Antibiotic resistance and phylogenetic characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from commercial raw meat in Switzerland.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria through food has become a major public health concern because some important human pathogens may be transferred via the food chain. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most life-threatening gram-negative pathogens; multidrug-resistant (MDR) clones of A. baumannii are spreading worldwide, causing outbreaks in hospitals. However, the role of raw meat as a reservoir of A. baumannii remains unexplored. In this study, we describe for the first time the antibiotic susceptibility and fingerprint (repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR [rep-PCR] profile and sequence types [STs]) of A. baumannii strains found in raw meat retailed in Switzerland. Our results indicate that A. baumannii was present in 62 (25.0%) of 248 (CI 95%: 19.7 to 30.9%) meat samples analyzed between November 2012 and May 2013, with those derived from poultry being the most contaminated (48.0% [CI 95%: 37.8 to 58.3%]). Thirty-nine strains were further tested for antibiotic susceptibility and clonality. Strains were frequently not susceptible (intermediate and/or resistant) to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins for human use (i.e., ceftriaxone [65%], cefotaxime [32%], ceftazidime [5%], and cefepime [2.5%]). Resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, colistin, and tetracycline was sporadically observed (2.5, 2.5, 5, and 5%, respectively), whereas resistance to carbapenems was not found. The strains were genetically very diverse from each other and belonged to 29 different STs, forming 12 singletons and 6 clonal complexes (CCs), of which 3 were new (CC277, CC360, and CC347). RepPCR analysis further distinguished some strains of the same ST. Moreover, some A. baumannii strains from meat belonged to the clonal complexes CC32 and CC79, similar to the MDR isolates responsible for human infections. In conclusion, our findings suggest that raw meat represents a reservoir of MDR A. baumannii and may serve as a vector for the spread of these pathogens into both community and hospital settings.

High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase, Plasmid-Mediated AmpC and Carbapenemase genes in Food for Pets

We evaluated the pet food contained in thirty packages as potential origin of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative organisms and β-lactamase genes (bla). Alive bacteria were not detected by selective culture. However, PCR investigations on food DNA extracts indicated that samples harbored blaCTX-M-15 (53.3%), blaCMY-4 (20%), and blaVEB-4-like (6.7%). Particularly worrisome was the presence of blaOXA-48-like carbapenemases (13.3%). Original pet food ingredients and/or the production process were highly contaminated with bacteria carrying clinically relevant acquired bla genes.

Microbiota at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the microbiota at implants and adjacent teeth 10 years after placement of implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plaque samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and of 493 adjacent teeth were analyzed for certain bacterial species associated with periodontitis, for staphylococci, for aerobic gram-negative rods, and for yeasts using nucleic acid-based methods. RESULTS Species known to be associated with periodontitis were detectable at 6.2-78.4% of the implants. Significantly higher counts at implants in comparison with teeth were assessed for Tannerella forsythia, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum/necrophorum, and Campylobacter rectus. Higher counts of periodontopathogenic species were detectable at implants of current smokers than at those of non-smokers. In addition, those species were found in higher quantities at implants of subjects with periodontitis. The prevalence of Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, C. rectus, and moreover of Staphylococcus warneri might be associated with peri-implant inflammation. Selected staphylococcal species (not Staphylococcus aureus), aerobic gram-negative rods, and yeasts were frequently detected, but with the exception of S. warneri, they did not show any association with periodontal or peri-implant diseases. CONCLUSIONS Smoking and periodontal disease are risk factors for colonization of periodontopathic bacteria at implants. Those bacterial species may play a potential role in peri-implant inflammation. The role of S. warneri needs further validation.

Clinical, microbiological, and immunological markers of gingival and periodontal disease induction and progression

The potential impact of periodontal disease, a suspected risk factor for systemic diseases, presents challenges for health promotion and disease prevention strategies. This study examined clinical, microbiological, and immunological factors in a disease model to identify potential biomarkers that may be useful in predicting the onset and severity of both inflammatory and destructive periodontal disease. This project used an historical cohort design based on data obtained from 47 adult, female nonhuman primates followed over a 6-year period for 5 unique projects where the ligature-induced model of periodontitis was utilized. Standardization of protocols for sample collection allowed for comparison over time. Bleeding and pocket depth measures were selected as the dependent variables of relevance to humans based upon the literature and historical observations. Exposure variables included supragingival plaque, attachment level, total bacteria, black-pigmented bacteria, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, total IgG and IgA in crevicular fluid, specific IgG antibody in both crevicular fluid and serum, and IgG antibody to four select pathogenic microorganisms. Three approaches were used to analyze the data from this study. The first approach tested for differences in the means of the response variables within the group and among longitudinal observations within the group at each time point. The second approach examined the relationship among the clinical, microbiological, and immunological variables using correlation coefficients and stratified analyses. Multivariable models using GEE for repeated measures were produced as a predictive description of the induction and progression of gingivitis and periodontal disease. The multivariable models for bleeding (gingivitis) include supragingival plaque, total bacteria and total IgG while the second also contains supragingival plaque, Gram-positive bacteria, and total IgG. Two multivariable models emerged for periodontal disease. One multivariable model contains plaque, total bacteria, total IgG and attachment level. The second model includes black-pigmented bacteria, total bacteria, antibody to Campylobacter rectus, and attachment level. Utilization of the nonhuman primate model to prospectively examine causal hypotheses can provide a focus for human research on the mechanisms of progression from health to gingivitis to periodontitis. Ultimately, causal theories can guide strategies to prevent disease initiation and reduce disease severity. ^

Comparative genomics of the restriction-modification systems in Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a small genome of 1.64–1.67 Mb. More than 20 putative DNA restriction-modification (R-M) systems, comprising more than 4% of the total genome, have been identified in the two completely sequenced H. pylori strains, 26695 and J99, based on sequence similarities. In this study, we have investigated the biochemical activities of 14 Type II R-M systems in H. pylori 26695. Less than 30% of the Type II R-M systems in 26695 are fully functional, similar to the results obtained from strain J99. Although nearly 90% of the R-M genes are shared by the two H. pylori strains, different sets of these R-M genes are functionally active in each strain. Interestingly, all strain-specific R-M genes are active, whereas most shared genes are inactive. This agrees with the notion that strain-specific genes have been acquired more recently through horizontal transfer from other bacteria and selected for function. Thus, they are less likely to be impaired by random mutations. Our results also show that H. pylori has extremely diversified R-M systems in different strains, and that the diversity may be maintained by constantly acquiring new R-M systems and by inactivating and deleting the old ones.

Afipia felis induces uptake by macrophages directly into a nonendocytic compartment

Afipia felis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes some cases of human Cat Scratch Disease. A. felis can survive and multiply in several mammalian cell types, including macrophages, but the precise intracellular compartmentalization of A. felis-containing phagosomes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, in murine macrophages, most A. felis-containing phagosomes exclude lysosomal tracer loaded into macrophage lysosomes before, as well as endocytic tracer loaded after, establishment of an infection. Established Afipia-containing phagosomes possess neither early endosomal marker proteins [early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), Rab5, transferrin receptor, trytophane aspartate containing coat protein (TACO)] nor late endosomal or lysosomal proteins [cathepsin D, β-glucuronidase, vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase, rab7, mannose-6-phosphate receptor, vesicle-associated membrane protein 8, lysosome-associated membrane proteins LAMP-1 and LAMP-2]. Those bacteria that will be found in a nonendosomal compartment enter the macrophage via an EEA1-negative compartment, which remains negative for LAMP-1. The smaller subpopulation of afipiae whose phagosomes will be part of the endocytic system enters into an EEA1-positive compartment, which also subsequently acquires LAMP-1. Killing of Afipia or opsonization with immune antibodies leads to a strong increase in the percentage of A. felis-containing phagosomes that interact with the endocytic system. We conclude that most phagosomes containing A. felis are disconnected from the endosome–lysosome continuum, that their unusual compartmentalization is decided at uptake, and that this compartmentalization requires bacterial viability.

A common evolutionary origin for mitochondria and hydrogenosomes.

Trichomonads are among the earliest eukaryotes to diverge from the main line of eukaryotic descent. Keeping with their ancient nature, these facultative anaerobic protists lack two "hallmark" organelles found in most eukaryotes: mitochondria and peroxisomes. Trichomonads do, however, contain an unusual organelle involved in carbohydrate metabolism called the hydrogenosome. Like mitochondria, hydrogenosomes are double-membrane bounded organelles that produce ATP using pyruvate as the primary substrate. Hydrogenosomes are, however, markedly different from mitochondria as they lack DNA, cytochromes and the citric acid cycle. Instead, they contain enzymes typically found in anaerobic bacteria and are capable of producing molecular hydrogen. We show here that hydrogenosomes contain heat shock proteins, Hsp70, Hsp60, and Hsp10, with signature sequences that are conserved only in mitochondrial and alpha-Gram-negative purple bacterial Hsps. Biochemical analysis of hydrogenosomal Hsp60 shows that the mature protein isolated from the organelle lacks a short, N-terminal sequence, similar to that observed for most nuclear-encoded mitochondrial matrix proteins. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses of hydrogenosomal Hsp70, Hsp60, and Hsp10 show that these proteins branch within a monophyletic group composed exclusively of mitochondrial homologues. These data establish that mitochondria and hydrogenosomes have a common eubacterial ancestor and imply that the earliest-branching eukaryotes contained the endosymbiont that gave rise to mitochondria in higher eukaryotes.

Shigella flexneri surface protein IcsA is sufficient to direct actin-based motility.

Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that can grow directly in the cytoplasm of infected host cells and uses a form of actin-based motility for intra- and intercellular spread. Moving intracellular bacteria are associated with a polarized "comet tail" composed of actin filaments. IcsA, a 120-kDa outer membrane protein necessary for actin-based motility, is located at a single pole on the surface of the organism, at the junction with the actin tail. Here, we demonstrate that stable expression of IcsA on the surface of Escherichia coli is sufficient to allow actin-dependent movement of E. coli in cytoplasmic extracts, at rates comparable to the movement of S. flexneri in infected cells. Thus, IcsA is the sole Shigella-specific factor required for actin-based motility. Continuous protein synthesis and polarized distribution of the protein are not necessary for actin tail formation or movement. Listeria monocytogenes is an unrelated bacterial pathogen that exhibits similar actin-based intracytoplasmic motility. Actin filament dynamics in the comet tails associated with the two different organisms are essentially identical, which indicates that they have independently evolved mechanisms to interact with the same components of the host cytoskeleton.

Análise funcional das proteínas HrcA, GroES/GroEL e DnaK/DnaJ em Caulobacter crescentus

O operon groESL de C. crescentus apresenta dupla regulação. A indução deste operon por choque térmico é dependente do fator sigma de choque térmico σ32. A temperaturas fisiológicas, a expressão de groESL apresenta regulação temporal durante o ciclo celular da bactéria e o controle envolve a proteína repressora HrcA e o elemento CIRCE (controlling inverted repeat of chaperonin expression). Para estudar a atividade da proteína repressora in vitro, produzimos e purificamos de E. coli a HrcA de C. creseentus contendo uma cauda de histidinas e a ligação especifica ao elemento CIRCE foi analisada em ensaios de migração retardada em gel de poliacrilamida (EMRGP). A quantidade de DNA retardada pela ligação a HrcA aumentou significativamente na presença de GroES/GroEL, sugerindo que estas proteínas modulam a atividade de HrcA. Corroboração desta modulação foi obtida analisando fusões de transcrição da região regulatória de groESL com o gene lacZ, em células de C. crescentus produzindo diferentes quantidades de GroES/EL. HrcA contendo as substituições Pro81 AJa e Arg87Ala, aminoácidos que se localizam no domínio putativo de ligação ao DNA da proteína, mostraram ser deficientes na ligação a CIRCE, tanto in vitro como in vivo. Em adição, HrcA Ser56Ala expressa na mesma célula juntamente com a proteína selvagem produziu um fenótipo dominante-negativo, indicando que a HrcA de C. crescentus liga-se a CIRCE como um oligômero, provavelmente um dímero. As tentativas de obtenção de mutantes nulos para os genes groESL ou dnaKJ falharam, indicando que as proteínas GroES/GroEL e DnaK/DnaJ são essenciais em C. crescentus, mesmo a temperaturas normais. Foram então construídas no laboratório as linhagens mutantes condicionais SG300 e SG400 de C. crescentus, onde a expressão de groESL e de dnaKJ, respectivamente, está sob controle de um promotor induzido por xilose (PxyIX). Estas linhagens foram caracterizadas quanto á sua morfologia em condições permissivas ou restritivas, assim como quanto à capacidade de sobrevivência frente a vários tipos de estresse. As células da linhagem SG300, exauridas de GroES/GroEL, são resistentes ao choque térmico a 42°C e são capazes de adquirir alguma termotolerância. Entretanto, estas células são sensíveis aos estresses oxidativo, salino e osmótico. As células da linhagem SG400, exauridas de DnaKlJ, são sensíveis ao choque térmico, à exposição a etanol e ao congelamento, e são incapazes de adquirir termotolerância. Além disso, tanto as células exauridas de GroES/GroEL quanto as exauridas de DnaK/DnaJ apresentam problemas na sua morfologia. As células de SG300 exauridas de GroES/GroEL formam filamentos longos que possuem constrições fundas e irregulares. As células de SG400 exauridas de DnaK/DnaJ são apenas um pouco mais alongadas que as células pré-divisionais selvagens e a maioria das células não possuem septo. Estas observações indicam bloqueio da divisão celular, que deve ocorrer em diferentes estágios em cada linhagem.

Estado sanitário do jacaré-de-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris) em paisagens antropizadas no Estado de São Paulo

O jacaré-de-papo (Caiman latirostris) é considerado um crocodiliano de médio porte que apresenta uma ampla distribuição latitudinal na América do Sul. Possivelmente a espécie possui a situação mais complexa entre os crocodilianos brasileiros quanto ao aspecto da conservação, basicamente porque suas populações encontram-se fragmentadas em grande parte de sua área de distribuição original e por utilizarem áreas com fortes atividades antrópicas. Embora a espécie possua aparentemente um processo adaptativo frente a estas pressões, um aspecto fisiológico pode ainda sofrer rápida alteração quando submetido a elas: o estado sanitário. Desta maneira, este estudo objetivou determinar o estado sanitário do maior predador aquático, utilizando duas áreas distintas no Estado de São Paulo, através da determinação dos perfis hematológicos e bioquímicos do sangue, além da caracterização da microbiota oral, servindo de modelo à conservação da espécie em ambientes alterados. No primeiro capítulo foram determinados o perfil hematológico e bioquímico do sangue utilizando-se 29 indivíduos (19 machos e 10 fêmeas) capturados em Angatuba e 11 indivíduos (2 machos, 4 fêmeas e 5 filhotes) capturados em Cubatão. Diferenças estatísticas significativas foram encontradas nos valores de creatinina na comparação entre fêmeas de ambas as áreas de estudo (p = 0,033) e nos valores de alanina aminotransferase (p = 0,003), hemácias (p = 0,034), hemoglobina (p = 0,049) e volume corpuscular médio (p = 0,027) quando da comparação entre sexos. No segundo capítulo determinou-se a microbiota oral destes animais através do isolamento, identificação e caracterização bacteriana, em conjunto com o teste de perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Foram determinados 14 diferentes tipos de bactérias na área de Angatuba, sendo uma classificada como baciliforme aeróbio Gram-positivo, uma como bacilo Gram-negativo e 12 classificadas como Enterobactérias Gram-negativas. Na área de Cubatão foram isolados cinco tipos de bactérias, sendo quatro classificadas como Enterobactérias Gram-negativas e uma como baciliforme aeróbio Gram-positivo. Considerando que o uso de antimicrobianos é um processo primário no tratamento de animais e pessoas, principalmente nos casos que envolvam infecções provocadas pela interação homem x animais, para ambas as áreas de estudo, as quinolonas Enrofloxacina e Norfloxacina, além do aminoglicosídeo Gentamicina, foram os antimicrobianos que apresentaram os menores índices de resistência frente aos isolados testados.

Functional properties of sodium and calcium caseinate antimicrobial active films containing carvacrol

Active edible films were prepared by adding carvacrol into sodium caseinate (SC) and calcium caseinate (CC) matrices plasticized with two different glycerol concentrations (25 and 35 wt%) prepared by solvent casting. Functional characterisation of these bio-films was carried out by determination of some of their physico-chemical properties, such as colour, transparency, oxygen barrier, wettability, dye permeation properties and antibacterial effectiveness against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. All films exhibited good performance in terms of optical properties in the CIELab space showing high transparency. Carvacrol was able to reduce CC oxygen permeability and slightly increased the surface hydrophobicity. Dye diffusion experiments were performed to evaluate permeation properties. The diffusion of dye through films revealed that SC was more permeable than CC. The agar diffusion method was used for the evaluation of the films antimicrobial effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both SC and CC edible films with carvacrol showed inhibitory effects on both bacteria.

Frequência de resistência a múltiplos fármacos em pseudomonas aeroginosa

A multirresistência bacteriana tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos. Entre os gram negativos a P. aeruginosa demonstra facilidade de desenvolvimento de resistência aos antibióticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de resistência a múltiplos fármacos em isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e detectar cepas multirresistentes em um hospital público de Maceió/AL. De forma retrospectiva, descritiva e transversal, entre janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2013, iniciou-se uma ampla análise documental dos registros de atendimento no setor de Microbiologia do Hospital Universitário Professor Alberto Antunes (HUPAA/UFAL) para avaliar o material obtido de pacientes que apresentaram cultura positiva para P. aeruginosa. Vários espécimes clínicos foram obtidos e as cepas identificadas fenotipicamente pelo método automatizado Vitek®, bem como as análises do perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, seguindo os critérios adotados pelo National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Foram obtidas 78 culturas com isolados positivos para P. aeruginosa, sendo a maioria procedente de pacientes da UTI geral (47,4%), seguida da Clínica cirúrgica (16,7%). Entre as amostras clínicas analisadas, a secreção traqueal foi a de maior incidência com 25,6%, seguida de secreção de ferida (20,5%) e escarro (18%). O composto mais ativo contra a P. aeruginosa foi a Colistina (100,0%). Detectou-se elevada multirresistência de P. aeruginosa aos betalactâmicos, cefalosporinas e carbapenêmicos. Baseando-se nos dados apresentados, torna-se evidente a necessidade de um monitoramento rotineiro do perfil de sensibilidade desta bactéria em ambiente hospitalar, sendo de extrema utilidade para a escolha adequada na terapêutica empírica, proporcionando conhecimento prévio dos antimicrobianos que apresentam boa eficácia diante deste patógeno, favorecendo o uso racional de antimicrobianos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Multirresistência; Pseudomonas aeruginosa;Sensibilidade; Antimicrobianos.

Characterization of Pantoea dispersa UQ68J: producer of a highly efficient sucrose isomerase for isomaltulose biosynthesis

Aims: Isolation, identification and characterization of a highly efficient isomaltulose producer. Methods and Results: After an enrichment procedure for bacteria likely to metabolize isomaltulose in sucrose-rich environments, 578 isolates were screened for efficient isomaltulose biosynthesis using an aniline/diphenylamine assay and capillary electrophoresis. An isolate designated UQ68J was exceptionally efficient in sucrose isomerase activity. Conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose by UQ68J (enzyme activity of 90-100 U mg(-1) DW) was much faster than the current industrial strain Protaminobacter rubrum CBS574.77 (41-66 U mg(-1) DW) or a reference strain of Erwinia rhapontici (0.3-0.9 U mg(-1) DW). Maximum yield of isomaltulose at 78-80% of supplied sucrose was achieved in less than half the reaction time needed by CBS574.77, and the amount of contaminating trehalulose (4%) was the lowest recorded from an isomaltulose-producing microbe. UQ68J is a Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, noncapsulate, straight rod-shaped bacterium producing acid but no gas from glucose. Based on 16S rDNA analysis UQ68J is closest to Klebsiella oxytoca, but it differs from Klebsiella in defining characteristics and most closely resembles Pantoea dispersa in phenotype. Significance and Impact of Study: This organism is likely to have substantial advantage over previously characterized sucrose isomerase producers for the industrial production of isomaltulose.

Marine actinomycetes related to the 'Salinospora' group from the Great Barrier Reef sponge Pseudoceratina clavata

Ten strains identified as marine actinomycetes related to the 'Salinospora ' group previously reported only from marine sediments were isolated from the Great Barrier Reef marine sponge Pseudoceratina clavata. The relationship of the isolates to 'Salinospora' was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Colony morphology and pigmentation, occurrence and position of spores, and salinity requirements for growth were all consistent with this relationship. Genes homologous to beta-ketosynthase, an enzyme forming part of a polyketide synthesis complex, were retrieved from these isolates; these genes shared homology with other Type I ketosynthase genes, and phylogenetic comparison with amino acid sequences derived from database beta-ketosynthase genes was consistent with the close relationship of these isolates to the actinomycetes. Primers based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and designed for targeting amplification of members of the 'Salinospora' group via polymerase chain reaction have been used to demonstrate occurrence of these actinomycetes within the sponge tissue. In vitro bioassays of extracts from the isolates for antibiotic activity demonstrated that these actinomycetes have the potential to inhibit other sponge symbionts in vivo, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.