Avaliação de oleuropeína e de sanitizantes químicos, isolados ou associados, para eliminação de biofilmes de Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes e Escherichia coli em superfícies inertes

Este estudo avaliou a eficiência da oleuropeína (OLE) (composto fenólico extraído das folhas de Oliveira) isolada e associada aos sanitizantes comerciais ácido peracético 2% (APA), hipoclorito de sódio 2% (HS), peróxido de hidrogênio 3% (PH), digluconato de clorexidina 2% (DC), cloreto de benzalcônio 1% (CB) e iodofor 2% (IO), para inativação de células em suspensão e biofilmes monoespécie e multiespécie formados em superfícies de aço inoxidável ou microplaca de poliestireno por Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), todas classificadas como fortes produtores de biofilmes. Os isolados foram semeados em caldo TSB (caldo tripticase soja), incubados (37°C/24h) e corrigidos a ~108células/mL (escala 0,5 McFarland). Para bactérias em suspensão, a resistência a sanitizantes foi determinada pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) em tubos e pelo método de Disco Difusão em Ágar (DDA), no qual as bactérias foram plaqueadas em ágar TSA contendo discos de 6mm de papel filtro embebidos nos sanitizantes. Após a incubação, a medição dos halos de inibição foi feita com paquímetro. Para os ensaios de resistência dos biofilmes aos compostos sanitizantes, foram utilizadas microplacas de poliestireno 96 poços, as quais foram preparadas para incubação-fixação dos biofilmes e submetidas à leitura em espectrofotômetro de ELISA (600 nm). Em seguida, as placas foram lavadas com solução salina tamponada (PBS, pH 7.4) e os sanitizantes inseridos por 1 minuto. Após neutralização com tiossulfato de sódio (5 minutos), as placas foram lavadas com PBS e metanol, coradas com cristal violeta 1% e coradas com ácido acético glacial (33%) para nova leitura a 570nm. A eficácia da remoção do biofilme pelos sanitizantes foi comparada pelo índice de formação de biofilme (IFB). As imagens do aço inoxidável após tratamento com sanitizante foram feitas através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Confocal, para visualizar a persistência dos biofilmes. Os valores de CIM (diluição 1:2) mostraram que OLE não teve atividade bactericida. No método DDA, L. monocytogenes, foi resistente à OLE, enquanto E. coli e S. aureus apresentaram resistência intermediária. Os sanitizantes comerciais apresentaram boa atividade bactericida nos ensaios de CIM e DDA, sendo que as associações de OLE aos sanitizantes comerciais aumentaram o efeito germicida. Nos ensaios com biofilmes em monoespécie, somente os sanitizantes comerciais, isolados ou associados com OLE, foram eficazes de reduzir o valor de BFI em microplaca de poliestireno. Em biofilmes multiespécie, OLE apresentou efeito antimicrobiano, sobretudo sobre a associação de L. monocytogenes + E. coli + S. aureus (redução: 91,49%). Nenhum dos compostos avaliados foi capaz de inativar completamente os biofilmes nas superfícies de aço inoxidável, uma vez que células viáveis foram observadas após os tratamentos com os sanitizantes, indicando persistência dos biofilmes. Os resultados indicam que a oleuropeína apresentou potencial para incrementar o efeito bactericida de sanitizantes comerciais para eliminação de biofilmes em superfícies inertes, sendo necessários estudos para compreender os mecanismos de ação dessas combinações.

Etude comparative de l’anatomie racinaire de deux taxons Lygeum spartum L. et Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. (Oranie – Algérie)

Cette approche histométrique traite la description des tissus constituants les êtres vivants de deux espèces végétales vivaces (Lygeum spartum et Ammophila arenaria). Elle permettra d’aider à comprendre certainement le comportement tant morphologique que physiologique de l’espèce vivante dans un biotope naturel. Présentant des racines adaptatives à l’absorption de l’eau et des sels minéraux du sol, ces deux espèces montrent une fixation de la plante au substrat et à l’accumulation des réserves. Elles sont sous la dépendance de corrélations com plexes (trophiques, hormonales) qui s’établissent entre l’appareil souterrain et l’appareil aérien. L’étude histométrique du Lygeum spartum et d’Ammophila arenaria nous a permis de déterminer une nette différence entre les tissus des deux espèces. Pour Ammophila arenaria, il existe de très bonnes corrélations pour la majorité des tissus, expliquant ainsi une croissance cellulaire qui existe entre ces différents tissus.Le coefficient de corrélation est faible entre les différents tissus du Lygeum spartum. Le développment des tissus de celle-ci n’est pas synchrone, il montre toute même une certaine hétérogéneité au niveau du développement tissulaire des racines.

Electrochemical behaviour of activated carbons obtained via hydrothermal carbonization

Activated carbons were prepared by chemical activation of hydrochars, obtained by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) using low cost and abundant precursors such as rye straw and cellulose, with KOH. Hydrochars derived from rye straw were chemically activated using different KOH/precursor ratios, in order to assess the effect of this parameter on their electrochemical behaviour. In the case of cellulose, the influence of the hydrothermal carbonisation temperature was studied by fixing the activating agent/cellulose ratio. Furthermore, N-doped activated carbons were synthesised by KOH activation of hydrochars prepared by HTC from a mixture of glucose with melamine or glucosamine. In this way, N-doped activated carbons were prepared in order to evaluate the influence of nitrogen groups on their electrochemical behaviour in acidic medium. The results showed that parameters such as chemical activation or carbonisation temperature clearly affect the capacitance, since these parameters play a key role in the textural properties of activated carbons. Finally, symmetric capacitors based on activated carbon and N-doped activated carbon were tested at 1.3 V in a two-electrode cell configuration and the results revealed that N-groups improved the capacitance at high current density.

Los derechos de los vencidos: las capitulaciones de Granada (1491)

El artículo propone una lectura de las cláusulas religiosas de las capitulaciones para la entrega de Granada (25 de noviembre de 1491). Se pone en tela de juicio la idea, comúnmente aceptada en la historiografía, de que las capitulaciones establecían el respeto a las leyes y a la religión de los vencidos y que, por lo tanto, las actuaciones que llevaron a la conversión de los musulmanes de Granada en los años 1499-1501 violaron las mismas capitulaciones. La comparación entre las peticiones del rey Boabdil y el texto firmado por los Reyes Católicos, apoyada sobre el derecho canónico, permite aclarar la posición de los Reyes en puntos tan decisivos como las modalidades del culto islámico, las señales de identificación, la prohibición de las conversiones forzadas y el estatuto de los hombres y mujeres convertidos del Cristianismo al Islam (elches). Se intenta demostrar que las capitulaciones, lejos de fijar la situación religiosa en Granada, establecían la dominación cristiana, abriendo el paso a una dinámica de conversión de la población musulmana y a la recuperación de los elches por la Iglesia.

Adaptación de la gestión de empresas turísticas al nuevo escenario del sector del turismo: especial referencia a la gestión hotelera

Resulte incuestionable que, en la actualidad, el Turismo constituye un complejo fenómeno con perfiles complejos y heterogéneos dentro del cual son abordados ámbitos muy diversos (económico, jurídico, político, cultural…). De forma inicial, dentro de la pluralidad de las relaciones que circunscriben el mismo, presentan especial transcendencia las conectadas, en mayor o menor grado, con la gestión y el alojamiento turístico. Lo que hace medio siglo resultaba inimaginable o, casi extravagante, constituye hoy una circunstancia común y frecuente en el escenario propuesto, de forma particular, dentro del complejo y escasamente analizado ámbito de la gestión hotelera. Al hilo de lo expresado, en este trabajo se analizará, partiendo del supuesto de que la colaboración interempresarial en el sector turístico puede sustentarse en capital o en relaciones contractuales, sus esenciales trazos conformadores (gestor hotelero y titular del hotel gestionado) sobre los cuales poder elaborar un concepto ordenado y de subsunción del mismo como paso previo para la fijación de su régimen jurídico básico. Con idéntico tenor, se discutirá la posibilidad de integración del hotel determinado en las grandes cadenas hoteleras, la utilización de su know-how estandarizado y marca propia. Finalmente, será estudiada su incidencia en las grandes cadenas hoteleras al objeto de valorar su expansión tanto desde un punto de vista nacional como internacional.

An Exploration of the challenges associated with software logging in large systems

Thesis (Master, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2016-05-29 18:11:34.114

Nitrogen isotope ratios of Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences

At two locations in the Atlantic Ocean (DSDP Sites 367 and 530) early to middle Cretaceous organic-carbon-rich beds (black shales) were found to have significantly lower delta15N values (lower 15N/14N ratios) than adjacent organic-carbon-poor beds (white limestones or green claystones). While these lithologies are of marine origin, the black strata in particular have delta15N values that are significantly lower than those previously found in the marine sediment record and most contemporary marine nitrogen pools. In contrast, black, organic-carbon-rich beds at a third site (DSDP Site 603) contain predominantly terrestrial organic matter and have C- and N-isotopic compositions similar to organic matter of modern terrestrial origin. The recurring 15N depletion in the marine-derived Cretaceous sequences prove that the nitrogen they contain is the end result of an episodic and atypical biogeochemistry. Existing isotopic and other data indicate that the low 15N relative abundance is the consequence of pelagic rather than post-depositional processes. Reduced ocean circulation, increased denitrification, and, hence, reduced euphoric zone nitrate availability may have led to Cretaceous phytoplankton assemblages that were periodically dominated by N2-fixing blue-green algae, a possible source of this sediment 15N-depletion. Lack of parallel isotopic shifts in Cretaceous terrestrially-derived nitrogen (Site 603) argues that the above change in nitrogen cycling during this period did not extend beyond the marine environment.

Report of the Public Meeting on Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation, held at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., October 5-6, 1977 ; edited by Alexander Hollaender.

Mode of access: Internet.

California olive industry.

Microfilm.

Economic history pamphlets

A collection of miscellaneous pamphlets.

If You Prohibit It, Bootleggers Will Come: A Mixed Method Study of the Landscape of College Basketball Betting

Over the past 25 years, betting on sports in the United States has grown dramatically with the majority of wagers being placed in illicit markets. Only 1% of an estimated 500 billion dollar sports betting industry in the United States is done legally. With this much at stake, the incentives to alter the outcome of the games are high. Corrupt gamblers can “fix” the match by offering payments to players to “throw the game,” that is, to predetermine the outcome in exchange for a payment (match fixing). This paper addresses whether match fixing in college basketball can be detected and contained with the current policies. A mixed method design will be used to identify possible “triggers” in Nevada Casino betting line movements that might warrant an investigation of cheating in the games. If match fixing can be detected at acceptable levels of probability, then current federal prohibitive law on sports betting might no longer be appropriate. Additionally, a survey will be administered to bettors in Nevada to analyze perceptions of the game’s integrity, further eroding the logic of current law.

Factors affecting N2 fixation by the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. GBRTRLI101

Various factors affecting N-2 fixation of a cultured strain of Trichodesmium sp. (GBRTRLI101) from the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon were investigated. The diurnal pattern of N2 fixation demonstrated that it was primarily light-induced although fixation continued to occur for at least 1 h in the dark in samples that had been actively fixing N-2. N-2 fixation was dependent on the light intensity and stimulated more by white light when compared with blue, green, yellow and red light whereas rates of N-2 fixation decreased most under red light. Inorganic phosphorous concentrations in the lower range of treatments up to 1.2 muM significantly stimulated N-2 fixation and further additions promoted little or no increase in N-2 fixation. Organic phosphorous (Na-glycerophosphate) also stimulated N-2 fixation rates. Added combined nitrogen (NH4+, NO3-, urea) of 10 muM did not inhibit N-2 fixation in short-term studies (first generation), however it was depressed in the long-term studies (fifth generation). (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Short peptide alpha helices induced by multiple metal clips

Alpha helices are key structural components of proteins and important recognition motifs in biology. New techniques for stabilizing short peptide helices could be valuable for studying protein folding, modeling proteins, creating artificial proteins, and may aid the design of inhibitors or mimics of protein function. We previously reported* that 5-15 residue peptides, corresponding to the Zn-binding domain of thermolysin, react with [Pd(en)(ONO,),]in DMF-d’ and 90% H,O 10% DzO to form a 22-membered [Pd(en)(H*ELTH*)]2+ macrocycle that is helical in solution and acts as a template in nucleating helicity in both Cand N- terminal directions within the longer sequences in DMF. ~f~~&g7$$& d&qx~m ~. y AC&q& In water, however, there was less a-helicity observed, testifying to #..q,& &$--Lb &l-- &.$;,J~p?:~~q&~+~~ ’ w w the difficulty of fixing intramolecular amide NH...OC H-bonds in 6,“;;” ( k.$ U”C.a , p d$. competition with the H-bond donor solvent water. To expand the utility of [Pd(en)(H*XXXH*)]*+ as a helix- @r4”8 & oJ#:& &G& @-qd ,‘d@-gyp promoting module in solution, we now report the result that Ac- ‘$4: %$yyy + H*ELTH*H*VTDH*-NH,(l), AC-H*ELTH*AVTDYH*ELTH*- NH, (2) and AC-H*AAAH*H*ELTH*H*VTDH*-NH* (3) react with multiple equivalents of [Pd(en)(ONO,),] to produce exclusively 4-6 respectively in both DMF-d7 and water (90% Hz0 10% D,O). Mass spectrometry, 15N- and 2D ‘H- NMR spectroscopy, and CD spectra were used to characterise the structures 4-6, and their three dimensional structures were calculated from NOE restraints using simulated annealing protocols. Results demonstrate (a) selective coordination of metal ions at (i, i+4) histidine positions in water and DMF, (b) incorporation of 2 and 3 a turn-mimicking modules [Pd(en)(HELTH)]2+ in lo-15 residue peptides, and (c) facile conversion of unstructured peptides into 3- and 4- turn helices of macrocycles, with well defined a-helicity throughout and more structure in DMF than in water.

Nitrogen transfer within and between plants through common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs)

Mycorthizae play a critical role in nutrient capture from soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and ectomycorrhizae (EM) are the most important mycorrhizae in agricultural and natural ecosystems. AM and EM fungi use inorganic NH4+ and NO3-, and most EM fungi are capable of using organic nitrogen. The heavier stable isotope N-15 is discriminated against during biogeochemical and biochemical processes. Differences in N-15 (atom%) or delta(15)N (parts per thousand) provide nitrogen movement information in an experimental system. A range of 20 to 50% of one-way N-transfer has been observed from legumes to nonlegumes. Mycorrhizal fungal mycelia can extend from one plant's roots to another plant's roots to form common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). Individual species, genera, even families of plants can be interconnected by CMNs. They are capable of facilitating nutrient uptake and flux. Nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and other elements may then move via either AM or EM networks from plant to plant. Both N-15 labeling and N-15 natural abundance techniques have been employed to trace N movement between plants interconnected by AM or EM networks. Fine mesh (25similar to45 mum) has been used to separate root systems and allow only hyphal penetration and linkages but no root contact between plants. In many studies, nitrogen from N-2-fixing mycorrhizal plants transferred to non-N-2-fixing mycorrhizal plants (one-way N-transfer). In a few studies, N is also transferred from non-N-2-fixing mycorrhizal plants to N-2-fixing mycorrhizal plants (two-way N-transfer). There is controversy about whether N-transfer is direct through CMNs, or indirect through the soil. The lack of convincing data underlines the need for creative, careful experimental manipulations. Nitrogen is crucial to productivity in most terrestrial ecosystems, and there are potential benefits of management in soil-plant systems to enhance N-transfer. Thus, two-way N-transfer warrants further investigation with many species and under field conditions.

The 3-D Structure of Polycrystalline Diamond Film by Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD)

A lithographic method was used to produce polycrystalline diamond films having highly defined surface geometry, showing an array of diamond tips for possible application as a field emitter device. The films grown in this study used microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition (MACVD) on a silicon substrate; the substrate was then dissolved away to reveal the surface features on the diamond film. It is possible to align the crystallite direction and affect the electron emission properties using a voltage bias to enhance the nucleation process and influence the nuclei to a preferred orientation. This study focuses on the identification of the distribution of crystal directions in the film, using electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) to identify the crystallographic character of the film surface. EBSD allows direct examination of the individual diamond grains, grains boundaries and the crystal orientation of each individual crystallite. The EBSD maps of the bottom (nucleation side) of the films, following which a layer of film is ion-milled away and the mapping process repeated. The method demonstrates experimentally that oriented nucleation occurs and the thin sections allow the crystal texture to be reconstructed in 3-D. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.