Portrait of Hilde Rosenbaum with her father Julius Rosenbaum in military uniform Portraits Family

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Studio portrait of unidentified soldier in military uniform; Darmstadt Portraits Men

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Herman Sommerfeld (center) with other reserve soldiers in military uniform Portraits Men

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Herman Sommerfeld (center) with other soldiers in military uniform Portraits Men

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Herman Sommerfeld (right) in military uniform with an unidentified soldier Portraits Men

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Herman Sommerfeld (seated far left) with unidentified injured soldiers in a military hospital Portraits Groups

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Studio portrait of Herman Sommerfeld in military uniform Portraits Men

Handwritten on verso: Zur Erinnerung an meiner ? Zeit, Dein Hermann, Flughafen-Doberitz, Zum austuecken bereit

Impact of Tobacco Control Policy on Smoking and Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the Finnish tobacco control measures for reduction of smoking. First, the trends and patterns in ever smoking among adult Finns in 1978 2001 as well as the associations of trends with the Tobacco Control Act in 1976 were examined. Secondly, the impact of the 1976 TCA on the proportion of ever daily smokers in different socioeconomic groups was studied. Thirdly, the impact of the 1995 TCAA on recent trends in the prevalence of daily smoking was evaluated by gender and employment status. Fourthly, the trends of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at workplaces and homes were investigated. The study is based on data of the Health Behaviour among the Finnish Adult Population surveys. Among Finnish men smoking initiation declined from earlier to later cohorts, whereas among women it increased in successive birth cohorts born before 1956. The lasting differences between birth cohorts as regards ever daily smoking reflected well the impact of measures to reduce smoking in Finland in 1976. Smoking initiation in the birth cohorts (born in 1961 or later) which were in critical age as regards the risk of smoking initiation when the TCA came into force was less common than could be expected according to the trends seen in the earlier birth cohorts. Marked socioeconomic differences were found in smoking in the different birth cohorts. Smoking was more prevalent in the lower socioeconomic groups than in the higher ones, and the differences were larger in the later birth cohorts compared to the earlier ones. The differences between the birth cohorts in ever daily smoking were compatible with the hypothetical impact of the TCA in almost all socioeconomic groups, except farmers. Among men the 1976 TCA appears to have had the greatest impact on white-collar employees. Among women the effect of the act was highly significant in all socioeconomic groups. However, female smoking prevalence continues to show wide socioeconomic disparities. Daily smoking decreased among employees after the 1995 TCAA, supporting the hypothesis of the lowering impact of the amendment on daily smoking due to increased smoking cessation. No parallel change in daily smoking was found in the population without direct expose to ETS legislation (farmers, students, housewives, pensioners or unemployed). Exposure to ETS decreased markedly among non-smokers at work after the 1995 TCAA. The 1976 TCA and the 1995 TCAA were useful in controlling smoking initiation and cessation, but their impact was not equal across the population groups. The results of this study strongly suggested that tobacco control policies markedly contribute to the decrease in smoking and in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Studio portrait of Dr. Moritz Kroner in military uniform.

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Studio portrait of Dr. Moritz Kroner (center) with two unidentified men in military uniform.

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Military command being vaccinated against cholera.

Handwritten caption: 101. 2. Choleraimpfung beim Kommando 13./III.15

Portrait of Dr. William Levison in military uniform Portraits Men

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Group US Army military portrait including Dr. William Levison (top row, third from left); Schofield Barracks, Hawaii Portraits Groups Men

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Studio portrait of Leopold Landsberger in military uniform, before the Verdun battle of World War I.

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