Connectivity of BA46 involvement in the executive control of language

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Interpretación sedimentológica y paleogeográfica del nivel de areniscas eocénicas de Sarrià de Ter (Prov. de Gerona)

There is in this work a description of sedimentological characters of the medium Eocene sandstone level from Sarriá de Ter (Gerona province Spain) and an interpretation of their genesis and situation in the regional paleogeography. The conclusion is that these sandstones form a deltaic channel(delta front). To wards the E and NE the become fluvial deposits, to wards the W, Plana de Vic, they become clay and silstones considered as a prodelta

Estudo da acção de um creme hidratante através de métodos estáticos e dinâmicos

O presente artigo descreve uma metodologia não invasiva, compreendendo abordagens estáticas e dinâmicas realizadas in vivo com o objectivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação na pele deumcreme hidratante contendo ureia. Participaram no estudo 15 voluntárias, que aplicaram o produto (Kératosane15©, Uriage, França) na região lateral exterior frontal da perna durante 15 dias.Ametodologia dinâmica de avaliação de eficácia consistiu na aplicação de nicotinato de etilo seguida de medição através de fluxometria de laser doppler (FLD). Nas estratégias estáticas utilizaram-se as técnicas de medição da perda transepidérmica de água e da hidratação cutânea, esta última recorrendo a dois aparelhos diferentes. Na FLD não se observou diferença nos resultados obtidos da zona tratada para a zona controlo. Também na PTEA não se verifica diferença estatisticamente significativa nos locais em estudo. Nas variáveis relacionadas com a hidratação existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas, sendo o estado de hidratação superior no local tratado face ao controlo. Concluiu-se que o creme não melhora significativamente a função de barreira cutânea mas proporciona um bom estado de hidratação à pele quando usado regularmente. Ambos os aparelhos de medição da hidratação são adequados ao estudo da eficácia do produto, mas o MoistureMeter-SC permite observar diferenças de uma forma mais clara.

Relação entre a biomecânica e a hidratação cutâneas em indivíduos normoponderais e influência da idade

A pele constitui o maior órgão do corpo humano. As diversas funções cutâneas que conhecemos reúnem-se na sua capacidade de protecção e de adaptação ao contorno corporal. O presente estudo visa comparar parâmetros de hidratação e elasticidade, de forma a determinar de que forma uma poderá influenciar ou ser influenciada pela outra. Para tal, foi selecionada uma amostra de conveniência de 42 voluntárias, do sexo feminino, saudáveis e normoponderais (de acordo com a classificação internacional da OMS). Afunção “barreira” da pele foi caracterizada pela perda transepidérmica de água (Tewameter TM300); a hidratação superficial foi medida através da utilização do Moisturemeter SC e Corneometer; e a função “envelope” foi medida através da utilização do Cutometer MPA580 e Reviscometer RV600. As medições foram efetuadas na face (zona zigomática e fronte), na mama e no abdómen. Os resultados mais significativos demonstram uma influência da idade na alteração dos diversos parâmetros avaliados, de acordo com o que se encontra publicados. Para além disso, parece existir alguma relação entre os parâmetros de hidratação e alguns descritores biomecânicos, a qual deverá ser investigada em estudos futuros.

Imago theātrum: el teatro como praxis expandida en las creaciones del grupo colombiano Mapa Teatro

Imago theātrum -el teatro como imagen, en latín- es una reflexión sobre el hecho teatral a partir de una aproximación a las prácticas escénicas de Mapa Teatro- Laboratorio de Artistas, principal exponente del teatro de vanguardia en Colombia. Desde su fundación los hermanos Heidi y Rolf Abderhalden Cortés, núcleo creativo del grupo, concibieron su proyecto desde una visión interdisciplinaria del fenómeno teatral, que apela tanto a su singularidad -lo vivo, lo visual, la experiencia, el encuentro, la presencia- como a la multiplicidad de dispositivos que lo rehacen, superando las fronteras que convencionalmente lo separan de otras artes. Las prácticas de Mapa Teatro apuestan por el reencuentro de lo escénico con lo real y lo vivencial. Esta concepción entra en choque con los fundamentos y praxis de un teatro eminentemente dramático, apoyado más en la textualidad que en la visualidad, en la mimesis, en la sumisión del espectador y del actor ante la Institución-Teatro y ante un régimen colonial de representación, en la separación escenario-público, en la mirada frontal y centrada, en las representaciones naturalistas, psicologistas y realistas. Desde los estudios teatrales este trabajo es un viaje por el teatro contemporáneo de la mano de artistas y autores que han resistido a ese teatro convencional y dominante, cuyo dispositivo dramático pasó al cine y la televisión. Las vanguardias teatrales del siglo XX y de lo que va del XXI en Occidente -las dramaturgias de la imagen, como las llama José A. Sánchez- generaron otras visiones del arte teatral: teatro posdramático, teatro en el campo expandido, teatro y artes vivas… Acogieron las rupturas de las artes plásticas e incorporaron los nuevos artefactos de la visión; se interesaron por las nuevas realidades sociales, las subjetividades, las marginalidades, lo micro-político, las nuevas sensibilidades y formas de asociación; y asumieron otras formas de creación, de escribir la escena con múltiples autores, con artistas y no artistas. El viaje pasa también por las tendencias teatrales en Colombia y se detiene así en las prácticas de Mapa Teatro, no para abordarlas en su totalidad y en toda su complejidad, sino para estudiar los procesos conceptuales, políticos y formales que, en mi opinión, han llevado a ampliar y reconfigurar la noción y la praxis del teatro en el país. De este modo Mapa Teatro recoge un legado artístico y cultural transgresor, lo resignifica, lo potencia y expande así el teatro en su efímero presente y hacia futuro.

Numerical simulation of baroclinic waves with a parameterized boundary layer

A dry three-dimensional baroclinic life cycle model is used to investigate the role of turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum within the boundary layer on mid-latitude cyclones. Simulations are performed of life cycles for two basic states, both with and without turbulent fluxes. The different basic states produce cyclones with contrasting frontal and mesoscale-flow structures. The analysis focuses on the generation of potential-vorticity (PV) in the boundary layer and its subsequent transport into the free troposphere. The dynamic mechanism through which friction mitigates a barotropic vortex is that of Ekman pumping. This has often been assumed to be also the dominant mechanism for baroclinic developments. The PV framework highlights an additional, baroclinic mechanism. Positive PV is generated baroclinically due to friction to the north-east of a surface low and is transported out of the boundary layer by a cyclonic conveyor belt flow. The result is an anomaly of increased static stability in the lower troposphere which restricts the growth of the baroclinic wave. The reduced coupling between lower and upper levels can be sufficient to change the character of the upper-level evolution of the mature wave. The basic features of the baroclinic damping mechanism are robust for different frontal structures, with and without turbulent heat fluxes, and for the range of surface roughness found over the oceans.

Occurrence of Kelvin-Helmholtz Billows in Sea-breeze Circulations

Centred at the interface between the sea-breeze and the return flow aloft, Kelvin-Helmholtz billows (KHB) are an important feature of the turbulent structure of some sea-breeze circulations (SBCs). In other SBCs, there are no prominent KHBs observed. Factors governing the appearance of billows are determined from a database of 139 sea breezes, constructed from two years of summertime surface observations at a site on the south coast of England. Post-frontal oscillations occur in the surface data for some SBCs and are interpreted as indicating possible KHBs aloft. The SBCs are formed under a wide range of synoptic conditions, enabling various measures of possible billow occurrence to be related to properties of the large-scale, ambient flow. Consistent with laboratory experiments of density currents, KHBs are suppressed for propagation into a head wind and enhanced with a tail wind. They are also found to be enhanced for stronger ambient wind speeds, while large-scale coast-parallel flow is effective in suppressing the billows.

Wind-tunnel modelling of dispersion from a scalar area source in urban-like roughness

A wind-tunnel study was conducted to investigate ventilation of scalars from urban-like geometries at neighbourhood scale by exploring two different geometries a uniform height roughness and a non-uniform height roughness, both with an equal plan and frontal density of λ p = λ f = 25%. In both configurations a sub-unit of the idealized urban surface was coated with a thin layer of naphthalene to represent area sources. The naphthalene sublimation method was used to measure directly total area-averaged transport of scalars out of the complex geometries. At the same time, naphthalene vapour concentrations controlled by the turbulent fluxes were detected using a fast Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) technique. This paper describes the novel use of a naphthalene coated surface as an area source in dispersion studies. Particular emphasis was also given to testing whether the concentration measurements were independent of Reynolds number. For low wind speeds, transfer from the naphthalene surface is determined by a combination of forced and natural convection. Compared with a propane point source release, a 25% higher free stream velocity was needed for the naphthalene area source to yield Reynolds-number-independent concentration fields. Ventilation transfer coefficients w T /U derived from the naphthalene sublimation method showed that, whilst there was enhanced vertical momentum exchange due to obstacle height variability, advection was reduced and dispersion from the source area was not enhanced. Thus, the height variability of a canopy is an important parameter when generalising urban dispersion. Fine resolution concentration measurements in the canopy showed the effect of height variability on dispersion at street scale. Rapid vertical transport in the wake of individual high-rise obstacles was found to generate elevated point-like sources. A Gaussian plume model was used to analyse differences in the downstream plumes. Intensified lateral and vertical plume spread and plume dilution with height was found for the non-uniform height roughness

The impact of deformation strain on the formation of banded clouds in idealized modeling experiments

Experiments are performed using an idealized version of an operational forecast model to determine the impact on banded frontal clouds of the strength of deformational forcing, low-level baroclinicity, and model representation of convection. Line convection is initiated along the front, and slantwise bands extend from the top of the line-convection elements into the cold air. This banding is attributed primarily to M adjustment. The cross-frontal spreading of the cold pool generated by the line convection leads to further triggering of upright convection in the cold air that feeds into these slantwise bands. Secondary low-level bands form later in the simulations; these are attributed to the release of conditional symmetric instability. Enhanced deformation strain leads to earlier onset of convection and more coherent line convection. A stronger cold pool is generated, but its speed is reduced relative to that seen in experiments with weaker deformational strain, because of inhibition by the strain field. Enhanced low-level baroclinicity leads to the generation of more inertial instability by line convection (for a given capping height of convection), and consequently greater strength of the slantwise circulations formed by M adjustment. These conclusions are based on experiments without a convective-parametrization scheme. Experiments using the standard or a modified scheme for this model demonstrate known problems with the use of this scheme at the awkward 4 km grid length used in these simulations. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society

Boundary-layer ventilation by baroclinic lifecycles

Ventilation of the boundary layer has an important effect on local and regional air quality and is a prerequisite for long-range pollution transport. Once in the free troposphere, pollutants can alter the chemical composition of the troposphere and impact on the Earth's radiative forcing. Idealised baroclinic life cycles, LC1 and LC2, have been simulated in a three-dimensional dry hemispheric model in the presence of boundary-layer turbulent fluxes. A passive tracer is added to the simulations to represent pollution emitted at, or near, the surface. A simple conveyor-belt diagnostic is developed to objectively identify regions of the boundary layer that can be ventilated by either warm or cold conveyor belts. Transport of pollutants within and above the boundary layer is examined on synoptic scales. Three different physical mechanisms are found to interact with each other to ventilate pollutants out of the boundary layer. These mechanisms are turbulent mixing within the boundary layer, horizontal advection due to Ekman convergence and divergence within the boundary layer, and advection by the warm conveyor belt. The mass of tracer ventilated by the two life cycles is remarkably similar given the differences in frontal structure, suggesting that the large-scale baroclinicity is an effective constraint on ventilation.

Some reports of snowfall from fog during the UK winter of 2008/09

Snowfall during anticyclonic, non-frontal, and foggy conditions is surprising. Because it is often not forecast, it can present a hazard to transport and modify the surface albedo. In this report, we present some observations of snowfall during conditions of freezing fog in the UK during the winter of 2008/09.

The role of nonhydrostatic dynamics in controlling development of a surface ocean front

Numerical studies of surface ocean fronts forced by inhomogeneous buoyancy loss show nonhydrostatic convective plumes coexisting with baroclinic eddies. The character of the vertical overturning depends sensitively on the treatment of the vertical momentum equation in the model. It is less well known how the frontal evolution over scales of O(10 km) is affected by these dynamics. Here, we compare highly resolved numerical experiments using nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic models and the convective-adjustment parametrization. The impact of nonhydrostatic processes on average cross-frontal transfer is weak compared to the effect of the O(1 km) scale baroclinic motions. For water-mass distribution and formation rate nonhydrostatic dynamics have similar influence to the baroclinic eddies although adequate resolution of the gradients in forcing fluxes is more important. The overall implication is that including nonhydrostatic surface frontal dynamics in ocean general circulation models will have only a minor effect on scales of O(1 km) and greater.

Autocyclic erosion in tidal marshes

A common mode whereby destruction of coastal lowlands occurs is frontal erosion. The edge cliffing, nonetheless, is also an inherent aspect of salt marsh development in many northwest European tidal marshes. Quite a few geomorphologists in the earlier half of the past century recognized such edge erosion as a definite repetitive stage within an autocyclic mode of marsh growth. A shift in research priorities during the past decades (primarily because of coastal management concerns, however) has resulted in an enhanced focus on sediment-flux measurement campaigns on salt marshes. This, somewhat "object-oriented" strategy hindered any further development of the once-established autocyclic growth concept, which virtually has gone into oblivion in recent times. This work makes an attempt to resurrect the notion of autocyclicity by employing its premises to address edge erosion in tidal marshes. Through a review of intertidal morphosedimentology the underlying framework for autocyclicity is envisaged. The phenomenon is demonstrated in the Holocene salt marsh plain of Moricambe basin in NW England that displays several distinct phases of marsh retreat in the form of abandoned clifflets. The suite of abandoned shorelines and terraces has been identified in detailed field mapping that followed analysis of topographic maps and aerial photographs. Vertical trends in marsh plain sediments are recorded in trenches for signs of past marsh front movements. The characteristic sea level history of the area offers an opportunity to differentiate the morphodynamic variability induced in the autocyclic growth of the marsh plain in scenarios of rising and falling sea level and the accompanied change in sediment budget. The ideas gathered are incorporated to construct a conceptual model that links temporal extent of marsh erosion to inner tidal flat sediment budget and sea level tendency. The review leads to recognition of the necessity of adopting an holistic approach in the morphodynamic investigations where marshes should be treated as a component within the "marsh-mudflat system" as each element apparently modulates evolution of the other, with an eventual linkage to subtidal channels. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Endocranial lesions: their distribution and aetiology

Reactive new bone on the endocranial surface of the skull in non-adults has recently received a lot of attention in the palaeopathological literature. These features appear as layers of new bone on the original cortical surface, expanding around meningeal vessels, as isolated plaques, 'hair-on-end' extensions of the diploe or, as 'capillary' impressions extending into the inner lamina of the cranium. These lesions are commonly found on the occipital bone, outlining the cruciate eminence, but have also been recorded on the parietal and frontal bones, and appear to follow the areas of venous drainage. Although recognized as resulting from haemorrhage or inflammation, their precise aetiology is still a matter of controversy. This paper outlines their possible causes and examines their nature and distribution in a group of non-adults from four archaeological sites in England. It is recommended that, when recording these lesions in the future, additional skeletal pathologies, the age of the child, and nature and distribution of the lesions also be taken into account. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Why are some handaxes symmetrical? Testing the influence of handaxe morphology on butchery effectiveness

The morphology of Acheulean handaxes continues to be a subject of debate amongst Lower Palaeolithic archaeologists, with some arguing that many handaxes are over-engineered for a subsistence function alone. This study aims to provide an empirical foundation for these debates by testing the relationship between a range of morphological variables, including symmetry, and the effectiveness of handaxes for butchery. Sixty handaxes were used to butcher 30 fallow deer by both a professional and a non-professional butcher. Regression analysis on the resultant data set indicates that while frontal symmetry may explain a small amount of variance in the effectiveness of handaxes for butchery, a large percentage of variance remains unexplained by symmetry or any of the other morphological variables under consideration.