Level of Physical Activity and In-Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. A sedentary lifestyle, present in 85% of the Brazilian population, is considered a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. However, the correlation of a sedentary lifestyle with cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization for ACS is not well established. Objective: To evaluate the association between physical activity level, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with in-hospital prognosis in patients with ACS. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 215 subjects with a diagnosis of ACS consecutively admitted to a referral hospital for cardiac patients between July 2009 and February 2011. All volunteers answered the short version of the IPAQ and were observed for the occurrence of CVE during hospitalization with a standardized assessment conducted by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records. Results: The patients were admitted with diagnoses of unstable angina (34.4%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without ST elevation (41.4%), and AMI with ST elevation (24.2%). According to the level of physical activity, the patients were classified as non-active (56.3%) and active (43.7%). A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort. The occurrence of in-hospital complications was associated with the length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15) and physical inactivity (OR = 2.54), and was independent of age, systolic blood pressure, and prior congestive heart failure. Conclusion: A physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of CVE during hospitalization in patients with ACS.

economics of happiness : an empirical analysis of the effects of (un-)employment on individual life satisfaction

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Wirtschaftswiss., Diss., 2010

Atendimento no Ambulatório de Nutrição Renal da Faculdade de Nutrição da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro : efeitos de um programa de treino de força intradialítica em pacientes renais crónicos

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Nutrição Clínica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015

Empiricism in ecological economics: a perspective from complex systems theory

Economies are open complex adaptive systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and neo-classical environmental economics seems not to be the best way to describe the behaviour of such systems. Standard econometric analysis (i.e. time series) takes a deterministic and predictive approach, which encourages the search for predictive policy to ‘correct’ environmental problems. Rather, it seems that, because of the characteristics of economic systems, an ex-post analysis is more appropriate, which describes the emergence of such systems’ properties, and which sees policy as a social steering mechanism. With this background, some of the recent empirical work published in the field of ecological economics that follows the approach defended here is presented. Finally, the conclusion is reached that a predictive use of econometrics (i.e. time series analysis) in ecological economics should be limited to cases in which uncertainty decreases, which is not the normal situation when analysing the evolution of economic systems. However, that does not mean we should not use empirical analysis. On the contrary, this is to be encouraged, but from a structural and ex-post point of view.

Ecological economics

Ecological economics is a recently developed field, which sees the economy as a subsystem of a larger finite global ecosystem. Ecological economists question the sustainability of the economy because of its environmental impacts and its material and energy requirements, and also because of the growth of population. Attempts at assigning money values to environmental services and losses, and attempts at correcting macroeconomic accounting, are part of ecological economics, but its main thrust is rather in developing physical indicators and indexes of sustainability. Ecological economists also work on the relations between property rights and resource management, they model the interactions between the economy and the environment, they study ecological distribution conflicts, they use management tools such as integrated environmental assessment and multi-criteria decision aids, and they propose new instruments of environmental policy.

Inquérito sôbre a doença de Chagas no hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brasil)

São relatados os resultados de um inquérito sôbre doença de Chagas realizado na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brasil), com a finalidade de verificar a incidência desta moléstia e especialmente de sua forma cardíaca crônica entre os doentes ali internados. Foram examinados 181 pacientes adultos não selecionados, adotando-se os seguintes métodos: a) exame clínico geral e exame minucioso do aparelho circulatório; b) eletrocardiograma; c) reação de fixação do complemento para a doença de Chagas (antígeno de cultura do Schizotrypanum cruzi); d) reação de Wassermann; e) xenodiagnóstico e radiografia dos pacientes com reação de fixação do complemento (Guerreiro & Machado) positiva e de portadores de outras cardiopatias. Dos 181 pacientes examinados, 37 (20,44%) tinham provas de laboratório positivas para foença de Chagas. 49 (27,07%) eram portadores de cardiopatias, com as seguintes etiologias: doença de Chagas (18 casos); arteriosclerose (13 casos); hipertensão arterial (12 casos); sífilis (casos); febre reumática (3 casos); cardiopatia congênita (1 caso); cor pulmonale crônico (1 caso). De 34 pacientes com doença de Chagas, 18 (52,95%) apresentavam evidências eletrocardiográficas de comportamento miocárdico. As alterações eletrocardiográficas mais freqüentes foram: bloqueio do ramo direito, extra-sístoles ventriculares, alterações de QRS (isoladas ou associadas a alterações de T), bloqueios auriculo-ventriculares. Estes achados são semelhantes aos já descritos na cardiopatia chagásica crônica por Laranja e cols. (13,26). As alterações eletrocardiográficas mais frequentes no grupo de pacientes com provas de laboratório negativas para doença de Chagas foram: curvas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (strain) alteralçoes primárias de T e extra-sístoles vemtriculares. A idade de 50,0% dos pacientes com miocardite chagásica crônica não ultrapassou os 30 enquanto que 83,33% dos pacientes portafores de outras cardiopatias eram maiores de 30 anos. A reação de fixação do complemento (antígeno de cultura do Schizotrypanum cruzi), devido à sua especificidade e sensibilidade, mostrou ser muito util para o diagnóstico de laboratório da doença de Chagas em sua fase crônica. O xenodiagnóstico foi positivo em 8 casos (25,8%) de 31 pacientes com reação de Guerreiro & Machado positiva. Foi discutidoo problema da etiologia do megaesôfago e do megacolon, admitindo os Autores que adoença de Chagas possivelmente desempenhe, em determinadas zonas, papel significativo no desenvolvimento destas afecções. Foi brevemente relatada a distribuição geográfica dos triatomídeos no Estado de Minas Gerais. Os principais vetores são Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans e Triatoma sordida, se bem que outras 12 espécies ocorrem neste Estado. Estes triatomídeos existem em 204 (64,55%) dos 316 municípios do Estado de Minas. Vetores infetados foram encontrados em 143 municípios (70,09%). Foram assinaladas as áreas infetadas mais importantes. Os Autores salientaram a importância médica da doença de Chagas, acreditando ser esta infecção um dos mais importantes fatores de cardiopatia em amplas zonas rurais do Estado de Minas Gerais.

Una reflexió historiogràfica sobre l'hospital com a espai de medicalització

El treball analitza la historiografia existent sobre les institucions hospitalàries com a espai de medicalització des de la segona meitat del s. XX. La finalitat és estudiar de quina manera diverses tendències historiogràfiques han percebut l’hospital com a espai de creació i difusió de coneixement científic. S'ha atorgat particular interès a les visions sobre el seu rol en la transformació de la medicina occidental i també als factors aliens a la medicina que, segons alguns historiadors, han, valgui la paradoxa, contribuït a transformar l’hospital en una institució mèdica.

Promoting hospital-based smoking cessation services at major Swiss hospitals: a before and after study.

Whether a 1-year nationwide, government supported programme is effective in significantly increasing the number of smoking cessation clinics at major Swiss hospitals as well as providing basic training for the staff running them. We conducted a baseline evaluation of hospital services for smoking cessation, hypertension, and obesity by web search and telephone contact followed by personal visits between October 2005 and January 2006 of 44 major public hospitals in the 26 cantons of Switzerland; we compared the number of active smoking cessation services and trained personnel between baseline to 1 year after starting the programme including a training workshop for doctors and nurses from all hospitals as well as two further follow-up visits. At base line 9 (21%) hospitals had active smoking cessation services, whereas 43 (98%) and 42 (96%) offered medical services for hypertension and obesity respectively. Hospital directors and heads of Internal Medicine of 43 hospitals were interested in offering some form of help to smokers provided they received outside support, primarily funding to get started or to continue. At two identical workshops, 100 health professionals (27 in Lausanne, 73 in Zurich) were trained for one day. After the programme, 22 (50%) hospitals had an active smoking cessation service staffed with at least 1 trained doctor and 1 nurse. A one-year, government-supported national intervention resulted in a substantial increase in the number of hospitals allocating trained staff and offering smoking cessation services to smokers. Compared to the offer for hypertension and obesity this offer is still insufficient.

Implementation of robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Robot surgery is a further step towards new potential developments in minimally invasive surgery. Surgeons must keep abreast of these new technologies and learn their limits and possibilities. Robot-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy has not yet been performed in our institution. The purpose of this report is to present the pathway of implementation of robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a university hospital. METHODS: The Zeus(R) robot system was used. Experimental training was performed on animals. The results of our experimental training allowed us to perform our first two clinical cases. RESULTS: Robot arm set-up and trocar placement required 53 and 35 minutes. Operative time were 59 and 45 minutes respectively. The overall operative time was 112 and 80 minutes, respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. Patients were discharged from the hospital after an overnight stay. CONCLUSION: Robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and patient recovery similar to those of standard laparoscopy. At present, there are no advantages of robotic over conventional surgery. Nevertheless, robots have the potential to revolutionise the way surgery is performed. Robot surgery is not reserved for a happy few. This technology deserves more attention because it has the potential to change the way surgery is performed.

Pediatric emergencies admitted in the resuscitation room of a swiss university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric resuscitation is an intense, stressful, and challenging process. The aim of this study was to review the life-threatening pediatric (LTP) emergencies admitted in a Swiss university hospital with regards to patients' demographics, reason for admission, diagnosis, treatment, significant events, critical incidents, and outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study of prospectively collected data was conducted, including all LTP emergencies admitted over a period of 2 years in the resuscitation room (RR). Variables, including indication for transfer, mode of prehospital transportation, diagnosis, and time spent in RR, were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 60,939 pediatric emergencies treated in our university hospital over 2 years, a total of 277 LTP emergencies (0.46%) were admitted in the RR. They included 160 boys and 117 girls, aged 6 days to 15.95 years (mean, 6.69 years; median, 5.06). A medical problem was identified in 55.9% (n = 155) of the children. Of the 122 children treated for a surgical problem, 35 (28.3%) went directly from the RR to the operating room. Hemodynamic instability was noted in 19.5% of all LTP emergencies, of which 1.1% benefited from O negative transfusion. Admission to the intensive care unit was necessary for 61.6% of the children transferred from another hospital. The average time spent in the RR was 46 minutes. The overall mortality rate was 7.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The LTP emergencies accounted for a small proportion of all pediatric emergencies. They were more medical than surgical cases and resuscitation measures because of hemodynamic instability were the most frequent treatment.

Political economics and normative analysis

The approaches and opinions of economists often dominate public policy discussion. Economists have gained this privileged position partly (or perhaps mainly) because of the obvious relevance of their subject matter, but also because of the unified methodology (neo-classical economics) that the vast majority of modern economists bring to their analysis of policy problems and proposed solutions. The idea of Pareto efficiency and its potential trade-off with equity is a central idea that is understood by all economists and this common language provides the economics profession with a powerful voice in public affairs. The purpose of this paper is to review and reflect upon the way in which economists find themselves analysing and providing suggestions for social improvements and how this role has changed over roughly the last 60 years. We focus on the fundamental split in the public economics tradition between those that adhere to public finance and those that adhere to public choice. A pure public finance perspective views failures in society as failures of the market. The solutions are technical, as might be enacted by a benevolent dictator. The pure public choice view accepts (sometimes grudgingly) that markets may fail, but so, it insists, does politics. This signals institutional reforms to constrain the potential for political failure. Certain policy recommendations may be viewed as compatible with both traditions, but other policy proposals will be the opposite of that proposed within the other tradition. In recent years a political economics synthesis emerged. This accepts that institutions are very important and governments require constraints, but that some degree of benevolence on the part of policy makers should not be assumed non-existent. The implications for public policy from this approach are, however, much less clear and perhaps more piecemeal. We also discuss analyses of systematic failure, not so much on the part of markets or politicians, but by voters. Most clearly this could lead to populism and relaxing the idea that voters necessarily choose their interests. The implications for public policy are addressed. Throughout the paper we will relate the discussion to the experience of UK government policy-making.