Progetto preliminare e prove di vibrazione di un Cubesat

Il presente lavoro di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di studiare come un Cubesat 1U reagisce se sollecitato con vibrazioni di una certa banda di frequenze, corrispondenti a quelle generate durante il lancio del vettore VEGA, e cercare di sviluppare un modello virtuale che in futuro permetta di simulare in maniera più realistica il comportamento delle successive strutture che saranno progettate. Il campo dei nanosatelliti è in rapida espansione negli ultimi anni, bassi costi di produzione e lancio abbinati a tempi rapidi di sviluppo e progettazione li rendono un ottimo strumento per aziende di piccole dimensioni e università per aquisire esperienza nel campo delle tecnologie spaziali e permettere la formazione degli studenti. Grazie a questi fattori il corso di Ingegneria Aerospaziale di Forlì ha intrapreso la progettazione di un Cubesat che una volta ultimato potrà essere lanciato in orbita grazie al contributo dell’ESA, che si presta a fornire lanci gratuiti alle università europee. Questo progetto porta avanti il lavoro compiuto durante la fase di tirocinio in cui abbiamo cercato di progettare una struttura semplice e realizzabile completamente nei laboratori dell’università, che permettesse anche successivamente a studenti e dottorandi di cimentarsi nello studio e nella progettazione di un nanosatellite. Il mio compito in particolare consiste nell’esecuzione di una serie di prove sperimentali con uno shaker presente nei laboratori della Scuola e, raccogliendo, analizzando e interpretando la risposta della struttura, si cercherà di modificare il modello CAD realizzato finora (lavoro compiuto in un'altra tesi di laurea) in modo che rispecchi più fedelmente il comportamento di quello reale e fornire quindi una base ai futuri lavori in questo ambito. La struttura, ispirata a quelle già presenti sul mercato, è stata progettata utilizzando Solidworks un software CAD, successivamente è stata fatta un analisi tramite un altro software FEM, realizzato e poi testato mediante uno shaker presso i laboratori del corso di studi in ingegneria aerospaziale di Forlì. Per poter fare ciò si è anche realizzata quella che è stata usata come interfaccia per connettere il Cubesat allo shaker, infatti data la sua proprietà di esercitare spostamenti solo lungo l’asse verticale si è reso necessario trovare un modo per sollecitare il nanosatellite lungo tutti e tre gli assi per poter evidenziare i modi flessionali della struttura. I dati ottenuti riguardano le accelerazioni rilevate in vari punti del Cubesat e del supporto da parte di accelerometri piezometrici che sono stati analizzati per risalire al tipo di comportamento con cui ha risposto la struttura a vibrazioni di varia frequenza e intensità.

La forma circolare: Archetipo della civiltà muisca. Un progetto lungo il rio tunjuelo

Lo studio della forma circolare, la più dinamica e flessibile tra le figure geometriche, è alla base del nostro intervento progettuale. La sua analisi deriva dallo studio accurato e approfondito della civiltà Muisca, popolazione precolombiana che si insediò nel nostro territorio di progetto, la localidad de Usme. Posizionata a sud di Bogotà, presenta un territorio prevalentemente montuoso segnato da numerosi corsi fluviali. La popolazione indigena, nella visione del cosmo e conseguentemente in tutti gli aspetti della vita, attinge a principi basati sui quattro elementi della terra. Ispirate dal modo in cui l’acqua veniva venerata e rispettata dalla cultura Muisca, il nostro interesse si è concentrato su questo elemento. La morfologia e l’idrografia del territorio ci hanno suggerito l’idea strutturante del progetto: definire un parco fluviale lungo le rive del rio Tunjuelo, fiume che caratterizza l’area e costituisce la più importante risorsa idrica di Bogotà. Il percorso lungo l’asse verde si configura come una passeggiata naturale e permette la definizione di luoghi di incontro, di aggregazione e di conoscenza del territorio. Lungo il parco fluviale sorgono le architetture, puntuali e dislocate in successione: una torre dell’acqua, localizzata nel punto più alto dell’area di progetto, una piazza-mercato, luogo di incontro e di scambio ed una cisterna dell’acqua, posizionata alla quota più bassa. I singoli progetti collaborano tra loro funzionalmente: la torre, serbatoio idrico, distribuisce l’acqua prelevata dalla cisterna, tanto alle abitazioni circostanti quanto all’intervento progettuale nella sua complessità. In tal maniera la struttura architettonica, fluviale e del verde coesistono all’interno dell’area, partecipando alla definizione di un sistema completo e autosufficiente. Un circuito di elementi che ben convive con l’idea della forma circolare, generatrice dei progetti architettonici. L’architettura circolare, che ben si presta a dialogare con la natura, si pone come obbiettivo quello di dare una nuova immagine alla localidad.

Vaccination of patients with cutaneous melanoma with telomerase-specific peptides

A phase I study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, and immunological responses to vaccination with a combination of telomerase-derived peptides GV1001 (hTERT: 611-626) and p540 (hTERT: 540-548) using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or tuberculin as adjuvant in patients with cutaneous melanoma.

Epidermal caspase-3 cleavage associated with interferon-gamma-expressing lymphocytes in acute atopic dermatitis lesions

Keratinocyte apoptosis mediated by Fas/Fas ligand molecular interactions and subsequent caspase activation is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), in particular for the formation of spongiosis. To estimate epidermal caspase activation in normal and AD skin under in vivo conditions, we analysed caspase-3 cleavage by immunohistology. In normal skin as well as non-lesional AD skin, we detected caspase-3 cleavage in single cells of the basal layer. In contrast, in acute lesional AD skin, we not only obtained evidence for increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 in keratinocytes of the basal layer but also observed caspase-3 cleavage in one or more layers of the spinous cell layer, in particular in spongiotic areas. Short-term topical treatment of the skin lesions with tacrolimus or pimecrolimus abolished the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in the spinous layer. Moreover, epidermal caspase-3 cleavage correlated with the numbers of dermal interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in skin lesions of AD patients, supporting the view that IFN-gamma is important for the activation of proapoptotic pathways in keratinocytes. This is also confirmed by the observation of increased Fas expression on keratinocytes in acute AD lesions that was markedly reduced following topical calcineurin inhibitor treatment. These data suggest that caspase-3 cleavage in the spinous layer of the epidermis is a pathologic event contributing to spongiosis formation in AD, whereas cleavage of caspase-3 in basal cells might represent a physiologic mechanism within the process of epidermal renewal.

Benefits from the use of a pimecrolimus-based treatment in the management of atopic dermatitis in clinical practice. Analysis of a Swiss cohort

BACKGROUND: Controlled studies established the efficacy and good tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of atopic dermatitis but they may not reflect real-life use. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability and cosmetic acceptance of a pimecrolimus-based regimen in daily practice in Switzerland. METHODS: This was a 6-month, open-label, multicentre study in 109 patients (55% > or = 18 years) with atopic dermatitis. Pimecrolimus cream 1% was incorporated into patients' standard treatment protocols. RESULTS: The pimecrolimus-based treatment was well tolerated and produced disease improvement in 65.7% of patients. It was particularly effective on the face (improvement rate: 75.0%). Mean pimecrolimus consumption decreased from 6.4 g/day (months 1-3) to 4.0 g/day (months 3-6) as disease improved. Most patients (74.1%) rated their disease control as 'complete' or 'good' and 90% were highly satisfied with the cream formulation. CONCLUSION: The use of a pimecrolimus-based regimen in everyday practice was effective, well tolerated and well accepted by patients.

Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection with extensive cutaneous eruption and bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient

Mycobacterium marinum can cause fish tank granuloma (or swimming pool or aquarium granuloma) in immunocompetent patients. Dissemination of Mycobacterium marinum-infection is a rare condition which occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients and can be life-threatening. We report the case of an 87-year-old woman who was treated with oral corticosteroids for polymyalgia rheumatica for many years and developed erythema nodosum-like lesions on the right forearm and arthritis of the right wrist. By increasing the steroid dosage and adding methotrexate only short-term remission was achieved. Seven months later painful erythematous nodules occurred on all extremities which became necrotic, ulcerative and suppurative. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed acid-fast bacilli and Mycobacterium marinum was cultured from skin biopsies, blood, and urine. The critically ill patient was treated with clarithromycin and ethambutol resulting in a dramatic improvement of the general condition. After four months, doxycycline had to be added because of new skin lesions. This case illustrates the impact of Mycobacterium marinum infection in immunocompromised patients.

Detection of perforin and granzyme B mRNA expressing cells in lichen sclerosus

Granzyme B and perforin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression has been shown to be a specific in vivo activation marker for cytotoxic cells. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of lichen sclerosus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on serial tissue sections of lesional skin biopsies and normal skin as control. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the cellular infiltrate of diseased skin consisted predominantly of T cells (CD3+) and some B cells (CD20+). Among T cells CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found in about equal numbers. In normal skin samples perforin and granzyme B mRNA expressing cells were only rarely found. In contrast, in biopsies from diseased skin a high percentage of infiltrating cells expressed mRNA for perforin and granzyme B. The perforin and granzyme B expressing cells were found in the dermal infiltrate and intraepidermally in close proximity to keratinocytes suggesting in situ activation of these cells. These findings provide evidence that cell-mediated cytotoxicity plays a significant role in tissue destruction in lichen sclerosus.

Efalizumab-associated papular psoriasis

BACKGROUND: Efalizumab is a human anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Some of the patients develop new papular lesions during treatment, which are predominantly located in the flexural regions. OBSERVATION: Four patients with recalcitrant psoriasis undergoing treatment with efalizumab presented with erythematous, partly scaly papules and small plaques on previously unaffected areas after 4 to 10 weeks of efalizumab therapy. Tissue sections of biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and immunohistochemical staining was performed using monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1, granzyme B, neutrophil elastase, CD68, CD1a, CD11c, HLA-DR, CD25, CD20, and CD56. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the lesions showed features consistent with psoriasis and activation of various leukocyte subtypes including T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS: Papular eruptions appearing during efalizumab therapy represent new psoriatic lesions and could be referred to as efalizumab-associated papular psoriasis (EAPP). They usually do not necessitate termination of efalizumab therapy and may optionally be treated with topical corticosteroids. Dermatologists should be aware of these lesions and inform their patients accordingly.

Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as pyoderma gangrenosum

Half of the patients with Wegener's granulomatosis develop skin lesions due to the systemic vasculitis. Wegener's granulomatosis should be included in the differential diagnostic considerations for necrotic ulcers, including leg ulcers. We present a case which demonstrates the importance of histological evaluation of a skin biopsy from the margin of the ulcer for establishing the diagnosis. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with antigen specificity for proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) were detected supporting the diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis. Further evaluation showed involvement of the eyes and kidneys. The ulcer rapidly healed under treatment with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids.

Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis

The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinate and methyl aminolevulinate in the treatment of actinic keratosis has been demonstrated in a large number of clinical studies over the last several years. Here, we recapitulate the major findings, comparing the various photosensitizers, light sources and therapeutic regimens, and present a retrospective analysis of 142 own cases treated with 259 PDTs. In addition, we also discuss the value of PDT in comparison with cryotherapy or 5-fluorouracil. The efficacy and the low risk of side effects of PDT have resulted in a high patient preference in clinical trials.

Alopecia areata universalis elicited during treatment with adalimumab

Adalimumab is a fully humanized recombinant anti-tumour-necrosis-factor (TNF-alpha) monoclonal antibody which has been approved for rheumatoid arthritis, active ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Crohn's disease. We report a case of alopecia areata (AA) universalis occurring 6 months after administration of adalimumab monotherapy in a patient with a long-standing history of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. The diagnosis was confirmed by a scalp biopsy which showed a peribulbar infiltrate of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD1a+ dendritic cells as well as CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages. In addition, immunofluorescence staining for TNF-alpha was found in the mononuclear cell infiltrate. This case suggests a complex role of TNF-alpha in the induction of AA.

Genetic association study of QT interval highlights role for calcium signaling pathways in myocardial repolarization

The QT interval, an electrocardiographic measure reflecting myocardial repolarization, is a heritable trait. QT prolongation is a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) and could indicate the presence of the potentially lethal mendelian long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Using a genome-wide association and replication study in up to 100,000 individuals, we identified 35 common variant loci associated with QT interval that collectively explain ∼8-10% of QT-interval variation and highlight the importance of calcium regulation in myocardial repolarization. Rare variant analysis of 6 new QT interval-associated loci in 298 unrelated probands with LQTS identified coding variants not found in controls but of uncertain causality and therefore requiring validation. Several newly identified loci encode proteins that physically interact with other recognized repolarization proteins. Our integration of common variant association, expression and orthogonal protein-protein interaction screens provides new insights into cardiac electrophysiology and identifies new candidate genes for ventricular arrhythmias, LQTS and SCD.