Estratègies per a l'increment del Russeting en pera Conference

La qualitat del fruit és un concepte multidisciplinari i complex de determinar amb claredat i precisió degut a que intervenen factors lligats a la varietat, al mercat, al consumidor final o factors de seguretat agroalimentària. En el cas de poma Golden, la fruita de primera categoria està definida per criteris com calibre de més de 70 mm i sense russeting, malgrat això hi ha mercats del nord d’Espanya que aprecien més la presencia de russeting. Un altre exemple seria el cas de préssec o nectarina, es considera com a criteri de qualitat la coloració homogènia i vermella-fosca, però al mercat nacional s’aprecien els calibres grans, mentre que certs mercats europeus prefereixen els calibres més petits. En el cas de pera Conference hi ha una sèrie de criteris que la seva importància ve condicionada pel mercat o pel consumidor, com són el calibre, la forma, el color de la pell o el russeting. De tots aquests factors, probablement la presencia de russeting sigui un dels criteris que està més estès en la majoria dels mercats o consumidors que coneixen la pera Conference, la qual cosa implica la necessitat de produir Conference amb russeting. Des del punt de vista comercial el russeting presenta una altre avantatge com es una major rusticitat de la pell, la qual cosa redueix els problemes de manipulació i les pèrdues degudes a l’escaldat que apareix quan la fruita està a l’expositor dels supermercats. El russeting és una alteració de l’epidermis dels fruits, degut a la cicatrització de petites lesions que es produeixen a les primeres etapes de la formació dels fruits. L’aparició s’afavoreix per humitats altes i temperatures baixes durant les primeres setmanes posteriors a la floració. Els anys que no es donen aquestes condicions es fa necessari realitzar tractaments amb productes que afavoreixen l’aparició del russeting. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi es determinar quines son els productes i el calendari d’aplicació més eficaces per afavorir l’aparició de russeting en pera Conference, així com el seu efecte sobre els paràmetres productius.

La pera Abate Fetel: Importància, característiques i solucions tècniques al problema del quallat

El conreu del perer a Europa es caracteritza pel fet que els principals països productors aglutinen la major part de la producció d’una varietat, per exemple, el 90% de Blanquilla es produeix a Espanya, el 50% de Llimonera a França, el 100% de Rocha a Portugal i el 99% d’Abate Fetel a Itàlia. Aquesta preponderància varietal per països solament presenta una excepció; es tracta de Conference. Aquesta varietat era conreada fonamentalment a Holanda i Bèlgica, però actualment el 29% es produeix a Espanya, seguida de Bèlgica amb un 24% i Holanda i Itàlia amb un 20% cadascun. En el cas d’Espanya, Conference es va començar a introduir a finals dels anys 70, i en menys de 30 anys s’ha convertit en el major productor de pera Conference. Aquesta situació guarda un cert paral·lelisme amb la conjuntura actual d’Abate Fetel. Itàlia és el principal productor, els preus de liquidació són bastant favorables i és una varietat poc coneguda. En el cas del perer, és important remarcar la manca de noves varietats, en part degut als pocs programes de millora, la qual cosa fa que hi hagi poques alternatives per omplir el període de collita, això fa que Abate Fetel pugui ser una opció interessant també per la seva època de recol·lecció. Actualment les plantacions d’Abate Fetel a casa nostra, tret d’algunes experiències amb èxit, en general presenten dos problemes agronòmics claus. Per un costat, una entrada en producció lenta i per l’altre, baix rendiment productiu, ambdós problemes deguts a una falta de quallat dels fruits. A més, els arbres són vigorosos i molt sensibles a clorosi fèrrica. Tots aquestos elements fan que Abate Fetel sigui per una part problemàtica des del punt de vista agronòmic, però al mateix temps molt interessant des de una vessant econòmica pels elevats preus de liquidació, i més encara en l’espècie perer per la que pràcticament no hi ha innovació varietal. Des de fa 4 anys a les Estacions Experimentals de l’IRTA a Lleida i Mas Badia s’han dut a terme una sèrie de experiments per abordar els problemes d’entrada en producció lenta i rendiments productius baixos, estudiant l’efecte de l’aplicació de fitohormones i del tipus d’esporga. L’objectiu general és posar a punt les tècniques de cultiu per tal de que Abate Fetel sigui una varietat alternativa a les nostres zones de producció.

Toward interoperable bioscience data.

To make full use of research data, the bioscience community needs to adopt technologies and reward mechanisms that support interoperability and promote the growth of an open 'data commoning' culture. Here we describe the prerequisites for data commoning and present an established and growing ecosystem of solutions using the shared 'Investigation-Study-Assay' framework to support that vision.

Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): the case for the Seychelles

Tobacco control has been recognized as a main public health concern in Seychelles for the past two decades. Tobacco advertising, sponsoring and promotion has been banned for years, tobacco products are submitted to high taxes, high-profile awareness programs are organized regularly, and several other control measures have been implemented. The Republic of Seychelles was the first country to ratify the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in the African region. Three population-based surveys have been conducted in adults in Seychelles and results showed a substantial decrease in the prevalence of smoking among adults between 1989 and 2004. A first survey in adolescents was conducted in Seychelles in 2002 (the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, GYTS) in a representative sample of 1321 girls and boys aged 13-15 years. The results show that approximately half of students had tried smoking and a quarter of both boys and girls had smoked at least one cigarette during the past 30 days. Although "current smoking" is defined differently in adolescents (>or=1 cigarette during the past 30 days) and in adults (>or=1 cigarette per day), which precludes direct comparison, the high smoking prevalence in youth in Seychelles likely predicts an increasing prevalence of tobacco use in the next adult generation, particularly in women. GYTS 2002 also provides important data on a wide range of specific individual and societal factors influencing tobacco use. Hence, GYTS can be a powerful tool for monitoring the situation of tobacco use in adolescents, for highlighting the need for new policy and programs, and for evaluating the impact of current and future programs.

Apport de Mustio à la représentation de la femme antique

This essay analyses the complex interactions of medical, social and cultural discourse in Mustio's Gynaecia. In the light of recent work on the history of classical medicine informed by gender studies, notably by H. King, L. Dean-Jones and R. Flemming, it highlights the original contribution of Mustio's Sorani Gynaeciorum uetus translatio Latina to a history of medicine that takes its social and cultural dimensions into consideration. Mustio's way of representing women in this treatise, notably his understanding of the female body through various physical states and specific illnesses, indeed reveals significant changes and developments that took place in the medical art as well as in ancient society at large.

Longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequality

This paper considers the characterisation and measurement of income-related health inequality using longitudinal data. The paper elucidates the nature of the Jones and Lopez Nicholas (2004) index of “health-related income mobility” and explains the negative values of the index that have been reported in all the empirical applications to date. The paper further questions the value of their index to health policymakers and proposes an alternative index of “income-related health mobility” that measures whether the pattern of health changes is biased in favour of those with initially high or low incomes. We illustrate our work by investigating mobility in the General Health Questionnaire measure of psychological well-being over the first nine waves of the British Household Panel Survey from 1991 to 1999.

Values, Multiculturalism and Representations

The theory of values is underdeveloped within economics with very few theoretical models explaining how values are created and propagated through a population. Those models that do exist are limited in how well they explain the role of values and how they behave. This paper argues that the theory of values needs to be fundamentally rethought, incorporating basic ideas from psychology, anthropology and philosophy that have largely been ignored in the literature. The resulting model is applied to answer some fundamental issues surrounding the notion of multiculturalism.

Representations and the Corruption of Goods

The traditional view of the economic agent is of an individual who is self-interested, rational and perceives the world “correctly”. However, there is a lot of experimental and other evidence that undermines this view of agents. It is argued that an attempt to model these agents properly requires the cognitive science idea of a mental representation- a mental state with content. It is shown that this idea gives economists resources to discuss critiques of economics by Sandel (2012) and Grant (2012). In particular, it allows us to think clearly about the notion of goods being “corrupted” by a change in context from a non-market to a market situation.

Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study.

We sought to provide a contemporary picture of the presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) in a large patient cohort from multiple locations worldwide. Prospective cohort study of 2781 adults with definite IE who were admitted to 58 hospitals in 25 countries from June 1, 2000, through September 1, 2005. The median age of the cohort was 57.9 (interquartile range, 43.2-71.8) years, and 72.1% had native valve IE. Most patients (77.0%) presented early in the disease (<30 days) with few of the classic clinical hallmarks of IE. Recent health care exposure was found in one-quarter of patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (31.2%). The mitral (41.1%) and aortic (37.6%) valves were infected most commonly. The following complications were common: stroke (16.9%), embolization other than stroke (22.6%), heart failure (32.3%), and intracardiac abscess (14.4%). Surgical therapy was common (48.2%), and in-hospital mortality remained high (17.7%). Prosthetic valve involvement (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.90), increasing age (1.30; 1.17-1.46 per 10-year interval), pulmonary edema (1.79; 1.39-2.30), S aureus infection (1.54; 1.14-2.08), coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection (1.50; 1.07-2.10), mitral valve vegetation (1.34; 1.06-1.68), and paravalvular complications (2.25; 1.64-3.09) were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death, whereas viridans streptococcal infection (0.52; 0.33-0.81) and surgery (0.61; 0.44-0.83) were associated with a decreased risk. In the early 21st century, IE is more often an acute disease, characterized by a high rate of S aureus infection. Mortality remains relatively high.

Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita.

Plant-parasitic nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide and novel approaches to control them are sorely needed. We report the draft genome sequence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, a biotrophic parasite of many crops, including tomato, cotton and coffee. Most of the assembled sequence of this asexually reproducing nematode, totaling 86 Mb, exists in pairs of homologous but divergent segments. This suggests that ancient allelic regions in M. incognita are evolving toward effective haploidy, permitting new mechanisms of adaptation. The number and diversity of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in M. incognita is unprecedented in any animal for which a genome sequence is available, and may derive from multiple horizontal gene transfers from bacterial sources. Our results provide insights into the adaptations required by metazoans to successfully parasitize immunocompetent plants, and open the way for discovering new antiparasitic strategies.

The efficacy of melatonin for sleep problems in children with autism, fragile X syndrome, or autism and fragile X syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of melatonin on sleep problems in children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). METHODS: A 4-week, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design was conducted following a 1-week baseline period. Either melatonin, 3 mg, or placebo was given to participants for 2 weeks and then alternated for another 2 weeks. Sleep variables, including sleep duration, sleep-onset time, sleep-onset latency time, and the number of night awakenings, were recorded using an Actiwatch and from sleep diaries completed by parents. All participants had been thoroughly assessed for ASD and also had DNA testing for the diagnosis of FXS. RESULTS: Data were successfully obtained from the 12 of 18 subjects who completed the study (11 males, age range 2 to 15.25 years, mean 5.47, SD 3.6). Five participants met diagnostic criteria for ASD, 3 for FXS alone, 3 for FXS and ASD, and 1 for fragile X premutation. Eight out of 12 had melatonin first. The conclusions from a nonparametric repeated-measures technique indicate that mean night sleep duration was longer on melatonin than placebo by 21 minutes (p = .02), mean sleep-onset latency was shorter by 28 minutes (p = .0001), and mean sleep-onset time was earlier by 42 minutes (p = .02). CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the efficacy and tolerability of melatonin treatment for sleep problems in children with ASD and FXS.

A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder.

Prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depressive disorder (MDD) have met with limited success. We sought to increase statistical power to detect disease loci by conducting a GWAS mega-analysis for MDD. In the MDD discovery phase, we analyzed more than 1.2 million autosomal and X chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 759 independent and unrelated subjects of recent European ancestry (9240 MDD cases and 9519 controls). In the MDD replication phase, we evaluated 554 SNPs in independent samples (6783 MDD cases and 50 695 controls). We also conducted a cross-disorder meta-analysis using 819 autosomal SNPs with P<0.0001 for either MDD or the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium bipolar disorder (BIP) mega-analysis (9238 MDD cases/8039 controls and 6998 BIP cases/7775 controls). No SNPs achieved genome-wide significance in the MDD discovery phase, the MDD replication phase or in pre-planned secondary analyses (by sex, recurrent MDD, recurrent early-onset MDD, age of onset, pre-pubertal onset MDD or typical-like MDD from a latent class analyses of the MDD criteria). In the MDD-bipolar cross-disorder analysis, 15 SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10(-8)), and all were in a 248 kb interval of high LD on 3p21.1 (chr3:52 425 083-53 822 102, minimum P=5.9 × 10(-9) at rs2535629). Although this is the largest genome-wide analysis of MDD yet conducted, its high prevalence means that the sample is still underpowered to detect genetic effects typical for complex traits. Therefore, we were unable to identify robust and replicable findings. We discuss what this means for genetic research for MDD. The 3p21.1 MDD-BIP finding should be interpreted with caution as the most significant SNP did not replicate in MDD samples, and genotyping in independent samples will be needed to resolve its status.

Fiscal Federalism at the Ballot Box : The Relevance of Expressive Voting

This paper explores the impact of citizens' motivation to vote on the pattern of fiscal federalism. If the only concern of instrumental citizens was outcome they would have little incentive to vote because the probability that a single vote might change an electoral outcome is usually minuscule. If voters turn out in large numbers to derive intrinsic value from action, how will these voters choose when considering the role local jurisdictions should play? The first section of the paper assesses the weight that expressive voters attach to an instrumental evaluation of alternative outcomes. Predictions are tested with reference to case study analysis of the way Swiss voters assessed the role their local jurisdiction should play. The relevance of this analysis is also assessed with reference to the choice that voters express when considering other local issues. Textbook analysis of fiscal federalism is premised on the assumption that voters register choice just as 'consumers' reveal demand for services in a market, but how robust is this analogy.

Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha and gamma are key regulators of lipid homeostasis and are activated by a structurally diverse group of compounds including fatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic drugs such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones. While thiazolidinediones and 15-deoxy-Delta12, 14-prostaglandin J2 have been shown to bind to PPARgamma, it has remained unclear whether other activators mediate their effects through direct interactions with the PPARs or via indirect mechanisms. Here, we describe a novel fibrate, designated GW2331, that is a high-affinity ligand for both PPARalpha and PPARgamma. Using GW2331 as a radioligand in competition binding assays, we show that certain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids bind directly to PPARalpha and PPARgamma at physiological concentrations, and that the eicosanoids 8(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 can function as subtype-selective ligands for PPARalpha and PPARgamma, respectively. These data provide evidence that PPARs serve as physiological sensors of lipid levels and suggest a molecular mechanism whereby dietary fatty acids can modulate lipid homeostasis.