1000 resultados para Estabilidade dimensional


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Os óleos de peixes de clima frio têm atraído a atenção do consumidor graças à presença de ácidos graxos ômega três de cadeia longa. São uma rica fonte de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, EPA e DHA, de ação hipocolesterolêmica reconhecida, que reduz sua estabilidade oxidativa, podendo comprometer a qualidade e funcionalidade. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a estabilidade de óleo de peixe em cápsulas de gelatina moles acondicionadas em diferentes tipos de embalagens: metade das cápsulas em blísters e metade em frascos. A emblistagem foi realizada com os filmes de policlorotrifluoroetileno (PCTFE), comercializado sob o nome Aclar Rx 160 (15 μm), cloreto de polivinilideno (PVDC-60 gsm²) e policloreto de vinila (PVC-250 μm), perfazendo três tratamentos. A outra metade das cápsulas foi acondicionada em frascos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com e sem sachês de sílica e de vidro de cor âmbar. Cada embalagem continha 60 cápsulas que foram armazenadas em triplicata à temperatura ambiente por 12 meses. O óleo foi analisado a cada 28 dias quanto ao índice de acidez, de peróxido e absortividade em 232 e 270 nm. A composição em ácidos graxos, especialmente quanto aos teores de EPA e DHA, foi determinada. A embalagem que apresentou as maiores alterações na qualidade do óleo foi o filme de PVC. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com os frascos de PEAD com dessecante de sílica. Os teores de DHA e EPA mantiveram-se estáveis em todas as amostras.

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A goiaba é um dos frutos tropicais de maior valor nutricional, rico em vitamina C e pró-vitamina A, possuindo uma excelente aceitação para consumo in natura, como também uma vasta aplicação industrial. A vitamina C, os carotenoides, as antocianinas e os compostos fenólicos são considerados substâncias com atividade antioxidante, e seu consumo regular tem ação protetora efetiva contra os processos oxidativos que naturalmente ocorrem no organismo. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a estabilidade da vitamina C, carotenoides totais, antocianinas totais e compostos fenólicos totais do suco tropical de goiaba não adoçado obtido pelos processos de enchimento a quente e asséptico durante 250 dias de armazenamento à temperatura ambiente (28 ± 2 ºC). Os resultados demonstraram que os conteúdos de carotenoides totais e os fenólicos totais não apresentaram variação durante o armazenamento, enquanto que a vitamina C apresentou redução.

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Os grãos de cereais são suscetíveis ao ataque de insetos e micro-organismos durante o armazenamento. Pesquisas demonstram a viabilidade da utilização da tecnologia de irradiação gama para a conservação de grãos de cereais e seus produtos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses da radiação gama (3; 4,5; 6 kGy) em farinha de trigo e fubá e nos seus atributos sensoriais e físico-químicos. As amostras foram irradiadas em irradiador comercial modelo PR1 da CBN, com atividade de 1.200.000 Ci e a taxa de dose de 7 kGy/hora. A irradiação não afetou a qualidade oxidativa das farinhas durante o seu tempo de armazenamento definido dentro do período de validade usual de mercado, no entanto a qualidade sensorial foi afetada negativamente em todos os tratamentos, assim como as suas propriedades viscoelásticas. Sob as condições do experimento, se pode concluir que a irradiação pode ser uma alternativa para conservação de farinhas.

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Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados dos estudos de estabilidade referentes à produção de um material de referência certificado. Foram avaliados níveis residuais de concentração dos agrotóxicos γ-HCH, fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona em polpa de tomate. A pasteurização e a irradiação gama foram empregadas à polpa de tomate, visando manter a integridade da amostra candidata a material de referência. A polpa foi preparada e dividida em duas partes. Cada parte foi fortificada com os referidos agrotóxicos na faixa de concentração de 0,1 a 0,2 mg.kg-1. Uma das partes foi submetida à pasteurização a 90 °C por 4 minutos e a outra parte foi irradiada com dose de 2,0 kGy depois de homogeneizada. A estabilidade e a incerteza da amostra, correspondente ao período de tempo avaliado, foram determinadas através da análise de regressão em conjunto com a ANOVA. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os procedimentos de preparo da amostra são adequados para a conservação da polpa de tomate fortificada com os quatro agrotóxicos, com vantagem para o tratamento por irradiação com a dose de 2,0 kGy.

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O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um processo de obtenção de pasta de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) para uso culinário e avaliar a sua estabilidade quando acondicionada em embalagens de plástico e de vidro durante 180 dias de armazenamento. O processamento da pasta envolveu: descascamento, retirada da polpa em forma de lascas, obtenção da pasta em liquidificador, acidificação do produto com ácido cítrico até um pH < 4,5 e adição de 10% de NaCl (para evitar o desenvolvimento de microrganismos deterioradores e o escurecimento enzimático), tratamento térmico convencional a 80 ºC durante 10 minutos e enchimento a quente em potes de vidro e de plástico com capacidade de 200 mL. O produto final foi armazenado à temperatura ambiente (± 28 ºC) e submetido a análises físico-químicas de pH e acidez e a análises microbiológicas de contagem de fungos e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes durante um período de 180 dias. Quanto ao tipo de embalagem utilizada, o vidro mostrou-se mais eficiente que a embalagem plástica na proteção contra deterioração microbiana e físico-química, da perda de cor da pasta. Nas embalagens plásticas, após os 60 dias de armazenamento, as pastas apresentavam-se bastante escurecidas, entretanto, nas embaladas de vidro não foi constatada nenhuma evidência de deterioração, apresentando-se em bom estado durante os 120 dias de armazenamento. Para as pastas acondicionadas em vidro, foi observada também uma diminuição do pH e um aumento da acidez durante o armazenamento. Do ponto de vista microbiológico e físico-químico, a pasta de pequi acondicionada em embalagem de vidro manteve-se estável durante 120 dias, à temperatura ambiente.

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Os estudos do chá verde brasileiro (Camellia sinensis var assamica) ainda são escassos quando comparados aos realizados com chás verdes produzidos em outros países. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos do tempo de infusão, forma de acondicionamento da erva (a granel ou em sachês) e forma de preparo da bebida na extração dos biativos do chá verde brasileiro e na estabilidade da bebida obtida. Foram avaliados os parâmetros sólidos solúveis e compostos fenólicos extraídos, bem como as propriedades antioxidantes da bebida pelo método DPPH (radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que o uso da erva a granel sob agitação e tempo de infusão de 5 minutos foi a condição mais propícia para a extração dos bioativos do chá verde. Aumentando-se o volume de preparação da bebida sem alteração da razão erva:água, aumentou-se a eficiência da extração dos bioativos, devido ao fato de que o resfriamento de volumes maiores é mais demorado que o resfriamento de volumes menores. As bebidas obtidas foram estáveis por 24 horas em temperatura ambiente e em geladeira, visto não terem sido detectadas redução das propriedades antioxidantes e variações significativas dos seus principais bioativos epigalocatequina galato, epicatequina, catequina e cafeína.

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This thesis addresses the coolability of porous debris beds in the context of severe accident management of nuclear power reactors. In a hypothetical severe accident at a Nordic-type boiling water reactor, the lower drywell of the containment is flooded, for the purpose of cooling the core melt discharged from the reactor pressure vessel in a water pool. The melt is fragmented and solidified in the pool, ultimately forming a porous debris bed that generates decay heat. The properties of the bed determine the limiting value for the heat flux that can be removed from the debris to the surrounding water without the risk of re-melting. The coolability of porous debris beds has been investigated experimentally by measuring the dryout power in electrically heated test beds that have different geometries. The geometries represent the debris bed shapes that may form in an accident scenario. The focus is especially on heap-like, realistic geometries which facilitate the multi-dimensional infiltration (flooding) of coolant into the bed. Spherical and irregular particles have been used to simulate the debris. The experiments have been modeled using 2D and 3D simulation codes applicable to fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media. Based on the experimental and simulation results, an interpretation of the dryout behavior in complex debris bed geometries is presented, and the validity of the codes and models for dryout predictions is evaluated. According to the experimental and simulation results, the coolability of the debris bed depends on both the flooding mode and the height of the bed. In the experiments, it was found that multi-dimensional flooding increases the dryout heat flux and coolability in a heap-shaped debris bed by 47–58% compared to the dryout heat flux of a classical, top-flooded bed of the same height. However, heap-like beds are higher than flat, top-flooded beds, which results in the formation of larger steam flux at the top of the bed. This counteracts the effect of the multi-dimensional flooding. Based on the measured dryout heat fluxes, the maximum height of a heap-like bed can only be about 1.5 times the height of a top-flooded, cylindrical bed in order to preserve the direct benefit from the multi-dimensional flooding. In addition, studies were conducted to evaluate the hydrodynamically representative effective particle diameter, which is applied in simulation models to describe debris beds that consist of irregular particles with considerable size variation. The results suggest that the effective diameter is small, closest to the mean diameter based on the number or length of particles.

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This paper explores the problems of an unstable regulatory regime in network industries and addresses the tension between the necessary flexibility in the long-term regulatory commitment and the need for institutional stability. A draft statute that substantively changes the initial terms under which fixed telecommunications services have been transferred to private companies - currently under discussion in the Brazilian Congress - is presented as an example of that tension. Some alternative proposals to tackle with universal service challenges - the underlying problem behind the mentioned draft statute - are presented in the end.

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Nicholas Kaldor is known as an author who often changed his mind throughout his career. This is the case of his analyses of the process of economic growth, in which he proposed various models leading to quite different and, occasionally, conflicting conclusions. Specifically, Kaldor changed his position concerning the stability of the full employment situation. This paper shows that, in spite of those changes, Kaldor in fact used different versions of the same basic analytical framework and that this framework has its origin in his paper "Stability and Full Employment" published in the Economic Journal in December 1938.

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China: stability and economic growth. China experienced an extraordinary economic growth since 1978, while keeping inflation low. Which are the main determinants for this performance and to what point has macroeconomic policy been responsible? Obviously, many factors have been important although none of them may be appointed as the sole determinant. The paper also argues whether China would be able to keep this pace of growth or will slow down, like many other Asian countries. It is argued that China will maintain her average rate of growth in the near future.

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Subshifts are sets of configurations over an infinite grid defined by a set of forbidden patterns. In this thesis, we study two-dimensional subshifts offinite type (2D SFTs), where the underlying grid is Z2 and the set of for-bidden patterns is finite. We are mainly interested in the interplay between the computational power of 2D SFTs and their geometry, examined through the concept of expansive subdynamics. 2D SFTs with expansive directions form an interesting and natural class of subshifts that lie between dimensions 1 and 2. An SFT that has only one non-expansive direction is called extremely expansive. We prove that in many aspects, extremely expansive 2D SFTs display the totality of behaviours of general 2D SFTs. For example, we construct an aperiodic extremely expansive 2D SFT and we prove that the emptiness problem is undecidable even when restricted to the class of extremely expansive 2D SFTs. We also prove that every Medvedev class contains an extremely expansive 2D SFT and we provide a characterization of the sets of directions that can be the set of non-expansive directions of a 2D SFT. Finally, we prove that for every computable sequence of 2D SFTs with an expansive direction, there exists a universal object that simulates all of the elements of the sequence. We use the so called hierarchical, self-simulating or fixed-point method for constructing 2D SFTs which has been previously used by Ga´cs, Durand, Romashchenko and Shen.

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The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between exchange rate regime, capital account convertibility and economic growth in 1990-2007 period within the emerging countries that constitute what has been called BRIC - Brazil, Russia, India and China. Our hypothesis is that economic performance of these countries is the result, at least partially, of the quality of the macroeconomic policy management adopted in each country, in which exchange rate policy, capital account convertibility and the degree of external vulnerability plays a key role.

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The aim of this master's thesis is to develop a two-dimensional drift-di usion model, which describes charge transport in organic solar cells. The main bene t of a two-dimensional model compared to a one-dimensional one is the inclusion of the nanoscale morphology of the active layer of a bulk heterojunction solar cell. The developed model was used to study recombination dynamics at the donor-acceptor interface. In some cases, it was possible to determine e ective parameters, which reproduce the results of the two-dimensional model in the one-dimensional case. A summary of the theory of charge transport in semiconductors was presented and discussed in the context of organic materials. Additionally, the normalization and discretization procedures required to nd a numerical solution to the charge transport problem were outlined. The charge transport problem was solved by implementing an iterative scheme called successive over-relaxation. The obtained solution is given as position-dependent electric potential, free charge carrier concentrations and current densities in the active layer. An interfacial layer, separating the pure phases, was introduced in order to describe charge dynamics occurring at the interface between the donor and acceptor. For simplicity, an e ective generation of free charge carriers in the interfacial layer was implemented. The pure phases simply act as transport layers for the photogenerated charges. Langevin recombination was assumed in the two-dimensional model and an analysis of the apparent recombination rate in the one-dimensional case is presented. The recombination rate in a two-dimensional model is seen to e ectively look like reduced Langevin recombination at open circuit. Replicating the J-U curves obtained in the two-dimensional model is, however, not possible by introducing a constant reduction factor in the Langevin recombination rate. The impact of an acceptor domain in the pure donor phase was investigated. Two cases were considered, one where the acceptor domain is isolated and another where it is connected to the bulk of the acceptor. A comparison to the case where no isolated domains exist was done in order to quantify the observed reduction in the photocurrent. The results show that all charges generated at the isolated domain are lost to recombination, but the domain does not have a major impact on charge transport. Trap-assisted recombination at interfacial trap states was investigated, as well as the surface dipole caused by the trapped charges. A theoretical expression for the ideality factor n_id as a function of generation was derived and shown to agree with simulation data. When the theoretical expression was fitted to simulation data, no interface dipole was observed.

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The spatial limits of the active site in the benzylic hydroxylase enzyme of the fungus Mortierella isabellina were investigated. Several molecular probes were used in incubation experiments to determine the acceptability of each compound by this enzyme. The yields of benzylic alcohols provided information on the acceptability of the particular compound into the active site, and the enantiomeric excess values provided information on the "fit" of acceptable substrates. Measurements of the molecular models were made using Cambridge Scientific Computing Inc. CSC Chem 3D Plus modeling program. i The dimensional limits of the aromatic binding pocket of the benzylic hydroxylase were tested using suitably substituted ethyl benzenes. Both the depth (para substituted substrates) and width (ortho and meta substituted substrates) of this region were investigated, with results demonstrating absolute spatial limits in both directions in the plane of the aromatic ring of 7.3 Angstroms for the depth and 7.1 Angstroms for the width. A minimum requirement for the height of this region has also been established at 6.2 Angstroms. The region containing the active oxygen species was also investigated, using a series of alkylphenylmethanes and fused ring systems in indan, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and benzocycloheptene substrates. A maximum distance of 6.9 Angstroms (including the 1.5 Angstroms from the phenyl substituent to the active center of the heme prosthetic group of the enzyme) has been established extending directly in ii front of the aromatic binding pocket. The other dimensions in this region of the benzylic hydroxylase active site will require further investigation to establish maximum allowable values. An explanation of the stereochemical distributions in the obtained products has also been put forth that correlates well with the experimental observations.