Cigarrinhas-das-pastagens.

Várias espécies de cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) são importantes pragas de pastagens na América tropical. Esses insetos podem diminuir drasticamente a disponibilidade e a qualidade de gramíneas forrageiras, reduzindo a capacidade de suporte das pastagens. Milhões de hectares estabelecidos com várias cultivares do gênero Brachiaria têm sofrido sensíveis perdas ocasionadas por esse grupo de insetos. Apesar de tamanha importância econômica, muito ainda há por ser feito no que se refere às pesquisas com as cigarrinhas-das-pastagens. Tal sistema inseto-planta é complexo. Ele engloba um diverso grupo de espécies de cigarrinhas associado a um diverso grupo de espécies de gramíneas forrageiras que, por sua vez, resultam em pastagens que podem ter idades diferentes e estarem sob diferentes sistemas de manejo, em ampla variedade de condições ecológicas. Esforços de controle têm sido concentrados na área de resistência de plantas a insetos, alternativa reconhecida como de baixo custo e de fácil adoção pelos produtores. Trata-se, provavelmente, da melhor opção de controle para culturas de baixo valor por unidade de área, como as pastagens, geralmente estabelecidas em extensas áreas. A seleção de gramíneas resistentes às cigarrinhas tem sido conduzida e plantas promissoras identificadas. É importante, entretanto, que estudos adicionais sobre a biologia e a eco logia desses insetos, com avaliações de alternativas de controle, sejam realizados. Algumas dessas medidas de controle, assim como necessidades de pesquisa, são discutidas.

Um história desconhecida e supreendente da Amazônia.

2007

Cadê o carbono que estava aqui?

2007

A Embrapa Monitoramento por Satélite do Século 21.

2008

De quem é a Amazônia?

2008

Estimativa de biomassa e estoque de carbono de uma floresta secundária em Minas Gerais.

Em virtude das preocupações mundiais com as quantidades acumuladas de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, 175 países assinaram, durante a ECO 92, no Rio de Janeiro, relatório sobre o Painel de Mudanças Climáticas, indicando a necessidade de reduzir as emissões desses gases. Um dos mecanismos, com essa finalidade que tem despertado grande interesse é o financiamento de grandes plantios de árvores visando o seqüestro de quantidades significativas de carbono através da fotossíntese. Tendo em vista que a legislação brasileira de meio ambiente determina a manutenção de uma reserva legal de pelo menos 20% de vegetação natural nas propriedades rurais do sudeste e, considerando-se a forte atividade agropecuária dessa região onde, na paisagem rural, predominam pastos, cultivos e reflorestamentos com Eucalyptus a recuperação das áreas de reserva legal pode atingir escala de interesse, além de contemplar demandas por uma maior proteção da biodiversidade. O presente estudo apresenta estimativas de biomassa e estoque de carbono de uma floresta secundária de cerca de 37 anos por meio de medições diretas, utilizando o método da árvore média. O estudo fitossociológico apontou sete espécies cujas árvores representam cerca de 80,5% de dominância e 77,9% de densidade do sítio, sendo Canudo de Pito, (Mabea fistulifera ? Euphorbiaceae) a espécie arbórea dominante. Obtiveram-se, para biomassa, estimativas de 64.005 Kg.ha-1 por densidade e, por dominância, 66.127 Kg.ha-1. A esses totais correspondem, respectivamente, em quantidades de carbono, 28.802 Kg.ha-1 e 29.757 Kg.ha-1.

Il Sistema di Revenue Management strumento per lo sviluppo turistico sostenibile delle destinazioni

Businesses interact constantly with the environment, realizing several and heterogeneous exchanges. Organizations can be considered a system of different interests, frequently conflicting and the satisfaction of different stakeholders is a condition of success and survival. National and international literature attempts to explain the complex connection between companies and environment. In particular, the Stakeholder Theory considers crucial for businesses the identification of different stakeholders and their involvement in decision-making process. In this context, profit can not be considered the only purpose of companies existence and business aims become more numerous and different. The Stakeholder Theory is often utilized as framework for tourism studies, in particular in Sustainable Tourism Development research. In fact, authors consider sustainable the tourism development able to satisfy interests of different stakeholders, traditionally identified as local community and government, businesses, tourists and natural environment. Tourism businesses have to guarantee the optimal use of natural resources, the respect of socio-cultural tradition of local community and the creation of socio-economic benefits for all stakeholders in destinations. An obstacle to sustainable tourism development that characterizes a number of destinations worldwide is tourism demand seasonality. In fact, its negative impact on the environment, economy and communities may be highly significant. Pollution, difficulties in the use of public services, stress for residents, seasonal incomes, are all examples of the negative effects of seasonality. According to the World Tourism Organization (2004) the limitation of seasonality can favour the sustainability of tourism. Literature suggests private and public strategies to minimize the negative effects of tourism seasonality, as diversification of tourism products, identification of new market segments, launching events, application of public instruments like eco-taxes and use of differential pricing policies. Revenue Management is a managerial system based on differential pricing and able to affect price sensitive tourists. This research attempts to verify if Revenue Management, created to maximize profits in tourism companies, can also mitigate the seasonality of tourism demand, producing benefits for different stakeholders of destinations and contributing to Sustainable Tourism Development. In particular, the study attempts to answer the following research questions: 1) Can Revenue Management control the flow of tourist demand? 2) Can Revenue Management limit seasonality, producing benefits for different stakeholders of a destination? 3) Can Revenue Management favor the development of Sustainable Tourism? The literature review on Stakeholder Theory, Sustainable Tourism Development, tourism seasonality and Revenue Management forms the foundation of the research, based on a case study approach looking at a significant destination located in the Southern coast of Sardinia, Italy. A deductive methodology was applied and qualitative and quantitative methods were utilized. This study shows that Revenue Management has the potential to limit tourism seasonality, to mitigate negative impacts occurring from tourism activities, producing benefits for local community and to contribute to Sustainable Tourism Development.

Rainfall infiltration and soil hydrological characteristics below ancient forest, planted forest, and grassland in a temperate northern climate

How rainfall infiltration rate and soil hydrological characteristics develop over time under forests of different ages in temperate regions is poorly understood. In this study, infiltration rate and soil hydrological characteristics were investigated under forests of different ages and under grassland. Soil hydraulic characteristics were measured at different scales under a 250 year old grazed grassland (GL), a six (6 yr) and 48 (48 yr) year old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantation, remnant 300 year old individual Scots pines (OT) and a 4000 year old Caledonian Forest (AF). In-situ field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) was measured and visible root:soil area was estimated from soil pits. Macroporosity, pore structure, and macropore connectivity were estimated from X-ray tomography of soil cores, and from water-release characteristics. At all scales the median values for Kfs, root fraction, macro-porosity and connectivity values tended to AF > OT > 48 yr > GL > 6 yr, indicating that infiltration rates and water storage increased with forest age. The remnant Caledonian Forest had a huge range of Kfs (12 to > 4922 mm h-1), with maximum Kfs values 7 to 15 times larger than 48-year-old Scots pine plantation, suggesting that undisturbed old forests, with high rainfall and minimal evapotranspiration in winter, may act as important areas for water storage and sinks for storm rainfall to infiltrate and transport to deeper soil layers via preferential flow. The importance of the development of soil hydrological characteristics under different aged forests is discussed.

Are family firms really more socially responsible?

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Cruz, C., Larraza-Kintana, M., Garcés-Galdeano, L. and Berrone, P. (2014), Are Family Firms Really More Socially Responsible? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38: 1295–1316, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/etap.12125. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.

On the Indian trail : stories of missionary work among the Cree and Saulteaux Indians / by Egerton R. Young.

http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/ItemRecord/30577 View document online

Historical sketch of the Flathead Indian nation from the year 1813 to 1890 : embracing the history of the establishment of St. Mary's Indian Mission in the Bitter Root Valley, Mont. : with sketches of the missionary life of Father Ravalli and other early missionaries : wars of the Blackfeet and Flatheads and sketches of history, trapping and trading in the early days / by Peter Ronan.

http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/mtq?doc=16974 View document online

Ubuntu, Jesus, and Earth: Integrating African Religion and Christianity in Ecological Ethics

Africa faces problems of ecological devastation caused by economic exploitation, rapid population growth, and poverty. Capitalism, residual colonialism, and corruption undermine Africa's efforts to forge a better future. The dissertation describes how in Africa the mounting ecological crisis has religious, political, and economic roots that enable and promote social and environmental harm. It presents the thesis that religious traditions, including their ethical expressions, can effectively address the crisis, ameliorate its impacts, and advocate for social and environmental betterment, now and in the future. First, it examines African traditional religion and Christian teaching, which together provide the foundation for African Christianity. Critical examination of both religious worldviews uncovers their complementary emphases on human responsibility toward planet Earth and future generations. Second, an analysis of the Gwembe Tonga of Chief Simamba explores the interconnectedness of all elements of the universe in African cosmologies. In Africa, an interdependent, participatory relationship exists between the world of animals, the world of humans, and the Creator. In discussing the annual lwiindi (rain calling) ceremony of Simamba, the study explores ecological overtones of African religions. Such rituals illustrate the involvement of ancestors and high gods in maintaining ecological integrity. Third, the foundation of the African morality of abundant life is explored. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, ancestors' teachings are the foundation of morality; ancestors are guardians of the land. A complementary teaching that Christ is the ecological ancestor of all life can direct ethical responses to the ecological crisis. Fourth, the eco-social implications of ubuntu (what it means to be fully human) are examined. Some aspects of ubuntu are criticized in light of economic inequalities and corruption in Africa. However, ubuntu can be transformed to advocate for eco-social liberation. Fifth, the study recognizes that in some cases conflicts exist between ecological values and religious teachings. This conflict is examined in terms of the contrast between awareness of socioeconomic problems caused by population growth, on the one hand, and advocacy of a traditional African morality of abundant children, on the other hand. A change in the latter religious view is needed since overpopulation threatens sustainable living and the future of Earth. The dissertation concludes that the identification of Jesus with African ancestors and theological recognition of Jesus as the ecological ancestor, woven together with ubuntu, an ethic of interconnectedness, should characterize African consciousness and promote resolution of the socio-ecological crisis.

Shipping information pipeline: initial design principles

This paper presents a design science approach to solving persistent problems in the international shipping eco system by creating the missing common information infrastructures. Specifically, this paper reports on an ongoing dialogue between stakeholders in the shipping industry and information systems researchers engaged in the design and development of a prototype for an innovative IT-artifact called Shipping Information Pipeline which is a kind of “an internet” for shipping information. The instrumental aim is to enable information seamlessly to cross the organizational boundaries and national borders within international shipping which is a rather complex domain. The intellectual objective is to generate and evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of design principles for inter-organizational information infrastructures in the international shipping domain that can have positive impacts on global trade and local economies.

Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution as agents of ecosystem change in Trinidadian streams.

Evolution has been shown to be a critical determinant of ecological processes in some systems, but its importance relative to traditional ecological effects is not well known. In addition, almost nothing is known about the role of coevolution in shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally evaluated the relative effects of species invasion (a traditional ecological effect), evolution and coevolution on ecosystem processes in Trinidadian streams. We manipulated the presence and population-of-origin of two common fish species, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and the killifish (Rivulus hartii). We measured epilithic algal biomass and accrual, aquatic invertebrate biomass, and detrital decomposition. Our results show that, for some ecosystem responses, the effects of evolution and coevolution were larger than the effects of species invasion. Guppy evolution in response to alternative predation regimes significantly influenced algal biomass and accrual rates. Guppies from a high-predation site caused an increase in algae relative to guppies from a low-predation site; algae effects were probably shaped by observed divergence in rates of nutrient excretion and algae consumption. Rivulus-guppy coevolution significantly influenced the biomass of aquatic invertebrates. Locally coevolved populations reduced invertebrate biomass relative to non-coevolved populations. These results challenge the general assumption that intraspecific diversity is a less critical determinant of ecosystem function than is interspecific diversity. Given existing evidence for contemporary evolution in these fish species, our findings suggest considerable potential for eco-evolutionary feedbacks to operate as populations adapt to natural or anthropogenic perturbations.

El estrés térmico post - floración y sus efectos sobre el peso y la calidad de los granos en maíces de diferente destino de producción

En maíz, los golpes de calor (días con temperaturas menor a 35 grados C) ocurridos tempranamente durante el período post-floración pueden afectar negativamente el peso individual de los granos, a traves de limitaciones del crecimiento del cultivo. El conocimiento que existe respecto a las bases eco-fisiológicas de la respuesta de la calidad de los granos a la incidencia de este estres durante el llenado efectivo es prácticamente nulo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar en condiciones a campo el impacto de los golpes de calor durante las etapas tempranas y tardías del llenado efectivo sobre el peso, la calidad general y específica de la industria de los granos en híbridos de maíz de diferente destino de producción (colorado duro o flint, pisingallo y semi-dentad). Los golpes de calor, especialmente aquellos ocurridos durante las etapas tempranas del llenado, redujeron el crecimiento de los cultivos por caídas de la eficiencia en el uso de la radiacion interceptada. Esto produjo un desbalance entre la disponibilidad de asimilados y el requerimiento de estos por parte de los granos que se tradujo en una interrupción prematura del llenado. Consecuentemente, se obtuvieron granos mas livianos con concentraciones mas bajas de aceite y mas altas de proteína. Estas respuestas fueron acompanadas de alteraciones en la composición específica de las proteínas de reserva, incrementándose la abundancia relativa de glutelinas, y ƒÀ- y ƒÁ- zeinas, en detrimento de aquella de ƒ¿-zeinas. Asimismo, los golpes de calor provocaron efectos negativos sobre los diversos parámetros de calidad industrial de los granos, asociados principalmente a disminuciones en la abundancia relativa de ƒ¿-zeínas. Para la mayoría de los rasgos mencionados, los híbridos semi-dentados tuvieron una respuesta mas pronunciada al estrés que los híbridos colorado duro y pisingallo, aparentando ser sensibles a temperaturas del aire incluso inferiores a 35 grados C.