Procedures of quality control and data analysis of multi-site ground-based observations for the absolute flux calibration of Gaia

The Gaia space mission is a major project for the European astronomical community. As challenging as it is, the processing and analysis of the huge data-flow incoming from Gaia is the subject of thorough study and preparatory work by the DPAC (Data Processing and Analysis Consortium), in charge of all aspects of the Gaia data reduction. This PhD Thesis was carried out in the framework of the DPAC, within the team based in Bologna. The task of the Bologna team is to define the calibration model and to build a grid of spectro-photometric standard stars (SPSS) suitable for the absolute flux calibration of the Gaia G-band photometry and the BP/RP spectrophotometry. Such a flux calibration can be performed by repeatedly observing each SPSS during the life-time of the Gaia mission and by comparing the observed Gaia spectra to the spectra obtained by our ground-based observations. Due to both the different observing sites involved and the huge amount of frames expected (≃100000), it is essential to maintain the maximum homogeneity in data quality, acquisition and treatment, and a particular care has to be used to test the capabilities of each telescope/instrument combination (through the “instrument familiarization plan”), to devise methods to keep under control, and eventually to correct for, the typical instrumental effects that can affect the high precision required for the Gaia SPSS grid (a few % with respect to Vega). I contributed to the ground-based survey of Gaia SPSS in many respects: with the observations, the instrument familiarization plan, the data reduction and analysis activities (both photometry and spectroscopy), and to the maintenance of the data archives. However, the field I was personally responsible for was photometry and in particular relative photometry for the production of short-term light curves. In this context I defined and tested a semi-automated pipeline which allows for the pre-reduction of imaging SPSS data and the production of aperture photometry catalogues ready to be used for further analysis. A series of semi-automated quality control criteria are included in the pipeline at various levels, from pre-reduction, to aperture photometry, to light curves production and analysis.

El material didáctico para la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera en Italia: el papel de los elementos culturales en la construcción de la imagen de “lo hispánico”

In this work we examine the reference to cultural elements in a sample of 13 textbooks of Spanish as a foreign language for Italian students. The aim is to observe how they treat the cultural component in the particular context of Spanish language teaching to Italians. In this context, especially relevant issues are the linguistic and cultural proximity between Italy and Spain, and the present fascination for Spain, which has given rise to some interesting phenomena, among others, a massive emigration of Italian youths to Spain.

Exact Algorithms for Different Classes of Vehicle Routing Problems

We deal with five problems arising in the field of logistics: the Asymmetric TSP (ATSP), the TSP with Time Windows (TSPTW), the VRP with Time Windows (VRPTW), the Multi-Trip VRP (MTVRP), and the Two-Echelon Capacitated VRP (2E-CVRP). The ATSP requires finding a lest-cost Hamiltonian tour in a digraph. We survey models and classical relaxations, and describe the most effective exact algorithms from the literature. A survey and analysis of the polynomial formulations is provided. The considered algorithms and formulations are experimentally compared on benchmark instances. The TSPTW requires finding, in a weighted digraph, a least-cost Hamiltonian tour visiting each vertex within a given time window. We propose a new exact method, based on new tour relaxations and dynamic programming. Computational results on benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact methods. In the VRPTW, a fleet of identical capacitated vehicles located at a depot must be optimally routed to supply customers with known demands and time window constraints. Different column generation bounding procedures and an exact algorithm are developed. The new exact method closed four of the five open Solomon instances. The MTVRP is the problem of optimally routing capacitated vehicles located at a depot to supply customers without exceeding maximum driving time constraints. Two set-partitioning-like formulations of the problem are introduced. Lower bounds are derived and embedded into an exact solution method, that can solve benchmark instances with up to 120 customers. The 2E-CVRP requires designing the optimal routing plan to deliver goods from a depot to customers by using intermediate depots. The objective is to minimize the sum of routing and handling costs. A new mathematical formulation is introduced. Valid lower bounds and an exact method are derived. Computational results on benchmark instances show that the new exact algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact methods.

A projection into the ideas and technologies of "non-place" and "space of flow" in urban context

The meaning of a place has been commonly assigned to the quality of having root (rootedness) or sense of belonging to that setting. While on the contrary, people are nowadays more concerned with the possibilities of free moving and networks of communication. So, the meaning, as well as the materiality of architecture has been dramatically altered with these forces. It is therefore of significance to explore and redefine the sense and the trend of architecture at the age of flow. In this dissertation, initially, we review the gradually changing concept of "place-non-place" and its underlying technological basis. Then we portray the transformation of meaning of architecture as influenced by media and information technology and advanced methods of mobility, in the dawn of 21st century. Against such backdrop, there is a need to sort and analyze architectural practices in response to the triplet of place-non-place and space of flow, which we plan to achieve conclusively. We also trace the concept of flow in the process of formation and transformation of old cities. As a brilliant case study, we look at Persian Bazaar from a socio-architectural point of view. In other word, based on Robert Putnam's theory of social capital, we link social context of the Bazaar with architectural configuration of cities. That is how we believe "cities as flow" are not necessarily a new paradigm.

Evaluation der Langzeitcompliance lebertransplantierter Patienten mit der immunsuppressiven Therapie und eines Betreuungsmodells zur intersektoralen kooperativen pharmazeutischen Betreuung durch eine Krankenhausapotheke und öffentliche Apotheken

Ein wichtiger Baustein für den langfristigen Erfolg einer Lebertransplantation ist die Compliance mit der lebenslang einzunehmenden immunsuppressiven Therapie. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals mittels MEMS® die Compliance bei lebertransplantierten Patienten untersucht, deren Transplantation einige Jahre zurücklag. Rekrutiert wurden Patienten, die vor 2, 5, 7 oder 10 Jahren (Gruppe 2 y.p.t., 5 y.p.t., 7 y.p.t., 10 y.p.t.) in der Universitätsmedizin Mainz lebertransplantiert wurden. 39 Patienten nahmen an der prospektiven Anwendungsbeobachtung teil. Die Compliance wurde mittels MEMS® über eine Beobachtungszeit von 6 Monaten erfasst. Bei der MEMS®-Auswertung war zu vermuten, dass 10 Patienten diese nicht wie vorgesehen verwendet hatten. Folglich konnten die mittels MEMS® gemessenen Compliance-Parameter nur für 29 Patienten valide ermittelt werden. Die mittlere Dosing Compliance betrug 81 ± 21 %, wobei die Gruppe 2 y.p.t. mit 86 ± 14 % bessere Werte zu verzeichnen hatte als die Gruppe 5 y.p.t. (75 ± 27 %) und 7 y.p.t. (74 ± 28 %). Die Ergebnisse waren jedoch nicht signifikant unterschiedlich (p=0,335, Kruskal-Wallis-Test). Unter Einbeziehung aller mittels MEMS® gemessenen Compliance-Parameter wurden 19 von 29 Patienten (66 %) als compliant eingestuft. Bei der Analyse der Gesamtcompliance basierend auf den subjektiven Compliance-Messmethoden (Morisky-Fragebogen, MESI-Fragebogen, Selbsteinschätzung), der Arzneimittel-Blutspiegel und der Anzahl an Abstoßungsreaktionen, in der alle 39 Patienten einbezogen werden konnten, wurden 35 Patienten (90 %) als compliant eingestuft. rnIm zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Etablierung und Bewertung eines intersektoralen Pharmazeutischen Betreuungskonzepts für lebertransplantierte Patienten untersucht. Erstmals wurden anhand eines entwickelten schnittstellenübergreifenden, integrierten Betreuungskonzepts niedergelassene Apotheker in die Pharmazeutische Betreuung lebertransplantierter Patienten eingebunden. 20 Patienten wurden rekrutiert und während ihres stationären Aufenthaltes nach Transplantation pharmazeutisch betreut. Die Betreuung umfasste eine intensive Patientenschulung mit drei bis vier Gesprächen durch einen Krankenhausapotheker. Während des stationären Aufenthaltes wurden arzneimittelbezogene Probleme erkannt, gelöst und dokumentiert. Bei Entlassung stellte der Krankenhausapotheker einen Medikationsplan für den Hausarzt sowie für den niedergelassenen Apotheker aus und führte mit den Patienten ein ausführliches Entlassungsgespräch. Darüber hinaus wurden den Patienten Arzneimitteleinnahmepläne und eine Patienteninformation über ihr immunsuppressives Arzneimittel übergeben. 15 Patienten konnten daraufhin ambulant von niedergelassenen Apothekern pharmazeutisch weiterbetreut werden. Das kooperierende pharmazeutische Personal wurde durch ein eigens für die Studie erstelltes Manual zur Pharmazeutischen Betreuung lebertransplantierter Patienten geschult und unterstützt. Die niedergelassenen Apotheker sollten die Patienten in ihrer Arzneimitteltherapie begleiten, indem Beratungsgespräche geführt und arzneimittelbezogene Probleme erkannt und gelöst wurden. Die Nutzeffekte der intensiven Pharmazeutischen Betreuung konnte anhand verschiedener Erhebungsinstrumente dargelegt werden. Im Ergebnis resultierte eine hohe Zufriedenheit der Patienten und Apotheker mit dem Betreuungskonzept, die mittels Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen ermittelt wurde. Die Compliance der Patienten wurde anhand des Morisky- und MESI-Fragebogens, der Selbsteinschätzung der Patienten, Blutspiegelbestimmungen sowie der Einschätzung durch den niedergelassenen Apotheker bestimmt. 86 % der Patienten wurden als compliant eingeordnet. Die Kenntnisse der Patienten über ihre immunsuppressive Therapie, welche anhand von Interviews erfragt wurden, lagen auf einem sehr hohen Niveau. Abschließend kann festgestellt werden, dass die Pharmazeutische Betreuung lebertransplantierter Patienten in den niedergelassenen Apotheken durchführbar ist. Anhand der Dokumentationsprotokolle lässt sich allerdings nur sehr schwer beurteilen, in welchem Maße die Betreuung tatsächlich erfolgte. Das tatsächliche vorliegen einer mangelnden Betreuung oder aber eine lückenhafte Dokumentation der Betreuungsleistung war nicht zu differenzieren. Ein limitierender Faktor für die intensivierte Betreuung ist sicherlich der erhebliche Aufwand für nur einen Patienten mit einem seltenen Krankheitsbild. Das Erkennen und Lösen von 48 ABP durch den Krankenhausapotheker und 32 ABP durch die niedergelassenen Apotheker, d. h. insgesamt 4,5 ABP pro Patient zeigt, dass die Pharmazeutische Betreuung einen wichtigen Beitrag für eine qualitätsgesicherte Arzneimitteltherapie leistet. Die intersektorale Pharmazeutische Betreuung stellt eine wesentliche Hilfe und Unterstützung der Patienten im sicheren Umgang mit ihrer Arzneimitteltherapie dar.rn

Las variaciones de la “serliana”: aspectos y motivos de la arquitectura del poder desde la Antigüedad al Renacimiento italiano y español

Principales aportaciones: Elenco actualizado y más completo de “serlianas” hasta el momento, incluyendo el más amplio repertorio numismático e iconográfico sobre el tema. Visión de conjunto crítica de la “serliana” y motivos afines en la Antigüedad, la Edad Media y el Renacimiento, atendiendo a una selección de ejemplos en todos los formatos posibles (arquitectura e iconografía). Inclusión y explicación de la “serliana” dentro de los avances de la arquitectura romana, con atención a las fuentes escritas. Identificación de las principales áreas de origen y desarrollo de la “serliana”. Explicación de las causas y resultados de los procesos de innovación arquitectónica. Demostración de la llegada de la “serliana” a Hispania mucho antes que el disco de Teodosio. Indagación en las funciones y posibles implicaciones simbólicas de ejemplos de “serliana”. Hipótesis sobre el papel desempeñado por las arquitecturas efímeras. Hipótesis sobre el papel de la arquitectura militar en época romana para la difusión de la “serliana”. Comentario crítico de la situación de la “serliana” en la Antigüedad Tardía y visión general de sus procesos de transferencia y metamorfosis. Demostración de la pervivencia de la “serliana” en la Edad Media. Análisis de la arcada triple como posible sustituto de la “serliana”. Comentario crítico de los dibujos tardomedievales y renacentistas sobre la “serliana” y su relación con el estudio contemporáneo de los monumentos antiguos. Identificación de ejemplos y comentario crítico de la situación de la “serliana” en la Italia del Quattrocento y del Cinquecento. Análisis de las confluencias de la “serliana” Italia-España y evolución del motivo en este último ámbito. Demostración de las novedades propias del ámbito hispano.

Enhancing quality of service in software-defined networks

Resource management is of paramount importance in network scenarios and it is a long-standing and still open issue. Unfortunately, while technology and innovation continue to evolve, our network infrastructure system has been maintained almost in the same shape for decades and this phenomenon is known as “Internet ossification”. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm in computer networking that allows a logically centralized software program to control the behavior of an entire network. This is done by decoupling the network control logic from the underlying physical routers and switches that forward traffic to the selected destination. One mechanism that allows the control plane to communicate with the data plane is OpenFlow. The network operators could write high-level control programs that specify the behavior of an entire network. Moreover, the centralized control makes it possible to define more specific and complex tasks that could involve many network functionalities, e.g., security, resource management and control, into a single framework. Nowadays, the explosive growth of real time applications that require stringent Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees, brings the network programmers to design network protocols that deliver certain performance guarantees. This thesis exploits the use of SDN in conjunction with OpenFlow to manage differentiating network services with an high QoS. Initially, we define a QoS Management and Orchestration architecture that allows us to manage the network in a modular way. Then, we provide a seamless integration between the architecture and the standard SDN paradigm following the separation between the control and data planes. This work is a first step towards the deployment of our proposal in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) campus network with differentiating services and stringent QoS requirements. We also plan to exploit our solution to manage the handoff between different network technologies, e.g., Wi-Fi and WiMAX. Indeed, the model can be run with different parameters, depending on the communication protocol and can provide optimal results to be implemented on the campus network.

Thermal structure and dynamical modeling of a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

In the present work, a detailed analysis of a Mediterranean TLC occurred in January 2014 has been conducted. The author is not aware of other studies regarding this particular event at the publication of this thesis. In order to outline the cyclone evolution, observational data, including weather-stations data, satellite data, radar data and photographic evidence, were collected at first. After having identified the cyclone path and its general features, the GLOBO, BOLAM and MOLOCH NWP models, developed at ISAC-CNR (Bologna), were used to simulate the phenomenon. Particular attention was paid on the Mediterranean phase as well as on the Atlantic phase, since the cyclone showed a well defined precursor up to 3 days before the minimum formation in the Alboran Sea. The Mediterranean phase has been studied using different combinations of GLOBO, BOLAM and MOLOCH models, so as to evaluate the best model chain to simulate this kind of phenomena. The BOLAM and MOLOCH models showed the best performance, by adjusting the path erroneously deviated in the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and ECMWF operational models. The analysis of the cyclone thermal phase shown the presence of a deep-warm core structure in many cases, thus confirming the tropical-like nature of the system. Furthermore, the results showed high sensitivity to initial conditions in the whole lifetime of the cyclone, while the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) modification leads only to small changes in the Adriatic phase. The Atlantic phase has been studied using GLOBO and BOLAM model and with the aid of the same methodology already developed. After tracing the precursor, in the form of a low-pressure system, from the American East Coast to Spain, the thermal phase analysis was conducted. The parameters obtained showed evidence of a deep-cold core asymmetric structure during the whole Atlantic phase, while the first contact with the Mediterranean Sea caused a sudden transition to a shallow-warm core structure. The examination of Potential Vorticity (PV) 3-dimensional structure revealed the presence of a PV streamer that individually formed over Greenland and eventually interacted with the low-pressure system over the Spanish coast, favouring the first phase of the cyclone baroclinic intensification. Finally, the development of an automated system that tracks and studies the thermal phase of Mediterranean cyclones has been encouraged. This could lead to the forecast of potential tropical transition, against with a minimum computational investment.

Because someone has recommended it - Patients’ reasons for choosing acupuncture or qigong

Question: Recent research has indicated a considerable contribution of placebo effects to the outcome of acupuncture treatments: especially patients’ expectations seem to have an influence [1] and [2]. In this context it is important to better understand the patient–practitioner relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate why patients in Switzerland choose acupuncture or qigong, and what they expect from the treatment and the practitioners [3]. Methods: A qualitative survey with open questions was performed among 38 patients newly enrolled for treatment in 7 different practices for Traditional Chinese Medicine ((TCM); 6 practices for acupuncture, 1 for qigong). Questions aimed to identify reasons for choosing TCM, knowledge about its range of indications, and patients’ expectations towards method and therapist. Answers were categorised and analysed by frequency. Results: The most common reasons for choosing TCM were recommendation by acquaintances, the idea of trying a new treatment and the perception of TCM as being a gentle method. The majority of respondents had poor knowledge about the range of conditions to be treated with TCM: pain of the musculoskeletal system, headaches and chronic problems were considered as main indications. Surprisingly, gynaecological or gastro-intestinal diseases were not mentioned by the respondents. Practitioners were expected to have professional competence, provide information, empathy and understanding. Conclusions: The most striking result of this survey was the fact that patients knew very little about TCM and its indications. Thus, more precise information about TCM and other complementary methods should be offered to the general public, which would help patients to decide whether to consider TCM for the treatment of their disease. And, on the other hand, for the therapists it is important to better understand and respond to patients’ expectations in order to achieve better treatment results. The results of this qualitative survey were briefly discussed with the participating practitioners, who found them remarkable and support further quantitative studies. We plan to further investigate this topic. References 1. J. Pariente, P. White, R.S.J. Frackowiak, G. Lewith. Neuroimage, 25 (2005), pp. 1161–1167 2. M. Karst, D. Schneidewind, D. Scheinichen. Forsch Komplementmed, 17 (2010), pp. 21–27 3. S.D. Klein. Dt Ztschr f Akup, 52 (2009), pp. 18–23

Humoral immune reaction of newborn calves congenitally infected with Neospora caninum and experimentally treated with toltrazuril

Neospora caninum is widely recognized as one of the most important infectious organisms causing abortion and stillbirth in cattle. This parasite causes severe economical losses worldwide. Infection is mostly passed vertically from mother to calf during pregnancy. Under certain circumstances, an infection can lead to abortion, but in most cases it results in a chronically infected calf, which itself will represent the next endogenously infectious generation. So far, no reliable therapeutic or metaphylactic tool has been developed. One possibility to control the problem may consist of treating newborn calves that became vertically infected by a persistently infected mother. This may allow parasite-free offspring. The aim of the present study was to address the questions: (1) can serology be used to assess efficiency of treatment in toltrazuril-medicated animals? and (2) is a strategic prevention measure possible by means of producing N. caninum-free calves from positive cows? Calves from Neospora-seropositive cows and heifers were randomly split into two different medication groups: 36 calves were medicated with toltrazuril and 36 calves obtained a placebo. Medication (20 mg toltrazuril per kg bw) was administered three times, every second day, within the 7 days post natum. Three months after medication, there was no difference in antibody reactivity between the two groups. At later time points (4-6 months), however, significant differences were found, as explained by a strong humoral immunity after chemotherapeutical affection of parasites, while the placebo-treated animals only responded weakly to the persistent infection. In summary, we concluded that (1) serology was not an entirely appropriate tool to answer our initial question and (2) toltrazuril has the potential to eliminate N. caninum in newborn calves. As a consequence, we plan to follow up toltrazuril-medicated calves clinically and serologically over a longer period and investigate if they give birth to Neospora-free calves.

Tariff-Specific Preferences and Their Influence on Price Sensitivity

For many services, consumers can choose among a range of optional tariffs that differ in their access and usage prices. Recent studies indicate that tariff-specific preferences may lead consumers to choose a tariff that does not minimize their expected billing rate. This study analyzes how tariff-specific preferences influence the responsiveness of consumers’ usage and tariff choice to changes in price. We show that consumer heterogeneity in tariff-specific preferences leads to heterogeneity in their sensitivity to price changes. Specifically, consumers with tariff-specific preferences are less sensitive to price increases of their preferred tariff than other consumers. Our results provide an additional reason why firms should offer multiple tariffs rather than a uniform nonlinear pricing plan to extract maximum consumer surplus.

"Because someone has recommended it" - patients' reasons for choosing acupuncture or qigong

Background Recent research has indicated a considerable contribution of placebo effects to the outcome of acupuncture treatments: especially patients’ expectations seem to have an influence [1, 2]. In this context it is important to better understand the patient-practitioner relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate why patients in Switzerland choose acupuncture or qigong, and what they expect from the treatment and the practitioners [3]. Method A qualitative survey with open questions was performed among 38 patients newly enrolled for treatment in 7 different practices for Traditional Chinese Medicine ((TCM); 6 practices for acupuncture, 1 for qigong). Questions aimed to identify reasons for choosing TCM, knowledge about its range of indications, and patients’ expectations towards method and therapist. Answers were categorised and analysed by frequency. Results The most common reasons for choosing TCM were recommendation by acquaintances, the idea of trying a new treatment and the perception of TCM as being a gentle method. The majority of respondents had poor knowledge about the range of conditions to be treated with TCM: pain of the musculoskeletal system, headaches and chronic problems were considered as main indications. Surprisingly, gynaecological or gastro-intestinal diseases were not mentioned by the respondents. Practitioners were expected to have professional competence, provide information, empathy and understanding. Discussion The most striking result of this survey was the fact that patients knew very little about TCM and its indications. Thus, more precise information about TCM and other complementary methods should be offered to the general public, which would help patients to decide whether to consider TCM for the treatment of their disease. And, on the other hand, for the therapists it is important to better understand and respond to patients’ expectations in order to achieve better treatment results. The results of this qualitative survey were briefly discussed with the participating practitioners, who found them remarkable and support further quantitative studies. We plan to further investigate this topic. Literature 1 Pariente J et al., Neuroimage 2005;25:1161-67 2 Karst M et al., Forsch Komplementmed 2010;17:21-7 3 Klein SD., Dt Ztschr f Akup. 2009;52:18-23

Evaluating the optimal timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections are the most common hospital-acquired infections among surgical patients. The administration of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces the risk of surgical site infections . The optimal timing of this procedure is still a matter of debate. While most studies suggest that it should be given as close to the incision time as possible, others conclude that this may be too late for optimal prevention of surgical site infections. A large observational study suggests that surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered 74 to 30 minutes before surgery. The aim of this article is to report the design and protocol of a randomized controlled trial investigating the optimal timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.Methods/design: In this bi-center randomized controlled trial conducted at two tertiary referral centers in Switzerland, we plan to include 5,000 patients undergoing general, oncologic, vascular and orthopedic trauma procedures. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio into two groups: one receiving surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the anesthesia room (75 to 30 minutes before incision) and the other receiving surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the operating room (less than 30 minutes before incision). We expect a significantly lower rate of surgical site infections with surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis administered more than 30 minutes before the scheduled incision. The primary outcome is the occurrence of surgical site infections during a 30-day follow-up period (one year with an implant in place). When assuming a 5 surgical site infection risk with administration of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the operating room, the planned sample size has an 80% power to detect a relative risk reduction for surgical site infections of 33% when administering surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the anesthesia room (with a two-sided type I error of 5%). We expect the study to be completed within three years. DISCUSSION The results of this randomized controlled trial will have an important impact on current international guidelines for infection control strategies in the hospital. Moreover, the results of this randomized controlled trial are of significant interest for patient safety and healthcare economics.Trial registration: This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT01790529.

The involvement of miRNA Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

ALS is a neurodegenerative disease that specifically affects upper and lower motor neurons leading to progressive paralysis and death. There is currently no effective treatment. Thus, identification of the signaling pathways and cellular mediators of ALS remains a major challenge in the search for novel therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have shown that non-coding RNAs have a significant impact on normal CNS development and onset and progression of neurological disorders. Based on this evidence we specifically test the hypothesis that misregulation of miRNA expression is a common feature in familiar ALS. Hence, we are exploiting human neuroblastoma cell lines either expressing the SOD1(G93A) mutation or depleted from Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) as tools to investigate the role of miRNAs in familiar ALS. To this end we performed a genome-wide scale miRNA expression on these cells, using whole-genome small RNA deep-sequencing followed by quantitative real time validation (qPCR). This strategy allowed us to find a group of dysregulated miRNAs, which are predicted to play a role in the motorneurons physiology and pathology. We verified our data on cDNA derived from SOD1-ALS mice models at early stage of the disease and on cDNA derived from lymphocytes from a small group of ALS patients. In the future, we plan to define the mechanisms responsible for the miRNA dysregulation, by silencing or stimulating the signal transduction pathways putatively involved in miRNA expression and regulation.

The phenomenology of lucid dreaming: An online survey.

In lucid dreams the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming. Although such dreams are not that uncommon, many aspects of lucid dream phenomenology are still unclear. An online survey was conducted to gather data about lucid dream origination, duration, active or passive participation in the dream, planned actions for lucid dreams, and other phenomenological aspects. Among the 684 respondents who filled out the questionnaire, there were 571 lucid dreamers (83.5%). According to their reports, lucid dreams most often originate spontaneously in adolescence. The average lucid dream duration is about 14 minutes. Lucid dreamers are likely to be active in their lucid dreams and plan to accomplish different actions (e.g., flying, talking with dream characters, or having sex), yet they are not always able to remember or successfully execute their intentions (most often because of awakening or hindrances in the dream environment). The frequency of lucid dream experience was the strongest predictor of lucid dream phenomenology, but some differences were also observed in relation to age, gender, or whether the person is a natural or self-trained lucid dreamer. The findings are discussed in light of lucid dream research, and suggestions for future studies are provided.