Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment on Lignocellulosic Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Technologies: A Review

Bioenergy derived from biomass provides a promising energy alternative and can reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from fossil fuels. Biomass-based thermochemical conversion technologies have been acknowledged as apt options to convert bioresources into bioenergy; this bioenergy includes electricity, heat, and fuels/chemicals in solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. In this review, the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of these technologies (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, carbonization, and co-firing) are summarized. Specific indicators (production costs in a techno-economic analysis, functional units and environmental impacts in a life cycle analysis) for different technologies were compared. Finally, gaps in research and future trends in biomass thermochemical conversion were identified. This review could be used to guide future research related to economic and environmental benefits of bioenergy.

HES6 drives a critical AR transcriptional programme to induce castration-resistant prostate cancer through activation of an E2F1-mediated cell cycle network

Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is poorly characterized and heterogeneous and while the androgen receptor (AR) is of singular importance, other factors such as c-Myc and the E2F family also play a role in later stage disease. HES6 is a transcription co-factor associated with stem cell characteristics in neural tissue. Here we show that HES6 is up-regulated in aggressive human prostate cancer and drives castration-resistant tumour growth in the absence of ligand binding by enhancing the transcriptional activity of the AR, which is preferentially directed to a regulatory network enriched for transcription factors such as E2F1. In the clinical setting, we have uncovered a HES6-associated signature that predicts poor outcome in prostate cancer, which can be pharmacologically targeted by inhibition of PLK1 with restoration of sensitivity to castration. We have therefore shown for the first time the critical role of HES6 in the development of CRPC and identified its potential in patient-specific therapeutic strategies.

The synapsin cycle:a view from the synaptic endocytic zone

Although the synapsin phosphoproteins were discovered more than 30 years ago and are known to play important roles in neurotransmitter release and synaptogenesis, a complete picture of their functions within the nerve terminal is lacking. It has been shown that these proteins play an important role in the clustering of synaptic vesicles (SVs) at active zones and function as modulators of synaptic strength by acting at both pre- and postdocking levels. Recent studies have demonstrated that synapsins migrate to the endocytic zone of central synapses during neurotransmitter release, which suggests that there are additional functions for these proteins in SV recycling.

Exploiting dynamic timing margins in microprocessors for frequency-over-scaling with instruction-based clock adjustment

Static timing analysis provides the basis for setting the clock period of a microprocessor core, based on its worst-case critical path. However, depending on the design, this critical path is not always excited and therefore dynamic timing margins exist that can theoretically be exploited for the benefit of better speed or lower power consumption (through voltage scaling). This paper introduces predictive instruction-based dynamic clock adjustment as a technique to trim dynamic timing margins in pipelined microprocessors. To this end, we exploit the different timing requirements for individual instructions during the dynamically varying program execution flow without the need for complex circuit-level measures to detect and correct timing violations. We provide a design flow to extract the dynamic timing information for the design using post-layout dynamic timing analysis and we integrate the results into a custom cycle-accurate simulator. This simulator allows annotation of individual instructions with their impact on timing (in each pipeline stage) and rapidly derives the overall code execution time for complex benchmarks. The design methodology is illustrated at the microarchitecture level, demonstrating the performance and power gains possible on a 6-stage OpenRISC in-order general purpose processor core in a 28nm CMOS technology. We show that employing instruction-dependent dynamic clock adjustment leads on average to an increase in operating speed by 38% or to a reduction in power consumption by 24%, compared to traditional synchronous clocking, which at all times has to respect the worst-case timing identified through static timing analysis.

On the statistical memory architecture exploration and optimization

The worsening of process variations and the consequent increased spreads in circuit performance and consumed power hinder the satisfaction of the targeted budgets and lead to yield loss. Corner based design and adoption of design guardbands might limit the yield loss. However, in many cases such methods may not be able to capture the real effects which might be way better than the predicted ones leading to increasingly pessimistic designs. The situation is even more severe in memories which consist of substantially different individual building blocks, further complicating the accurate analysis of the impact of variations at the architecture level leaving many potential issues uncovered and opportunities unexploited. In this paper, we develop a framework for capturing non-trivial statistical interactions among all the components of a memory/cache. The developed tool is able to find the optimum memory/cache configuration under various constraints allowing the designers to make the right choices early in the design cycle and consequently improve performance, energy, and especially yield. Our, results indicate that the consideration of the architectural interactions between the memory components allow to relax the pessimistic access times that are predicted by existing techniques.

A magnetic cycle of τ Bootis? The coronal and chromospheric view

τ Bootis is a late F-type main sequence star orbited by a Hot Jupiter. During the last years spectropolarimetric observations led to the hypothesis that this star may host a global magnetic field that switches its polarity once per year, indicating a very short activity cycle of only one year duration. In our ongoing observational campaign, we have collected several X-ray observations with XMM-Newton and optical spectra with TRES/FLWO in Arizona to characterize τ Boo's corona and chromosphere over the course of the supposed one-year cycle. Contrary to the spectropolarimetric reconstructions, our observations do not show indications for a short activity cycle.

Superimposition: A composition for harp, saxophone and live electronics

Superimposition is built on a live-scoring system. Computer animated graphics combined with computer generated algorithms produce the score in real time based on preferences input by the composer. Notably, this system introduces a methodology for eliciting complex and coordinated rhythms from instrumentalists through notation generated in real time. This work also incorporates a system for live electronics and live sampling and processing.

A frontal view gait recognition based on 3D imaging using a time of flight camera

Studies have been carried out to recognize individuals from a frontal view using their gait patterns. In previous work, gait sequences were captured using either single or stereo RGB camera systems or the Kinect 1.0 camera system. In this research, we used a new frontal view gait recognition method using a laser based Time of Flight (ToF) camera. In addition to the new gait data set, other contributions include enhancement of the silhouette segmentation, gait cycle estimation and gait image representations. We propose four new gait image representations namely Gait Depth Energy Image (GDE), Partial GDE (PGDE), Discrete Cosine Transform GDE (DGDE) and Partial DGDE (PDGDE). The experimental results show that all the proposed gait image representations produce better accuracy than the previous methods. In addition, we have also developed Fusion GDEs (FGDEs) which achieve better overall accuracy and outperform the previous methods.

A new combined joules supercritical rankine cycle exergetic analysis and optimization

The application of a supercritical Rankine cycle in combined cycles does not happen in today’s thermoelectric power stations. Nevertheless, the most recent development in gas turbines, that allows a high efficiency and high exhaust gases temperatures, and the improvement of high pressure and temperature alloys, makes this cycle possible. This study’s intent is to prove the viability of this combined cycle, since it can break the 60% efficiency barrier, which is the plafond in actual power stations. To attain this target, several configurations for this cycle have been simulated, optimized and analyzed [1]. The simulations were done with the computational program IPSEpro [2] and the optimizations were effectuated with software developed for the effect, using the DFP method [3]. In parallel with the optimization that claims the cycle’s efficiency maximization, an exergetic analysis was also made [4] to all the cycle components. In opposite to what happens in subcritical combined cycles, it was demonstrated that in supercritical combined cycles the higher efficiency takes place with a single steam pressure in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).

The life cycle of Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato in the Guadiana estuary: Ecology, Ecohydrology and Biology

Tese dout., Ecologia das populações, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Le rapport aux traces écrites en situation d'évaluation de lecture de textes narratifs brefs le cas d'élèves au deuxième cycle du secondaire

La présente recherche porte sur les traces écrites laissées par des élèves de quatrième secondaire sur leur texte en situation de préparation à une évaluation sommative. Compte tenu des milieux d'où ils proviennent et de leurs connaissances antérieures, force est de constater que les compétences en lecture de ces élèves sont très variables et ont des conséquences importantes non seulement dans leur cours de français, mais aussi dans toutes les autres matières: plus les élèves avancent dans leur cheminement scolaire, plus les enseignants leur demandent de lire des textes longs et complexes. Pourtant, force est de constater que les résultats en lecture des élèves de quatrième et cinquième secondaire restent faibles. De nombreuses études ont démontré que la lecture de textes narratifs mobilise tous les aspects de la lecture et augmente les compétences générales à lire. Pour les enseignants de français, une façon courante d'évaluer la lecture au deuxième cycle du secondaire est donc de distribuer un texte narratif bref (conte, nouvelle, extrait de roman) à l'avance aux élèves et de leur suggérer d'y laisser des traces écrites de leur réflexion ou des stratégies utilisées, dans le but de favoriser leur compréhension et leur interprétation du texte. Ces traces peuvent prendre la forme, par exemple, de soulignements, de surlignements, d'annotations dans les marges, de schémas. Toutefois, peu de recherches scientifiques se sont attardées aux opinions, aux conceptions et aux pratiques des élèves lorsqu'il s'agit de se préparer à une évaluation de la sorte. Notre recherche, exploratoire et descriptive, vise deux objectifs spécifiques: premièrement, décrire l'investissement, les opinions et attitudes, les conceptions et le mode d'investissement d'élèves de quatrième secondaire et, deuxièmement, décrire les relations entre ces quatre dimensions afin de dresser un portrait global du rapport des élèves aux traces écrites lors de leur préparation à une évaluation de lecture. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une collecte de données en trois phases: après avoir passé, à un échantillon de 41 élèves volontaires, des questionnaires présentant des items à coter sur une échelle de Likert, nous avons observé les textes sur lesquels des traces de leur travail de préparation étaient visibles. Pour finir, nous avons rencontré quatre de ces élèves en entrevue semi-dirigées, choisis en fonction de leurs réponses aux questionnaires et du type de traces qu'ils avaient laissées. Pour augmenter la validité des résultats, les données recueillies à chacune des phases [ont] été croisées afin d'obtenir un maximum d'informations sur le rapport des élèves aux traces écrites. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, malgré le fait que les élèves ont des perceptions généralement assez positives du recours aux traces écrites, les traces qu'ils laissent généralement sur leurs textes sont peu pertinentes dans la mesure où elles ne contribuent pas, pour la plupart, à établir des liens essentiels à la compréhension globale du texte narratif, comme les liens de causalité. Les entrevues nous apprennent que certains élèves ont effectivement l'impression que certaines traces écrites sont plus pertinentes que d'autres, mais qu'ils ignorent souvent lesquelles et comment y recourir pendant leur lecture. Le rapport aux traces écrites est complexe, dépend de la situation et varie d'un individu à l'autre en fonction de plusieurs facteurs contextuels: les expériences et connaissances antérieures de l'élève, la résistance du texte imposé et les contacts avec les pairs. Tous ces facteurs influencent l'élève dans ce qu'il pense, ce qu'il ressent et ce qu'il fait lors de la préparation à une évaluation de lecture.