Mémoires de l'Académie (royale) des sciences de l'Institut (imperial) de France.

1 (1816)

Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France.

v.45 (1920)

Comparison of recent toll road concession transactions in the United States and France

Recent concessions in France and in the US have resulted in a dramatic difference in the valuation placed on the toll roads; the price paid by the investors in France was twelve times current cash flow whereas investors paid sixty times current cash flow for the U.S. toll roads. In this paper we explore two questions: What accounts for the difference in these multiples, and what are the implications with respect to the public interest. Our analysis illustrates how structural and procedural decisions made by the public owner affect the concession price. Further, the terms of the concession have direct consequences that are enjoyed or borne by the various stakeholders of the toll road.

Trends in lung cancer among young European women: the rising epidemic in France and Spain.

Lung cancer mortality in young women in the European Union (EU) has steadily increased until the mid 1990 s and has levelled off thereafter, but trends have been heterogeneous in various countries. We analyzed therefore age-standardized trends in lung cancer mortality in young women (20-44) for the 6 major European countries, using joinpoint regression. In the early 1970s the highest lung cancer mortality in young women was in the UK (2.1/100,000). UK rates, however, steadily declined and in 2000-2004 they were the lowest of all 6 major EU countries (1.2/100,000). The second lowest rate in 2000-2002 was in Italy, whose rates remained around 1.1/100,000 between 1970 and 1994, and increased to 1.4 thereafter. In Germany and Poland, lung cancer rates in young women rose from 0.8-1.0/100,000 in the early 1970s to 1.7-1.9 in the mid 1990 s and levelled off during the last decade. Major rises over recent years were observed in France (from 0.8/100,000 in 1985-1989 to 2.2 in 2000-2003) and in Spain (from 0.8 in the 1985-1989 to 1.7 in 2000-2004). Thus, France showed both the highest rate observed over the last 3 decades and the largest rise over the last 2 decades. Since recent trends in the young give relevant information to the likely future trends in middle age, the female lung cancer epidemic is likely to expand in southern Europe from the current rates of 5.0/100,000 in Spain and 7.7 in France to approach 20/100,000 within the next 2-3 decades. Urgent interventions for smoking cessation in women are therefore required.

Les nanoparticules, une nouvelle arme contre le crime ?

Nanoparticles, a new tool to deter crime? The detection of fingermarks at a crime scene or on evidence related with a criminal affair constitutes one of the main tasks of the investigators. Fingerprints, due to their uniqueness and invariability in time, remain a key element of an identification process (being for suspects or victims). The main difficulty resides in the fact that, most of the time, fingermarks are not visible through naked eye due to their chemical composition and the small amount of material that is left on the scene. There are said to be latent and their detection requires the application of specific techniques (optical or chemical). If numerous efficient techniques currently exist, there is a continuing quest for developing new techniques or reagents with an enhanced sensitivity towards secretions and with an increased efficiency. This article gives an outline about some currently performed researches based on the use of functionalized nanoparticles to detect latent fingermarks.

La Suisse, nation fêlée : essai sur le nationalisme helvétique

Dans l'histoire européenne ont commencé à se former, à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle, des objets politiques inédits que l'on appelle maintenant des nations. Le mouvement a commencé en France et en Grande-Bretagne, pour se propager rapi- dement dans toute l'Europe, soutenu par les profonds bouleversements entraînés par la révolution industrielle et une timide démocratisation des sociétés. Au milieu de ce continent en pleine mutation se trouve un autre objet politique, au moins aussi étrange, vieille confédération d'États souverains sortie tout droit du Moyen-Âge et qu'on appelait encore il y a peu le «Corps helvétique». La Suisse, puisque c'est d'elle qu'il s'agit, est-elle affectée par ce vaste mouvement des nationalismes, et si oui comment ? Les nations européennes se construisent fondamentalement autour de quatre éléments : un État centralisé, un territoire, une histoire et un peuple. Dans leur pléni- tude, ces quatre éléments manquent à la Suisse. En fait d'État centralisé, on trouve plutôt un pouvoir central faible, débordé à la fois par des cantons ayant conservé de nombreuses prérogatives et par des associations privées redoutablement efficaces. Son territoire n'est que le résultat hasardeux de traités d'entraide successifs; son histoire est marquée par la désunion et les guerres; quant au peuple suisse, il faut avoir une imagination fertile pour en concevoir concrètement l'existence. C'est pourquoi il faut parler, à propos de la Suisse, d'une fêlure nationale. A défaut de peuple facilement identifiable, on construit des mythes politiques rassembleurs, parmi lesquels la neutralité armée, le consensus, le fédéralisme ou la démocratie. Mais cette mythologie tourne toujours un peu à vide, ce sera le propos de cet essai de le montrer.