MRD's approach: Ideally suited to support Future Earth research agenda in mountains

Both Future Earth and Mountain Research and Development (MRD) aim to support production and dissemination of knowledge for sustainable development. As shown in Future Earth’s Strategic Research Agenda 2014, the global research community has begun to acknowledge its societal role and the need for a new type of research in which scientists link disciplines and coproduce transformation knowledge with stakeholders. Future Earth has defined three research themes that conceptualize the issues to be dealt with at the same time as the way in which this should be done. In many ways, MRD’s policy has made the journal a forerunner of Future Earth’s stipulated “step-change in research”. Indeed, MRD’s section policies aim to support similar contents and ways of producing these forms of knowledge. MRD publishes “systems knowledge” in its MountainResearch section, “target knowledge” in its MountainAgenda section, and “transformation knowledge” in its MountainDevelopment section. Each of these sections has dedicated review criteria to assess and enhance the quality of the knowledge presented in the papers. In this poster, we provide examples from each of the three sections of what the knowledge types look like, how they are assessed, and how they contribute to the three Future Earth themes.

Development of a Novel Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Binding Assay to Study the Association of Plakins with Intermediate Filament Proteins.

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for most biological processes, such as the formation of cellular structures and enzymatic complexes or in signaling pathways. The identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions are therefore essential for understanding the mechanisms and regulation of biological systems. The organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, as well as its anchorage to specific sites in the plasma membrane and organelles, are regulated by the plakins. These structurally related proteins anchor different cytoskeletal networks to each other and/or to other cellular structures. The association of several plakins with intermediate filaments (IFs) is critical for maintenance of the cytoarchitecture. Pathogenic mutations in the genes encoding different plakins can lead to dramatic manifestations, occurring principally in the skin, striated muscle, and/or nervous system, due to cytoskeletal disorganization resulting in abnormal cell fragility. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how plakins bind to IFs, although some general rules are slowly emerging. We here describe in detail a recently developed protein-protein fluorescence binding assay, based on the production of recombinant proteins tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and their use as fluid-phase fluorescent ligands on immobilized IF proteins. Using this method, we have been able to assess the ability of C-terminal regions of GFP-tagged plakin proteins to bind to distinct IF proteins and IF domains. This simple and sensitive technique, which is expected to facilitate further studies in this area, can also be potentially employed for any kind of protein-protein interaction studies.

Religion as Culture? How European and American High Courts Endorse Majority Religion

This paper examines a trend in European and American High Courts to endorse majority religion by transforming it into “culture”, and thus by secularizing it. To dissociate religion and state is the hallmark of the liberal state. However, no state has ever managed a perfect separation, not even the American. Under conditions of mounting religious pluralism and ongoing secularization, there is pressure on the state to live up to its “neutrality”. A main strategy to square the circle of neutrality and incomplete dissociation from religion is to declare it “culture”, which gives the state the license to associate or even identify with it (as guardian of nationhood). The paper compares recent American and European High Court rules on religious symbols (especially crucifixes) that exhibits this strategy, addressing similarities and differences as well as the limits and pitfalls of “culturalizing” religion.

Do Exposure Suits Produce a 'Race to File'? An Economic Analysis of a Tort for Risk

Conventional tort law does not allow victims of exposure to a toxic substance to seek compensation until they develop actual symptoms of illness. This may effectively bar recovery because at the time the illness arises, injurers may be judgment proof. One possible response is to allow a tort for risk that allows victims to seek expected damages at the time of exposure. However, critics charge that this could create a 'race to file' wherein victims rush to file suit to ensure that they will get a share of the injurer's limited assets. We show that such a race may or may not occur in equilibrium, and that when it does occur, not all victims choose to file at exposure if bankruptcy is an inevitable result. If bankruptcy is not inevitable, it is possible that a tort for risk will trigger bankruptcy, although a no-bankruptcy equilibrium always exists and Paretodominates the bankruptcy equilibrium. We examine the consequences of the various tort-for-risk equilibria on the compensation of exposure victims, litigation costs, and injurer care.

Stagnation and Change in Islamic History

There appear to be two seemingly contradictory images of economic change in the Islamic World and mixed evidence on whether Islamic societies have been open or conservative against modern ideas, technological advancements, and legal developments. Whereas a conservative attitude has been dominant in some societies and time periods, Muslims were at the forefront of scientific, technological, and legal developments in others. Rather than rely on ad hoc assumptions about the attitudes and characteristics of societies or the inherent qualities of new developments, this paper explains attitudes towards change by studying the political economy of the relationship between the rulers and the legal community. I extend recent theories of endogenous institutional change to develop a framework based on how rulers and legal community reacted to new developments immediately and how their strategic interaction unleashed an endogenous process toward change in the long run. Using this framework, I identify conditions under which new ideas, technologies, and legal developments have resulted in immediate change in Islamic societies. I also examine the process of change in the long run, whether and how immediate outcomes could be sustained over time as strategic interaction continued repeatedly.

Tumor heterogeneity dictates sensitivity to gefitinib (Iressa(TM)/ZD1839) in solid tumor models

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands are overexpressed in many human tumors, including bladder and pancreas, correlating with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and poor patient prognosis. We initiated the present study to characterize the heterogeneity of gefitinib responsiveness in a panel of human bladder and pancreatic cancer cell lines in order to identify the biological characteristics of EGFR-dependent proliferation that could be used to prospectively identify drug-sensitive tumors. A second objective was to elucidate how to best exploit these results by utilizing gefitinib in combination therapy. To these ends, we examined the effects of the EGFR antagonist gefitinib on proliferation and apoptosis in a panel of 18 human bladder cancer cell lines and 9 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our data confirmed the existence of marked heterogeneity in Iressa responsiveness with less than half of the cell lines displaying significant growth inhibition by clinically relevant concentrations of the drug. Gefitinib responsiveness was found to be p27 kip1 dependent as DNA synthesis was restored following exposure to p27siRNA. Unfortunately, Iressa responsiveness was not closely linked to surface EGFR or TGF-α expression in the bladder cancer cells, however, cellular TGF-α expression correlated directly with Iressa sensitivity in the pancreatic cancer cell lines. These findings provide the potential for prospectively identifying patients with drug-sensitive tumors. ^ Further studies aimed at exploiting gefitinib-mediated cell cycle effects led us to investigate if gefitinib-mediated TRAIL sensitization correlated with increased p27kip1 accumulation. We observed that increased TRAIL sensitivity following gefitinib exposure was not dependent on p27 kip1 expression. Additional studies initiated to examine the role(s) of Akt and Erk signaling demonstrated that exposure to PI3K or MEK inhibitors significantly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis at concentrations that block target phosphorylation. Furthermore, combinations of TRAIL and the PI3K or MEK inhibitors increased procaspase-8 processing above levels observed with TRAIL alone, indicating that the effects were exerted at the level of caspase-8 activation, considered the earliest step in the TRAIL pathway. ^

Nitric oxide contributes to LPS/IFN-gamma-induced macrophage apoptosis via JNK and BCL-2 family regulation

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN) activate macrophages and produce nitric oxide (NO) by initiating the expression of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS). Prolonged LPS/IFN-activation results in the death of macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells and wild-type murine macrophages. This study was implemented to determine how NO contributes to LPS/IFN-induced macrophage death. The iNOS-specific inhibitor L-NIL protected RAW 264.7 cells from LPS/IFN-activated death, supporting a role for NO in the death of LPS/IFN-activated macrophages. A role for iNOS in cell death was confirmed in iNOS-/- macrophages which were resistant to LPS/IFN-induced death. Cell death was accompanied by nuclear condensation, caspase 3 activation, and PARP cleavage, all of which are hallmarks of apoptosis. The involvement of NO in modulating the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway was examined as a possible mechanism of LPS/IFN-mediated apoptosis. Western analysis demonstrated that NO modifies the phosphorylation profile of JNK and promotes activation of JNK in the mitochondria in RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition of JNK with sIRNA significantly reduced cell death in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating the participation of the JNK pathway in LPS/IFN-mediated death. JNK has been demonstrated to induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through modulation of Bcl-2 family members. Therefore, the effect of NO on the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members was examined. In RAW 264.7 cells, Bim was upregulated and phosphorylated by LPS/IFN independently of NO. However, co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that NO promotes the association of Bax with the BimL splice variant. Examination of Bax phosphorylation by metabolic labeling demonstrated that Bax is basally phosphorylated and becomes dephosphorylated upon LPS/IFN treatment. L-NIL inhibited the dephosphorylation of Bax, indicating that Bax dephosphorylation is NO-dependent. NO also mediated LPS/IFN-induced downregulation of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, as demonstrated by Western blotting for Mcl-1 protein expression. Thus, NO contributes to macrophage apoptosis via a JNK-mediated mechanism involving interaction between Bax and Bim, dephosphorylation of Bax, and downregulation of Mcl-1. ^

How health care delay and avoidance decisions are affected by finances and health insurance

Objective. To identify how an individual's finances and health insurance coverage affects their decision whether to avoid or delay medical care. Methods. Secondary data analysis of The Effects of Financial and Insurance Considerations on Health Care Utilization 2007 telephone survey data. Study inclusion criteria. 18 years old, Harris County resident, and had a need for medical care within the past year. Post weighing was done to correct for non-response bias. Results. Survey decision makers were predominately minorities (60%), Female (70%), and insured (71%). Ninety-two percent of participants sought care when needed, however, of this population 39% delayed medical care. Fifty-six percent of participants who delayed medical care sought care in the Doctor's office. For those who replied "Yes" to considering health insurance and finances in deciding to avoid medical care, 61% stated that they were confused about their insurance coverage as the explanation why. Fifty-five percent of Respondents indicated that delaying medical care was due to not knowing whether medical care was necessary. Conclusion. Additional research needs to be conducted to examine the relationship between onset of medical symptoms and final medical diagnosis to identify whether survey participants who delayed or avoided medical care actions were appropriate responses to their initial medical symptoms and final diagnosis. ^

Texas Health & Safety Code, Section 165.002 - Right to Breastfeed in Texas

The language used in Section 165.002 of the Texas Health and Safety Code renders breastfeeding women vulnerable and susceptible to harassment, discrimination, and persecution via the Texas Penal Code, Sec. 30.05 (Criminal Trespassing), Sec. 21.08 (Indecent Exposure), and Sec. 21.22 (Indecency with a Child). ^ The overall goal of this paper is to develop a solution to this problem via a proposed law or legislative action that offers protection and support for breastfeeding women who choose to nurse in public. Data to inform these recommendations were collected through a literature review and structured interviews with several breastfeeding stakeholders. A literature review of state and federal breastfeeding legislation was conducted to compare and contrast differences between existing legislation in the United States. Interviews were conducted with breastfeeding legislation stakeholders, which included state legislators who have been active in breastfeeding legislation, breastfeeding mothers, and representatives from the Central Texas Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies Coalition (Centex HMHB Coalition), Texas Breastfeeding Coalition (TXBF coalition), La Leche League International, and the Texas Business Association. Data from the literature and legislation reviews and interviews were transcribed and examined for common themes using qualitative data techniques. ^ Overall, most of the stakeholders came to a general consensus on three points, (1) breastfeeding women are supported by stakeholders within the community, (2) other legislation or penal codes should not override the right to breastfeed, and (3) the current breastfeeding legislation needs to be improved to adequately support breastfeeding women. The interviews with breastfeeding legislation stakeholders yielded two major recommendations for the improvement of Section 165.002 of the Texas Health and Safety Code: advocacy efforts to change the wording of the legislation and education to inform people about the legislation. ^ The right to breastfeed is an important public health issue in that it provides a host of health benefits for mothers and children, and is more economical and environmentally superior to alternative feeding methods. While breastfeeding in public is not illegal nor ever has been, adequate legislation is important to affirm this right for women so that they can confidently feed their children without embarrassment or harassment.^

Validity of using item response theory to analyze data from the Work Limitations Questionnaire

The Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ) is used to determine the amount of work loss and productivity which stem from certain health conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. The questionnaire is currently scored using methodology from Classical Test Theory. Item Response Theory, on the other hand, is a theory based on analyzing item responses. This study wanted to determine the validity of using Item Response Theory (IRT), to analyze data from the WLQ. Item responses from 572 employed adults with dysthymia, major depressive disorder (MDD), double depressive disorder (both dysthymia and MDD), rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals were used to determine the validity of IRT (Adler et al., 2006).^ PARSCALE, which is IRT software from Scientific Software International, Inc., was used to calculate estimates of the work limitations based on item responses from the WLQ. These estimates, also known as ability estimates, were then correlated with the raw score estimates calculated from the sum of all the items responses. Concurrent validity, which claims a measurement is valid if the correlation between the new measurement and the valid measurement is greater or equal to .90, was used to determine the validity of IRT methodology for the WLQ. Ability estimates from IRT were found to be somewhat highly correlated with the raw scores from the WLQ (above .80). However, the only subscale which had a high enough correlation for IRT to be considered valid was the time management subscale (r = .90). All other subscales, mental/interpersonal, physical, and output, did not produce valid IRT ability estimates.^ An explanation for these lower than expected correlations can be explained by the outliers found in the sample. Also, acquiescent responding (AR) bias, which is caused by the tendency for people to respond the same way to every question on a questionnaire, and the multidimensionality of the questionnaire (the WLQ is composed of four dimensions and thus four different latent variables) probably had a major impact on the IRT estimates. Furthermore, it is possible that the mental/interpersonal dimension violated the monotonocity assumption of IRT causing PARSCALE to fail to run for these estimates. The monotonicity assumption needs to be checked for the mental/interpersonal dimension. Furthermore, the use of multidimensional IRT methods would most likely remove the AR bias and increase the validity of using IRT to analyze data from the WLQ.^

Knowledge and Expectations of Support People in Prenatal Genetic Counseling Sessions

Prenatal genetic counseling patients have the ability to choose from a myriad of screening and diagnostic testing options, each with intricacies and caveats regarding accuracy and timing. Decisions regarding such testing can be difficult and are often made on the same day that testing is performed. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider that the support people brought to an appointment may have a role in the decision-making process. We aimed to better define this potential role by examining the incoming knowledge and expectations of support people who attended prenatal genetic counseling appointments. Support people were asked to complete a survey at one of seven Houston area prenatal clinics. The survey included questions regarding demographics, relationship to patient, incoming knowledge of the appointment, expectations of decision-making and perceived levels of influence over the decisions that would be made during the counseling session. The majority (79.4%) of the 252 participants were spouses/partners. Overall, there was poor knowledge of the referral indications with only 33.5% of participants correctly identifying the patient’s indication. Participants had even poorer knowledge of testing options that would be offered during the session, as only 17.7% were able to correctly identify testing options that would be discussed during the genetic counseling session. Of participants, just 3.6% said that they did not want to be included in discussions about screening/testing options. Only a few participants thought that they had less influence over decisions related to the pregnancy than over non-pregnancy decisions. Participants who reported feeling like they had a higher level of influence were likely to attend more of the pregnancy-related appointments with the patient. Findings from this study have provided insight into the perspective of support persons and have identified gaps in knowledge that may exist between the patients and the people they choose to bring with them into the genetic counseling session. In addition, this study is a starting point to assess how much the support people think that they impact the decision-making process of prenatal genetic counseling patients versus how much the prenatal patients value the input of the support people.

Potato Response to Boron and Sulfur Fertilization

This trial was conducted to investigate how potatoes respond to boron and sulfur fertilization when grown on coarse sand soil with low organic matter.

La apoteosis en las Metamorfosis de Ovidio : Función estructural y valor semántico

El objeto de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el motivo de la apoteosis con el fin de descubrir de qué manera se integra positivamente en la representación de las Metamorfosis. Se intenta trascender interpretaciones denigratorias o irónicas del motivo. El estudio consta de dos partes. En el primer capítulo de la primera parte, "La apoteosis en la estructura de las Metamorfosis", se demuestra con un análisis intratextual la importancia que tiene el relato de la creación del hombre como sanctius animal, considerada paradigmática, en el estudio del motivo de la apoteosis. El segundo capítulo insiste en la dimensión intertextual, recordando la influencia estructural de dos modelos poéticos de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, Hesíodo y la Égloga 6 de Virgilio, para una representación que comienza en la creación del hombre y termina en la apoteosis del poeta. La introducción a la segunda parte, "Valor semántico de la apoteosis", pone el acento en tres aspectos esenciales para el estudio de la apoteosis. En primer lugar, la idea de "lectura", i.e., la trascendencia latente del motivo de la apoteosis y de la idea de estirpe a lo largo de la obra. Se propone, en segundo lugar, el concepto de "mitologización" como una forma de examinar la apropiación que hace el poeta del mito historizado y del mito con alusión augustea. Esa apropiación tendrá como fin destacar el aspecto literatio de las historias y ejercerá un papel fundamental en la construcción de una gfigura de poeta que, mediante la apoteosis por su obra, se eleva por sobre las figuras de filósofo y de político. Su tratamiento en este trabajo, pues, se debe al hecho de que está ligado, en último término, con el motivo de la apoteosis. Dado que el estudio tiene como punto de partida la relación entre el sanctius animal, paradigma de la creación del hombre, y la apoteosis, se ha elegido examinar detalladamente aquellas apoteosis en que aparece una alusión explícita a la parte mortal o a la parte inmortal, i.e., las de Ino y Melicertes, Hércules, Eneas, Glauco, Rómulo, Hersilia, César, Augusto y Ovidio. Se incluyen, de todas maneras, otras referencias y apoteosis relevantes. La alusión a la imagen de la pars, siguiendo una de las denominaciones con más trascendencia formal en la obra, remite a la creación del hombre divino semine y a partir de semina caeli, aspecto que se estudia en el primer capítulo de la primera parte y se retoma en el análisis de cada apoteosis. La conclusión del trabajo es que el motivo de la apoteosis sólo puede inteligirse a la luz del final, en el que se representa la apoteosis del poeta. Al margen de la mitologización que opera en las historias con valor histórico y augusteo, Ovidio se ha preocupado por mantener, aunque sólo sea en forma referencial, el sentido de las apoteosis con el fin de desplegar toda su significación en la apoteosis final. Inversamente, el valor completo del motivo en el cierre de la obra exige aceptar su significación a lo largo de la obra. En el final, el poeta, un poeta Romanus en la medida en que su obra será leída donde se extienda la Romana potentia, se revela como el auténtico sanctius animal referido en la creación.

La apoteosis en las Metamorfosis de Ovidio : Función estructural y valor semántico

El objeto de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el motivo de la apoteosis con el fin de descubrir de qué manera se integra positivamente en la representación de las Metamorfosis. Se intenta trascender interpretaciones denigratorias o irónicas del motivo. El estudio consta de dos partes. En el primer capítulo de la primera parte, "La apoteosis en la estructura de las Metamorfosis", se demuestra con un análisis intratextual la importancia que tiene el relato de la creación del hombre como sanctius animal, considerada paradigmática, en el estudio del motivo de la apoteosis. El segundo capítulo insiste en la dimensión intertextual, recordando la influencia estructural de dos modelos poéticos de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, Hesíodo y la Égloga 6 de Virgilio, para una representación que comienza en la creación del hombre y termina en la apoteosis del poeta. La introducción a la segunda parte, "Valor semántico de la apoteosis", pone el acento en tres aspectos esenciales para el estudio de la apoteosis. En primer lugar, la idea de "lectura", i.e., la trascendencia latente del motivo de la apoteosis y de la idea de estirpe a lo largo de la obra. Se propone, en segundo lugar, el concepto de "mitologización" como una forma de examinar la apropiación que hace el poeta del mito historizado y del mito con alusión augustea. Esa apropiación tendrá como fin destacar el aspecto literatio de las historias y ejercerá un papel fundamental en la construcción de una gfigura de poeta que, mediante la apoteosis por su obra, se eleva por sobre las figuras de filósofo y de político. Su tratamiento en este trabajo, pues, se debe al hecho de que está ligado, en último término, con el motivo de la apoteosis. Dado que el estudio tiene como punto de partida la relación entre el sanctius animal, paradigma de la creación del hombre, y la apoteosis, se ha elegido examinar detalladamente aquellas apoteosis en que aparece una alusión explícita a la parte mortal o a la parte inmortal, i.e., las de Ino y Melicertes, Hércules, Eneas, Glauco, Rómulo, Hersilia, César, Augusto y Ovidio. Se incluyen, de todas maneras, otras referencias y apoteosis relevantes. La alusión a la imagen de la pars, siguiendo una de las denominaciones con más trascendencia formal en la obra, remite a la creación del hombre divino semine y a partir de semina caeli, aspecto que se estudia en el primer capítulo de la primera parte y se retoma en el análisis de cada apoteosis. La conclusión del trabajo es que el motivo de la apoteosis sólo puede inteligirse a la luz del final, en el que se representa la apoteosis del poeta. Al margen de la mitologización que opera en las historias con valor histórico y augusteo, Ovidio se ha preocupado por mantener, aunque sólo sea en forma referencial, el sentido de las apoteosis con el fin de desplegar toda su significación en la apoteosis final. Inversamente, el valor completo del motivo en el cierre de la obra exige aceptar su significación a lo largo de la obra. En el final, el poeta, un poeta Romanus en la medida en que su obra será leída donde se extienda la Romana potentia, se revela como el auténtico sanctius animal referido en la creación.

La apoteosis en las Metamorfosis de Ovidio : Función estructural y valor semántico

El objeto de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el motivo de la apoteosis con el fin de descubrir de qué manera se integra positivamente en la representación de las Metamorfosis. Se intenta trascender interpretaciones denigratorias o irónicas del motivo. El estudio consta de dos partes. En el primer capítulo de la primera parte, "La apoteosis en la estructura de las Metamorfosis", se demuestra con un análisis intratextual la importancia que tiene el relato de la creación del hombre como sanctius animal, considerada paradigmática, en el estudio del motivo de la apoteosis. El segundo capítulo insiste en la dimensión intertextual, recordando la influencia estructural de dos modelos poéticos de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, Hesíodo y la Égloga 6 de Virgilio, para una representación que comienza en la creación del hombre y termina en la apoteosis del poeta. La introducción a la segunda parte, "Valor semántico de la apoteosis", pone el acento en tres aspectos esenciales para el estudio de la apoteosis. En primer lugar, la idea de "lectura", i.e., la trascendencia latente del motivo de la apoteosis y de la idea de estirpe a lo largo de la obra. Se propone, en segundo lugar, el concepto de "mitologización" como una forma de examinar la apropiación que hace el poeta del mito historizado y del mito con alusión augustea. Esa apropiación tendrá como fin destacar el aspecto literatio de las historias y ejercerá un papel fundamental en la construcción de una gfigura de poeta que, mediante la apoteosis por su obra, se eleva por sobre las figuras de filósofo y de político. Su tratamiento en este trabajo, pues, se debe al hecho de que está ligado, en último término, con el motivo de la apoteosis. Dado que el estudio tiene como punto de partida la relación entre el sanctius animal, paradigma de la creación del hombre, y la apoteosis, se ha elegido examinar detalladamente aquellas apoteosis en que aparece una alusión explícita a la parte mortal o a la parte inmortal, i.e., las de Ino y Melicertes, Hércules, Eneas, Glauco, Rómulo, Hersilia, César, Augusto y Ovidio. Se incluyen, de todas maneras, otras referencias y apoteosis relevantes. La alusión a la imagen de la pars, siguiendo una de las denominaciones con más trascendencia formal en la obra, remite a la creación del hombre divino semine y a partir de semina caeli, aspecto que se estudia en el primer capítulo de la primera parte y se retoma en el análisis de cada apoteosis. La conclusión del trabajo es que el motivo de la apoteosis sólo puede inteligirse a la luz del final, en el que se representa la apoteosis del poeta. Al margen de la mitologización que opera en las historias con valor histórico y augusteo, Ovidio se ha preocupado por mantener, aunque sólo sea en forma referencial, el sentido de las apoteosis con el fin de desplegar toda su significación en la apoteosis final. Inversamente, el valor completo del motivo en el cierre de la obra exige aceptar su significación a lo largo de la obra. En el final, el poeta, un poeta Romanus en la medida en que su obra será leída donde se extienda la Romana potentia, se revela como el auténtico sanctius animal referido en la creación.