Prospective measurements of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in a cohort of elderly subjects: Relationship to gender, subjective health, smoking habits, and 10-year mortality

The decrease with age of the adrenal-secreted dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in serum has suggested that it may be causally related to longevity. For the PAQUID [People (Personnes) Aged (Agées) About What (Quid, in Latin)] cohort of elderly subjects, we have previously reported higher DHEAS in men than in women, a decrease with age and, among men, a negative correlation between the DHEAS level and mortality at 2 and 4 years. Here, with an 8-year followup in 290 subjects, we show a global decrease of 2.3% per year for men and 3.9% per year for women. However, in approximately 30% of cases, there was an increase of DHEAS. We observed no relationship between the evolution of DHEAS level and functional, psychological, and mental status, possibly because of selection by death. In women, no association was found between mortality and DHEAS level. In men, the relative risk (RR) of death was higher for the lowest levels of DHEAS (RR = 1.9, P = 0.007), with RR = 6.5, P = 0.003 for those under 70 years old, a result indicating heterogeneity of the population. There was an effect of subjective health on mortality that disappeared after adjustment of DHEAS levels, suggesting its relation with these DHEAS levels. Death RR was much higher in smokers with a low DHEAS level than in nonsmokers with high DHEAS (RR = 6.7, P = 0.001). We submit that the involvement of DHEAS is possibly different according to gender, that association between low DHEAS level and mortality only for men under 70 years old possibly reflects heterogeneity of the population, and that DHEAS level is a reliable predictor of death in male smokers.

Avaliação do tratamento com um inibidor para serinoprotease em modelo experimental de enfisema induzido por exposição à fumaça de cigarro

Introdução: Demonstramos previamente que em modelo experimental de enfisema pulmonar induzido por instilação de elastase, o inibidor de serinoprotease rBmTI-A promoveu a melhora da destruição tecidual em camundongos. Considerando que o tabagismo é o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) e que o modelo de exposição à fumaça de cigarro é considerado o que melhor mimetiza esta doença em humanos, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a ação do inibidor para serinoproteases rBmTI-A sobre os processos fisiopatológicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar, em modelo de exposição ao tabaco. Métodos: Para a indução do enfisema pulmonar, os animais foram expostos à fumaça de cigarro (duas vezes ao dia/ 30 minutos/ 5 dias por semana/ durante 12 semanas), e os animais controle permaneceram expostos ao ar ambiente. Dois protocolos de tratamento com o inibidor rBmTI-A foram realizados. No primeiro, os animais receberam duas administrações do inibidor rBmTI-A ou de seu veículo (Solução Salina 0,9%) por via intranasal, sendo a primeira após 24h do término das exposições ao cigarro e outra, 7 dias após à primeira instilação do inibidor. No segundo protocolo, os animais receberam 3 administrações do inibidor rBmTI-A, durante o tempo de exposição (1ª dose: 24h antes do início da exposição à fumaça de cigarro; 2ª dose: um mês após o início da exposição; 3ª dose: dois meses após o início). Após o término dos protocolos de exposição e tratamento, os animais foram submetidos aos procedimentos para coleta dos dados de mecânica respiratória e avaliação do Intercepto Linear Médio (Lm). Para o segundo protocolo, realizamos também as medidas para quantificação de fibras de colágeno e elástica, da densidade de células positivas para MAC-2, MMP-12 e 9, TIMP-1, Gp91phox e TNFalfa; no parênquima através de imunohistoquímica, contagem de células polimorfonucleares além da expressão gênica de MMP-12 e 9 no pulmão através de RT-qPCR. Resultados e Discussão: O tratamento com o inibidor para serinoprotease rBmTI-A atenuou o desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar apenas no segundo protocolo, quando foi administrado durante a exposição à fumaça de cigarro. Embora os grupos Fumo-rBmTIA e Fumo-VE apresentem aumento de Lm comparados aos grupos controles, houve uma redução deste índice no grupo Fumo-rBmTIA comparado ao grupo Fumo-VE. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para as análises de proporção em volume de fibras de elástica e colágeno no parênquima. Além disto, observamos aumento de macrófagos, MMP-12, MMP-9 e TNFalfa; nos grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, mas o tratamento com o inibidor rBmTI-A diminuiu apenas a quantidade de células positivas para MMP-12. Na avaliação da expressão gênica para MMP-12 e 9, não observamos diferença entre os grupos experimentais e o mesmo comportamento foi observado para a quantidade de células polimorfonucleares no parênquima. Além disso, observamos aumento de GP91phox e TIMP-1 nos grupos tratados com rBmTIA. Conclusões: Tais resultados sugerem que o inibidor rBmTI-A não foi efetivo como tratamento da lesão após a doença instalada. Entretanto, atenuou o desenvolvimento da doença quando administrado durante a indução do enfisema, possivelmente através do aumento de GP91phox e TIMP-1, acompanhados pela diminuição de MMP-12.

Thermogravimetric analysis of the pyrolysis of several materials used in the preparation of commercial cigarettes

Comunicación presentada en forma de póster en el "12th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering", Barcelona (Spain), November 15-18, 2011

Catalytic effect of MCM-41 in the pyrolysis of tobacco and several substances used as additives in the preparation of commercial cigarettes

Comunicación presentada en forma de póster en el "12th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering", Barcelona (Spain), November 15-18, 2011.

The effect of smoking on visceral fat accumulation in Czech men and women

Many studies indicate that smoking is one of risk factors influencing the accumulation of visceral fat (VFA). The mechanism by which smoking contributes to the accumulation of visceral fat is not yet fully understood, but it is assumed that smoking increases the level of plasma cortisol, causes imbalance between male and female sex hormones in women, and decreases testosterone levels in men (Chiolero et al., 2008). The objection of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on the accumulation of VFA in the population of the Czech Republic. The research included 1,412 individuals of both genders divided into categories of smokers vs nonsmokers and physically active vs. physically inactive. VFA was measured by the device InBody 720 and information about physical activity and smoking was collected via a questionnaire. We supposed that smokers would have a higher percentage of VFA than non-smokers. The results showed that smokers had a higher amount of VFA, but the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, statistically significant differences were found in the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and total % body fat. Physically active individuals had a much more favourable results than physically inactive individuals. Remarkably, the amount of VFA, WHR and % body fat tended to be smaller in smoking men than in non-smoking men, but higher in smoking women than in non-smoking women.

Reduction of tobacco smoke components yield in commercial cigarette brands by addition of HUSY, NaY and Al-MCM-41 to the cigarette rod

The effect of two zeolites, HUSY, NaY and a mesoporous synthesized Al-MCM-41 material on the smoke composition of ten commercial cigarettes brands has been studied. Cigarettes were prepared by mixing the tobacco with the three powdered materials, and the smoke obtained under the ISO conditions was analyzed. Up to 32 compounds were identified and quantified in the gas fraction and 80 in the total particulate matter (TPM) condensed in the cigarettes filters and in the traps located after the mouth end of the cigarettes. Al-MCM-41 is by far the best additive, providing the highest reductions of the yield for most compounds and brands analyzed. A positive correlation was observed among the TPM and nicotine yields with the reduction obtained in nicotine, CO, and most compounds with the three additives. The amount of ashes in additive free basis increases due to the coke deposited on the solids, especially with Al-MCM-41. Nicotine is reduced with Al-MCM-41 by an average of 34.4% for the brands studied (49.5% for the brand where the major reduction was obtained and 18.5 for the brand behaving the worst). CO is reduced by an average of 18.6% (ranging from 10.3 to 35.2% in the different brands).

Comparison between the mainstream smoke of eleven RYO tobacco brands and the reference tobacco 3R4F

In this study 11 commercial roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco brands sold in Spain and the reference tobacco 3R4F have been smoked and several components of the mainstream tobacco smoke have been analyzed. Cigarettes were prepared using commercial tubes, and were smoked under smoking conditions based on the ISO 3308. The gaseous and condensed fractions of the smoke from RYO brands and 3R4F have been analyzed and compared. RYO tobaccos, as opposed to 3R4F, present lower amounts of condensed products in the traps than in the filters. In general, RYO tobaccos also provide lower yields of most of the compounds detected in the gas fraction. The yield of CO is between 15.4 and 20.4 mg/cigarette. In most of the cases studied, RYO tobaccos deliver higher amounts of nicotine than the 3R4F tobacco. On average, the yield of the different chemical families of compounds appearing in the particulate matter retained in the cigarette filters tends to be around three times higher than those obtained from 3R4F, whereas similar values have been obtained in the particulate matter retained in the traps located after the filters. It can be concluded that RYO tobaccos are not less hazardous than the reference tobacco, which may be contrary to popular belief.