzenta em diferentes áreas corticais de ratos adultos submetidos à lesão isquêmica focal

O acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) pode ocorrer em qual região do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), sendo o córtex cerebral é uma das regiões mais frequentemente afetadas por essa desordem neural aguda, embora inexistam investigações que tenham comparado o padrão lesivo em diferentes regiões corticais após isquemia focal de mesma intensidade. O objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar o padrão degenerativo de diferentes áreas corticais após lesão isquêmica focal. Para isso, induziu-se isquemia focal por microinjeções estereotáxicas de endotelina-1 (ET-1) nos córtices somestésico, motor e de associação de ratos adultos (N=45). Nos animais controle injetou-se o mesmo volume de solução salina estéril (N=27). Os animais foram perfundidos 1, 3, e 7 dias após o evento isquêmico. O encéfalo foi removido, pós-fixado, crioprotegido e seccionado em criostato. A histopatologia geral foi avaliada em secções de 50 coradas pela violeta de cresila. Secções de 20μm foram submetidas à imunoistoquímica para marcação de astrócitos (anti-GFAP), micróglia/macrófagos ativados (anti-ED1) e microglia em geral (anti-Iba1). Avaliou-se os padrões lesivos qualitativamente (por inspeção em microscópio óptico) e quantitativamente (pela contagem do número de células nos lados ipsi e contralateral à lesão), pela estatística descritiva e comparações intra e intergrupos com análise de variância com correção a posteriori de Tukey. Os animais isquêmicos apresentaram conspícua perda tecidual, ativação microglial e astrocitose entre 3 e 7 dias após a indução isquêmica, o que não foi observado nos animais controle. A perda tecidual e a ativação de células gliais foram mais intensas no córtex somestésico, depois no córtex motor, com intensidade reduzida na área de associação, o que foi confirmado por análise quantitativa. Os resultados sugerem que uma lesão isquêmica de mesma intensidade induz um padrão diferencial de perda tecidual e neuroinflamação, dependendo da área cortical, e que as áreas sensoriais primárias e motoras são mais susceptíveis ao processo isquêmico do que áreas de associação.