Dessulfurização oxidativa em diesel utilizando catalisadores à base de vanádio ou manganês

The oxidative desulfurization process (ODS) of a commercial diesel fuel was performed under mild conditions in the presence of catalysts based on vanadium or manganese, supported on alumina, clays (commercial, natural and pillared) and zeolites (NaX, NaY, beta, mordenite and ZSM-5). The catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, textural analysis by N2 adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The dibenzothiophene (DBT) was used as sulfur compound in catalytic evaluation. The reactions were performed using acetonitrile as solvent and the hydrogen peroxide as oxidant at 55°C. The reaction products were analized by gas chromatography (GC-FID). In the studied conditions, the process was efficient due to the DBT was converted to its corresponding sulfone. Both DBT and corresponding sulfone were extracted by the solvent. Removals and oxidations up to 100% of sulfur compound were achieved. The catalysts supported on ZSM-5 zeolite showed are more effective for oxidation reaction of sulfur compound, presenting the best results. It was observed for oxidation reaction, that vanadium catalysts were more effective and manganese catalysts showed best results for removal of sulfur compounds

Avaliação da remoção catalítica de compostos orgânicos monoaromáticos em água utilizando materiais nanoestruturados de sílica

Statistics of environmental protection agencies show that the soil has been contaminated with problems often resulting from leaks, spills and accidents during exploration, refining, transportation and storage oil operations and its derivatives. These, gasoline noteworthy, verified by releasing, to get in touch with the groundwater, the compounds BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), substances which are central nervous system depressants and causing leukemia. Among the processes used in remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants, we highlight those that use hydrogen peroxide because they are characterized by the rapid generation of chemical species of high oxidation power, especially the hydroxyl radical ( OH), superoxide (O2 -) and peridroxil (HO2 ), among other reactive species that are capable of transforming or decomposing organic chemicals. The pH has a strong effect on the chemistry of hydrogen peroxide because the formation of different radicals directly depends on the pH of the medium. In this work, the materials MCM-41 and Co-MCM-41 were synthesized and used in the reaction of BTEX removal in aqueous media using H2O2. These materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and the techniques used to characterize were: XRD, TG/DTG, adsorption/desorption N2, TEM and X-Ray Fluorescence. The catalytic tests were for 5 h of reaction were carried out in reactors of 20 mL, which was accompanied by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by molecular absorption spectrophotometry in the UV-Vis, in addition to removal of organic compounds BTEX was performed as gas chromatography with detection photoionization and flame ionization and by static headspace sampler. The characterizations proved that the materials were successfully synthesized. The catalytic tests showed satisfactory results, and the reactions containing BTEX + Co-MCM-41 + H2O2 at pH = 12.0 had the highest percentages of removal for the compounds studied

Changes in the stiffness of demineralized dentin following application of tooth whitening agents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cytotoxic Effects of Different Concentrations of a Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Gel on Odontoblast-Like Cells MDPC-23

This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of a carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching gel at different concentrations on odontoblast-like cells. Immortalized cells of the MDPC-23 cell line (30,000 cells/cm(2)) were incubated for 48 h. The bleaching gel was diluted in DMEM culture medium originating extracts with different CP concentrations. The amount (mu g/mL) of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) released from each extract was measured by the leukocrystal violet/horseradish peroxidase enzyme assay. Five groups (n = 10) were formed according to the CP concentration in the extracts: G1-DMEM (control); G2-0.0001 % CP (0.025 mu g/mL H(2)O(2)); G3-0.001% CP (0.43 mu g/mL H(2)O(2)); G4-0.01% CP (2.21 mu g/mL H(2)O(2)); and G5-0.1 % CP (29.74 mu g/mL H(2)O(2)). MDPC-23 cells were exposed to the bleaching gel extracts for 60 min and cell metabolism was evaluated by the NITT assay. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). Cell morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The percentages of viable cells were as follows: G1, 100%; G2, 89.41%; G3, 82.4%; G4, 61.5%; and G5, 23.0%. G2 and G3 did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from G1. The most severe cytotoxic effects were observed in G3 and G4. In conclusion, even at low concentrations, the CP gel extracts presented cytotoxic effects. This cytotoxicity was dose-dependent, and the 0.1% CP concentration caused the most intense cytopathic effects to the MDPC-23 cells. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 9013: 907-912, 2009

Peroxidase activity in Malpighian tubules of Triatoma infestans Klug

Benzidine and diamino benzidine (DAB) oxidation, typically performed by peroxidases, was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in peroxisomes, mitochondria and membranous structures which occurred in close contact with urate crystals in Malpighian tubules of nymphs and adults of Triatoma infestans. Peroxisomes were predominantly identified in cells of the distal region of the tubules, which is engaged in excretory mechanisms. DAB oxidation in mitochondria, even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide, may indicate the existence of a mitochondrial peroxidase and possibly a cytochrome c peroxidase. The localization of the extracellular membranous structures appeared restricted to the lumen of the proximal region of the tubules and they were assumed to be remnants of endoplasmic reticulum containing peroxidases.

Atividade peroxidásica em basófilos de Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines Chelidae)

As peroxidases, presentes nos peroxissomos e lisossomos, pertencem às oxidases e atuam como catalítico para o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), posteriormente decomposto pela oxidação de cossubstratos, evitando danos celulares.(¹) Foi aplicada a técnica da peroxidase(2) em esfregaços sanguíneos de Phrynops geoffroanus, comparando com sangue humano, para avaliação da atividade e controle da reação. O esfregaço sanguíneo humano apresentou marcações em neutrófilos, fagócitos com muitos lisossomos e peroxissomos (Figura 1). Nos esfregaços sanguíneos de Phrynops geoffroanus, as marcações apresentaram-se nos basófilos (Figura 2), que representam de 10% a 25% dos leucócitos de quelônios e possuem grande número de granulações citoplasmáticas,(3) sugerindo a presença de grande quantidade de enzimas e organelas como lisossomos e peroxissomos, possivelmente associadas a sua participação em reações imunes. A atividade peroxidásica representa resposta do organismo a ações ambientais danosas, servindo como marcador biológico.

Características físico-químicas e utilização em alimentos de amidos modificados por tratamento oxidativo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Peroxide penetration from the pulp chamber to the external root surface after internal bleaching

Purpose: To quantify the amount of peroxide penetration from the pulp chamber to the external surface of teeth during the walking bleaching technique. Methods: Seventy-two bovine lateral incisors were randomly divided over five experimental groups and one control (n = 12 per group): (1) 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP); (2) 35% carbamide peroxide (CP); (3) sodium perborate (SP); (4) (HP+SP); (5) (CP+SP) and (6) Control (CG), deionized water. All groups were treated according to the walking bleach technique. After 7 days at 37 degrees C in an acetate buffer solution, 100 mu l violet leukocrystal coloring and 50 mu l peroxidase was added, producing a blue stain that could be measured in a spectrophotometer and then converted into peroxide mu g/ml. Results: G5 exhibited the greatest penetration, while G2 and G3 produced the lowest values. All bleaching agents penetrated from the pulp chamber to the external root surface. There was a direct correlation between the presence of oxidative agents and penetration potential. Sodium perborate in distilled water was less oxidative and appeared to be the least aggressive bleaching agent. (Am J Dent 2010;23:171-174).

Influence of Remineralizing Gels on Bleached Enamel Microhardness In Different Time Intervals

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

In vitro evaluation of dental bleaching effectiveness using hybrid lights activation

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se fontes de luz aumentam a eficácia do peróxido de hidrogênio na técnica de clareamento profissional. METODOLOGIA: Foram empregados 60 dentes incisivos bovinos, com dimensões coronárias e radiculares padronizadas a partir do limite amelo-cementário, sendo descartada a porção lingual. Os corpos-de-prova (cp) foram limpos em ultra-som por 20 min e a dentina condicionada com H3PO4 a 38% por 15 s, sendo os (cp) imersos em solução de café solúvel a 25% por duas semanas. A dentina foi impermeabilizada com esmalte e os (cp) divididos em 5 grupos, sendo a cor inicial mensurada através do espectofotômetro-EasyShade (VITA). Todos os (cp) receberam três aplicações por 10 min do gel clareador Opalescence Xtra-Boost (Ultradent) conforme segue: Grupo 1 - controle, não recebeu fotoativação, Grupo 2 - ativado com luz halôgena, Grupo 3 - ativado com LED azul/LASER, Grupo 4 - ativado com LED verde/LASER e Grupo 5 - ativado com LED vermelho. Após o clareamento foi mensurada a variação de cor E, a*, b*e L* e as referentes à escala de cor Vita Clássico. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de Tukey e de Dunn (α=5%). RESULTADOS: A diferença geral da cor foi reduzida quando se empregou LED Azul e Luz Halógena, sendo que o desempenho do peróxido de hidrogênio a 38% foi intensificado dependendo da fonte de luz utilizada. A avaliação quantitativa de cor, obtida por espectrofotômetro e pela escala de cor Vita Clássico, foram coincidentes. CONCLUSÃO: O tipo de fonte de luz empregada interfere na eficácia do agente clareador.

In Vitro Assessment of Chemical Activation Efficiency During In-office Dental Bleaching

Purpose: This study compared five types of chemical catalyzing agents added to 35% hydrogen peroxide gel, with regard to their capacity of intensifying in-office dental bleaching results.Methods: One-hundred and twenty bovine incisors were used, of which the crowns and roots were cut in the incisor-apical direction, to acquire the dimensions of a human central incisor. The specimens were sectioned in the mesiodistal direction by means of two longitudinal cuts, the lingual halves being discarded. The vestibular halves received prophylaxis with a bicarbonate jet, ultrasound cleaning and acid etching on the dentinal portion. Next, the specimens were stored in receptacles containing a 25% instant coffee solution for two weeks. After the darkening period, initial measurement of the shade obtained was taken with the Easy Shade appliance, which allowed it to be quantified by the CIELab* method. The samples were divided into six groups, corresponding to the chemical activator used: a) none (CON); b) ferric chloride (CF); c) ferrous sulphate (SF); d) manganese gluconate (GM); e) manganese chloride (CM); f) mulberry root extract (RA). Each group received three 10-minute applications of the gels containing the respective activating agents. Next, a new shade measurement was made.Results: The Analysis of Variance and Tukey tests (alpha=5%) showed statistically significant differences for the shade perception values (p=0.002). Groups GM, CM and RA showed significantly higher means than the control group.Conclusion: The presence of some chemical activators is capable of resulting in a significant increase in tooth shade variation.

Microhardness change of enamel due to bleaching with in-office bleaching gels of different acidity

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the enamel microhardness treated with three in-office bleaching agents, containing 35% hydrogen peroxide with different acidity. Materials and methods. Bovine incisors were divided into three groups that received the following bleaching agents: Whiteness HP, Total Bleach and Opalescence Xtra. Three gel applications/10-min each, totaling 30-min of bleaching treatment, were made on the teeth and activated with a blue LED (1000 mW/470 nm) combined to a LASER (120 mW/795 nm) device (Easy Bleach-Clean Line). Vickers hardness (VH) was evaluated at baseline and after the bleaching procedure. The values of Hardness loss [HNL] (% reduction) were calculated. The two-sample t-test was used for comparison of the HNL of the three bleaching products (5% level of significance). Results. The Opalescence Xtra, which had the lowest pH value (pH = 4.30), showed a significant increase of HNL when compared with Total Bleach bleaching agent, which had the highest pH value (pH = 6.62). Conclusions. The 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents resulted in a reduction in surface enamel microhardness and bleaching with the most acid agent resulted in a significant enamel hardness loss compared to the less acid agent (4.30 vs 6.62). Strategies proposed to reduce the enamel loss after bleaching treatment may include the use of daily fluoride therapy, mouth rinsing (fluoride, milk and sodium bicarbonate solution), fluoride/bicarbonate dentifrices without abrasives, do not toothbrush immediately after bleaching, fluorides and calcium add to bleaching agents.

Diesel Degradation in Soil by Fenton Process

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sistema de injeção em fluxo espectrofotométrico para monitorar peróxido de hidrogênio em processo de fotodegradação por reação foto-Fenton

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desenvolvimento de método espectrofotométrico para análise de paraformaldeído em saneantes comerciais e industriais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)