Carbonic Anhydrase Activity and CO2-Transfer Resistance in Zn-Deficient Rice Leaves1

It has been reported that carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in plant leaves is decreased by Zn deficiency. We examined the effects of Zn deficiency on the activity of CA and on photosynthesis by leaves in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Zn deficiency increased the transfer resistance from the stomatal cavity to the site of CO2 fixation 2.3-fold and, consequently, the value of the transfer resistance relative to the total resistance in the CO2-assimilation process increased from 10% to 21%. This change led to a reduced CO2 concentration at the site of CO2 fixation, resulting in an increased gradient of CO2 between the stomatal cavity and this site. The present findings support the hypothesis that CA functions to facilitate the supply of CO2 from the stomatal cavity to the site of CO2 fixation. We also showed that the level of mRNA for CA decreased to 13% of the control level during Zn deficiency. This decrease resembled the decrease in CA activity, suggesting the possible involvement of the CA mRNA level in the regulation of CA activity.

Cytoplasmic free-Ca2+ level rises with repellents and falls with attractants in Escherichia coli chemotaxis.

Cytoplasmic free-Ca2+ levels in Escherichia coli were measured by use of the fluorescent Ca(2+)-indicator dye fura-2. Chemotactically wild-type E. coli regulated cytoplasmic free Ca2+ at approximately 100 nM when no stimuli were encountered, but changes in bacterial behavior correlated with changes in cytoplasmic free-Ca2+ concentration. For chemotactically wild-type E. coli, addition of a repellent resulted in cells tumbling and a transient increase in cytoplasmic free-Ca2+ levels. Conversely, addition of an attractant to wild-type cells caused running and produced a transient decrease in cytoplasmic free-Ca2+ levels. Studies with mutant strains showed that the chemoreceptors were required for the observed changes in cytoplasmic free-Ca2+ levels in response to chemical stimuli.

Propriedades superficiais de filmes à base de gelatina

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar as propriedades superficiais de filmes à base de gelatina. Para o qual foram elaborados filmes de: (i) Gelatina plastificado com glicerol (G) (gelatina: 5 g/100 g SFF; glicerol: 30 g/100 g de gelatina), (ii) Gelatina reforçado com montmorilhonita (G/MMT) (gelatina: 5 g/100 g SFF; glicerol: 30 g/100 g de gelatina; MMT: 5 g/100 g de gelatina) e Gelatina plastificado com citrato de acetiltributila (G/ATB) (gelatina: 5 g/100 g SFF; ATB: 50 g/100 de gelatina; lecitina de soja: 60 g/100 g de ATB; etanol: 20 g/100 g SFF). Os filmes foram produzidos mediante o uso de um aplicador automático de filmes \"Spreading\". Logo, os filmes foram submetidos a testes para determinação da espessura, umidade e propriedades óticas (brilho, cor e opacidade). Também foi caracterizada a microestrutura por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM); às imagens obtidas por MEV foi aplicado um analise de imagem mediante o programa Image J, para obter o valor da dimensão fractal (DF). Depois foram caracterizadas as propriedades superficiais de ângulo de contato (AC), molhabilidade ou coeficiente de espalhamento (Se), e energia livre superficial (ELS) mediante a medida do ângulo de contato pelo método da gota séssil (água: 5 µL e 1-Bromonaftaleno: 3 µL). Para o cálculo da ELS também foi aplicado o método de Owens-Wendt. Estas caracterizações foram feitas em ambos os lados do filme, lado ar e lado placa. A natureza do filme de G/ATB influenciou na umidade e as propriedades óticas, enquanto que os filmes de G e G/MMT apresentaram características similares. Em relação à microestrutura e rugosidade, o filme de G apresentou a superfície mais homogênea e lisa, contrario ao observado no filme de G/MMT, que apresentou a maior rugosidade seguida do filme de G/ATB. Foi observado que houve uma relação entre os valores de rugosidade e DF. De acordo com o valor do AC, os filmes apresentaram um caráter hidrofóbico, pois seus valores foram superiores a 65° (em ambos os lados dos filmes), na seguinte ordem: G/MMT > G > G/ATB; sendo que o Se seguiu a mesma tendência. Cabe mencionar também que não foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre os valores de AC e rugosidade. Em função dos valores de AC, Se e ELS (especificamente a componente polar), o filme de G/ATB apresentou o menor caráter hidrofóbico, pois apresentou menores valores de AC e maiores valores de Se em comparação com os outros dois filmes. Os valores da componente polar da G/ATB foram os maiores, explicando de melhor maneira o caráter menos hidrofóbico deste filme. Pode-se concluir que os filmes à base de gelatina elaborados no presente trabalho têm propriedades hidrofóbicas (AC>65°), sendo a G/MMT o filme com melhores características hidrofóbicas.

Influence of peroxometallic intermediaries present on polyoxometalates nanoparticles surface on the adipic acid synthesis

The cyclohexene oxidation by hydrogen peroxide catalysed by polyoxometalates (POM) has been shown as an adequate green route for the adipic acid synthesis. In this study, it has been demonstrated that POM's salts are effective catalysts for this reaction and how peroxopolyoxometalates intermediaries are the truly responsible species of the POM's salts catalytic activity and solubility. However, the latter can be reduced by calcining the catalyst previously. Polyoxomolybdates salts generally present a higher activity than polyoxotungstenates salts. Finally, it must be remarked the positive effect exerted by the acetic acid stabilising the peroxide of hydrogen against its decomposition.

Intramolecular surfaces for vicinal proton–proton coupling constants 3JHH

Equations for the intramolecular surfaces of the 3JHH coupling constants in ethane, ethylene, and acetylene are formulated, and the corresponding coefficients are estimated from calculations at the DFT/B3LYP level. The chosen variables are changes in bond lengths, in the torsion angle φ between the coupled protons Ha and Hb, in bond angles, and in dihedral angles. The 3JHH surface of ethane is formulated as an extended Karplus equation with the coefficients of a truncated Fourier series on the torsion angle φ expanded as second-order Taylor series in the chosen variables taking into account the invariance of 3JHH under reflections and rotations of nuclear coordinates. Partial vibrational contributions from linear and square terms corresponding to changes in the geometry of the Ha − Ca − Cb − Hb fragment are important while those from cross terms are small with a few exceptions. The 3JHH surface of ethane is useful to predict contributions to 3JHH from changes in local geometry of derivatives but vibrational contributions are predicted less satisfactorily. The predicted values at the B3LYP/BS2 level of the 3JHH couplings (vibrational contributions at 300 K) from equilibrium geometries are 9.79 (−0.17) for acetylene, and 17.08 (1.93) and 10.73(0.93) for the trans and cis couplings of ethylene.

India & South Asia, 1821 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Hindoostan, J. & G. Menzies sculp. It was published by Baldwin, Cradock & Joy in 1821. Scale [1: 7,000,000]. Covers India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and portions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Kalianpur 1975 India Zone III projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial and administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset: "Isle of Ceylon" ; scale [ca. 1: 4,500,000].This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Historic Massachusetts, a travel map to help you feel at home in the Bay State

designed and drawn by Ernest Dudley Chase.

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, 1845 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont : compiled from the latest authorities, [by] J.H. Young, sc. It was published by S. Augustus Mitchell in 1845. Scale [ca. 1:1,001,000]. Covers also portions of New York, Massachusetts, and the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, canals, drainage, state, county, and town boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset: North part of Maine. Scale [ca. 1:2,505,000]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships and Kennebec Railway, New England, 1874 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships and Kennebec Railway : with connections, prepared by G.W. & C.B. Colton & Co. It was published in 1874. Scale [ca. 1:1,267,200]. Covers New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and portions of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Maine, and the province of Quebec, Canada. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as railroads, railroad connections and stations, drainage, state and county boundaries, and more. Includes inset: [Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships and Kennebec Railway in province of Québec]. Scale [ca. 1:921,600]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Lower Manhattan, New York, N.Y., 1808 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan of the city of New York, 1808. It was published by the New York Common Council in the Manual of the corporation of the city of New York, for the years ... 1852. Facsimile copied from D. Longworth's map of 1808. Scale [ca. 1:7,500]. Covers lower Manhattan and portion of Brooklyn. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, city wards, selected public buildings, ferry lines, wharves, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes index to points of interest. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Seattle, Washington, 1920 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Seattle. It was published by Kroll Map Co. in 1920. Issued by the Seattle Chamber of Commerce. Scale [ca. 1:36,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Washington State Plane North Coordinate System HARN NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 4601). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, ferry routes, drainage, selected industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), city boundaries, parks, cemeteries, docks, piers, and more. Includes index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Los Angeles, California, 1849 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la Ciudad de Los Angeles, surveyed & drawn by E.O.C. Ord, Lt., U.S.A. & Wm. R. Hutton, asst., August 29th 1849. It was published by the Historical Society of Southern California ca. 1930. Scale [ca. 1:6,330] . Facsimile of a manuscript map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the California State Plane Zone V Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 0405). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, block and lot numbers, ground cover, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Morocco, 1853 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: North Africa or Barbary : I Marocco, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; engraved by J. & C. Walker. This is map 1 of a 5 map set published by George Cox Jan. 1st, 1853. Scale [ca. 1:2,800,000]. Covers Morocco and portions of Algeria. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to a modified 'Europe Lambert Conformal Conic' projection with a central meridian of 7 degrees West. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, aqueducts, cities, villages and other human settlements, trails, bedouin tribes, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset: Plan of the city of Marocco (Scale [ca. 1:32,000]). This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Islamic Heritage Project. Maps selected for the project represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes. The Islamic Heritage Project consists of over 100,000 digitized pages from Harvard's collections of Islamic manuscripts and published materials. Supported by Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal and developed in association with the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program at Harvard University.

Northbridge, Massachusetts, 1849 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the town of Northbridge, by Cushing & Walling. It was published by W. Sharp in 1849. Scale [ca. 15,840]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), private buildings with names of property owners, town and town district boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes inset: A plan of Whitinsville. Scale [ca. 1:6,030]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

North Africa or Barbary

I. Marocco (Scale [ca. 1:2,800,000]) -- II. Algier (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]) -- III. Tunis and part of Tripoli (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]) -- IV. Tripoli (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]) -- V. Parts of Tripoli and Egypt (Scale [ca. 1:2,000,000]).