Plano Horizontal Plano. Del plano horizontal como límite entre lo estereotómico y lo tectónico = Flat Horizontal Plane. On Horizon

Plano Horizontal Plano. Del plano horizontal como límite entre lo estereotómico y lo tectónico

Flat Horizontal Plane - On Horizon

The Flat Horizontal Plane, the platform, is more than just one of the most basic mechanisms of Architecture. In this essay, I would like to move towards understanding this Flat Horizontal Plane not only as the primary mechanism of Architecture, but also, when it is erected, as the spatial limit between the stereotomic and the tectonic.

Differences brick facade design to horizontal loads between the Spanish and European standards

Brick facades are a construction type, strongly linked to local construction characteristics and methods. In Spain, particularly in Castilla, the facades have been built since the '80s with Castilian half foot (11.5 cm), resting on the edge of slabs. The design of these facades, to horizontal loads from wind, depending on the codes used, can lead to completely different valid solutions. Applying same loads, the facades studied with current European standard (Eurocode 6), have a maximum length of 7.1 m between supports, while the Spanish code, Technical Building Code - Structural Safety Masonry, (CTE SE-F), 8.4 m can be achieved. This represents an increase of flexural strength, depending on the calculation model used, which can reach until 8 times. This is due to the difference of the calculation method and the structural model in one and another standard, depending on if this facade is analyzed as a vertical or horizontal beam or by formation of a vertical or horizontal archh. This paper analyzes the constructive solution of the brick facades that results from applying Spanish or European standards and how it affects the model applied in the safety of the resulting facade.

Análisis de la resistencia de las juntas frente a carga horizontal de un edificio de dos plantas construido con paneles prefabricados de hormigón armado

En el presente estudio se pretende abordar la situación de estudio en la que actualmente se encuentra el estudio y análisis del comportamiento de juntas de hormigón a esfuerzo rasante pero sin armadura pasante concretamente en este trabajo realizado se ha procedido analizar el comportamiento de paneles para la empresa INDAGSA que ha desarrollado unos paneles prefabricados portantes que sus juntas se componen de una barra corrugada embebida a lo largo de la junta en el hormigón ejecutado in situ. El estudio será enfocado desde un punto de vista específico para los paneles que desarrolla el grupo INDAGSA ya que posteriormente se realizaran ensayos en laboratorio de paneles prefabricados para comparar su comportamiento con los modelos analizados en este trabajo, aunque la aplicación que se explica esta principalmente como indica la actual normativa se trata como una junta entre hormigones de distinta edad concretamente uno prefabricado y el otro perteneciente a la junta ejecutado in situ. El análisis del comportamiento a esfuerzo rasante de juntas de hormigón sin armadura pasante se ha abordado escasas veces por lo que tampoco existen muchos estudios en los que basarse y más en elementos tan esbeltos como son los paneles prefabricados que se han analizado de 10 cm de espesor, 2,2 m de altura y un vano de 6,4 m. Los paneles se analizaran mediante el software de cálculo estructural Sap2000 mediante modelado y análisis con elementos finitos. Después de modelar los paneles sencillos es decir que no forman parte de ninguna estructura sino que se analizaran como viga biapoyada, modelada la junta con elementos muelle o muelles verificando que se aproximan a los valores teóricos obtenidos de tensión en el acero y esfuerzo rasante generado en la junta. Una vez modelados y verificados se usaran los parámetros de los paneles sencillos para modelar una vivienda de dos plantas y se analizara su comportamiento a carga horizontal estudiando la forma por la que puede fallar la vivienda si es a causa de la rotura por esfuerzo rasante de las juntas o por plastificación de la armadura anclada en la cimentación. Posteriormente con estos resultados obtenidos INDAGSA tiene el prototipo de vivienda en escala real para someterlo a un ensayo a carga horizontal como el simulado y analizado con Sap2000 para comprobar y ajustar el modelo.

Determinación paramétrica para el análisis de la viabilidad técnico económica de la implantación de un parque de aprovechamiento energético de corrientes marinas mediante un generador en inmersión con rotor de eje horizontal

La presente Tesis se ha centrado en un análisis de la tecnología para la generación de energía eléctrica utilizando las corrientes marinas. El contenido desarrollado ha consistido en un análisis de las distintas alternativas para poder aprovechar la energía oceánica con especial interés en los desarrollos tecnológicos de las corrientes marinas. Posteriormente se ha descrito un nuevo prototipo, basado en un diseño de un generador en inmersión con rotor de eje horizontal con estructura en Y, denominado proyecto GESMEY. Se han analizado diversas localizaciones para poder implantar un prototipo experimental del proyecto GESMEY, así como las posibles localizaciones para implementar un parque de explotación comercial basado en esta tecnología, llegando a conclusiones importantes referidas a la costa española, y definiendo localizaciones muy interesantes en la costa Escocesa. Finalmente se han analizado diversos parámetros de definición de estos parques de aprovechamiento de la energía, clasificándolos como parámetros técnicos, de ubicación, de utilización, medioambientales y económicos. A la vista de la investigación realizada se ha concluido que hay muchas líneas de investigación que desarrollar, y que desde un punto de vista estratégico hay muchas actuaciones que poner en marcha para potenciar la tecnología de las energías renovables marinas mediante corrientes marinas. ABSTRACT This thesis has focused on an analysis of technology for generating electrical power using ocean currents. The content developed consisted of an analysis of the alternatives to take advantage of ocean energy with special emphasis on the technological developments of ocean currents. Subsequently it described a new prototype, based on a design of a generator rotor immersion horizontal axis Y structure, called GESMEY project. We analyzed different locations to implement an experimental prototype GESMEY project and possible locations to deploy a fleet of commercial exploitation based on this technology, reaching important conclusions regarding the Spanish coast, and defining interesting locations on the coast Scottish. Finally, we have analyzed various parameters defining these parks use of energy, classifying them as technical parameters, location, utilization, environmental and economic. In view of the conducted research has concluded that there are many lines of research to develop, and that from a strategic point of view there are many actions to implement to enhance the technology of marine renewable energies by sea currents.

Campos de juego de Noguchi y Van Eyck. El plano horizontal

Campos de juego de Noguchi y Van Eyck. El plano horizontal

Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: The complexity hypothesis

Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes. Extensive horizontal transfer has occurred for operational genes (those involved in housekeeping), whereas informational genes (those involved in transcription, translation, and related processes) are seldomly horizontally transferred. Through phylogenetic analysis of six complete prokaryotic genomes and the identification of 312 sets of orthologous genes present in all six genomes, we tested two theories describing the temporal flow of horizontal transfer. We show that operational genes have been horizontally transferred continuously since the divergence of the prokaryotes, rather than having been exchanged in one, or a few, massive events that occurred early in the evolution of prokaryotes. In agreement with earlier studies, we found that differences in rates of evolution between operational and informational genes are minimal, suggesting that factors other than rate of evolution are responsible for the observed differences in horizontal transfer. We propose that a major factor in the more frequent horizontal transfer of operational genes is that informational genes are typically members of large, complex systems, whereas operational genes are not, thereby making horizontal transfer of informational gene products less probable (the complexity hypothesis).

Retinoic acid has light-adaptive effects on horizontal cells in the retina

Ambient light conditions affect the morphology of synaptic elements within the cone pedicle and modulate the spatial properties of the horizontal cell receptive field. We describe here that the effects of retinoic acid on these properties are similar to those of light adaptation. Intraorbital injection of retinoic acid into eyes of dark-adapted carp that subsequently were kept in complete darkness results in the formation of numerous spinules at the terminal dendrites of horizontal cells, a typical feature of light-adapted retinae. The formation of these spinules during light adaptation is impaired in the presence of citral, a competitive inhibitor of the dehydrogenase responsible for the generation of retinoic acid in vivo. Intracellularly recorded responses of horizontal cells from dark-adapted eyecup preparations superfused with retinoic acid reveal typical light-adapted spatial properties. Retinoic acid thus appears to act as a light-signaling modulator. Its activity appears not to be at the transcriptional level because its action was not blocked by actinomycin.

Evidence for the recent horizontal transfer of long terminal repeat retrotransposon

The evolutionary dynamics existing between transposable elements (TEs) and their host genomes have been likened to an “arms race.” The selfish drive of TEs to replicate, in turn, elicits the evolution of host-mediated regulatory mechanisms aimed at repressing transpositional activity. It has been postulated that horizontal (cross-species) transfer may be one effective strategy by which TEs and other selfish genes can escape host-mediated silencing mechanisms over evolutionary time; however, to date, the most definitive evidence that TEs horizontally transfer between species has been limited to class II or DNA-type elements. Evidence that the more numerous and widely distributed retroelements may also be horizontally transferred between species has been more ambiguous. In this paper, we report definitive evidence for a recent horizontal transfer of the copia long terminal repeat retrotransposon between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila willistoni.

Horizontal gene transfer and mutation: Ngrol genes in the genome of Nicotiana glauca

Ngrol genes (NgrolB, NgrolC, NgORF13, and NgORF14) that are similar in sequence to genes in the left transferred DNA (TL-DNA) of Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been found in the genome of untransformed plants of Nicotiana glauca. It has been suggested that a bacterial infection resulted in transformation of Ngrol genes early in the evolution of the genus Nicotiana. Although the corresponding four rol genes in TL-DNA provoked hairy-root syndrome in plants, present-day N. glauca and plants transformed with Ngrol genes did not exhibit this phenotype. Sequenced complementation analysis revealed that the NgrolB gene did not induce adventitious roots because it contained two point mutations. Single-base site-directed mutagenesis at these two positions restored the capacity for root induction to the NgrolB gene. When the NgrolB, with these two base substitutions, was positioned under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P35S), transgenic tobacco plants exhibited morphological abnormalities that were not observed in P35s-RirolB plants. In contrast, the activity of the NgrolC gene may have been conserved after an ancient infection by bacteria. Discussed is the effect of the horizontal gene transfer of the Ngrol genes and mutations in the NgrolB gene on the phenotype of ancient plants during the evolution of N. glauca.

Horizontal cells reveal cone type-specific adaptation in primate retina

The human cone visual system maintains contrast sensitivity over a wide range of ambient illumination, a property known as light adaptation. The first stage in light adaptation is believed to take place at the first neural step in vision, within the long, middle, and short wavelength sensitive cone photoreceptors. To determine the properties of adaptation in primate outer retina, we measured cone signals in second-order interneurons, the horizontal cells, of the macaque monkey. Horizontal cells provide a unique site for studying early adaptational mechanisms; they are but one synapse away from the photoreceptors, and each horizontal cell receives excitatory inputs from many cones. Light adaptation occurred over the entire range of light levels evaluated, a luminance range of 15–1,850 trolands. Adaptation was demonstrated to be independent in each cone type and to be spatially restricted. Thus, in primates, a major source of sensitivity regulation occurs before summation of cone signals in the horizontal cell.

Unusual horizontal transfer of a long interspersed nuclear element between distant vertebrate classes

We have shown previously by Southern blot analysis that Bov-B long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are present in different Viperidae snake species. To address the question as to whether Bov-B LINEs really have been transmitted horizontally between vertebrate classes, the analysis has been extended to a larger number of vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant species. In this paper, the evolutionary origin of Bov-B LINEs is shown unequivocally to be in Squamata. The previously proposed horizontal transfer of Bov-B LINEs in vertebrates has been confirmed by their discontinuous phylogenetic distribution in Squamata (Serpentes and two lizard infra-orders) as well as in Ruminantia, by the high level of nucleotide identity, and by their phylogenetic relationships. The horizontal transfer of Bov-B LINEs from Squamata to the ancestor of Ruminantia is evident from the genetic distances and discontinuous phylogenetic distribution. The ancestor of Colubroidea snakes is a possible donor of Bov-B LINEs to Ruminantia. The timing of horizontal transfer has been estimated from the distribution of Bov-B LINEs in Ruminantia and the fossil data of Ruminantia to be 40–50 My ago. The phylogenetic relationships of Bov-B LINEs from the various Squamata species agrees with that of the species phylogeny, suggesting that Bov-B LINEs have been maintained stably by vertical transmission since the origin of Squamata in the Mesozoic era.

Horizontal transfer of oncogenes by uptake of apoptotic bodies

Tumor formation involves the accumulation of a series of genetic alterations that are required for malignant growth. In most malignancies, genetic changes can be observed at the chromosomal level as losses or gains of whole or large portions of chromosomes. Here we provide evidence that tumor DNA may be horizontally transferred by the uptake of apoptotic bodies. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies derived from H-rasV12- and human c-myc-transfected rat fibroblasts resulted in loss of contact inhibition in vitro and a tumorigenic phenotype in vivo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed the presence of rat chromosomes or of rat and mouse fusion chromosomes in the nuclei of the recipient murine cells. The transferred DNA was propagated, provided that the transferred DNA conferred a selective advantage to the cell and that the phagocytotic host cell was p53-negative. These results suggest that lateral transfer of DNA between eukaryotic cells may result in aneuploidy and the accumulation of genetic changes that are necessary for tumor formation.

Two recombination-dependent DNA replication pathways of bacteriophage T4, and their roles in mutagenesis and horizontal gene transfer

Two major pathways of recombination-dependent DNA replication, “join-copy” and “join-cut-copy,” can be distinguished in phage T4: join-copy requires only early and middle genes, but two late proteins, endonuclease VII and terminase, are uniquely important in the join-cut-copy pathway. In wild-type T4, timing of these pathways is integrated with the developmental program and related to transcription and packaging of DNA. In primase mutants, which are defective in origin-dependent lagging-strand DNA synthesis, the late pathway can bypass the lack of primers for lagging-strand DNA synthesis. The exquisitely regulated synthesis of endo VII, and of two proteins from its gene, explains the delay of recombination-dependent DNA replication in primase (as well as topoisomerase) mutants, and the temperature-dependence of the delay. Other proteins (e.g., the single-stranded DNA binding protein and the products of genes 46 and 47) are important in all recombination pathways, but they interact differently with other proteins in different pathways. These homologous recombination pathways contribute to evolution because they facilitate acquisition of any foreign DNA with limited sequence homology during horizontal gene transfer, without requiring transposition or site-specific recombination functions. Partial heteroduplex repair can generate what appears to be multiple mutations from a single recombinational intermediate. The resulting sequence divergence generates barriers to formation of viable recombinants. The multiple sequence changes can also lead to erroneous estimates in phylogenetic analyses.