Comparación de tecnologías de almacenamiento energético provenientes de energías renovables

Después de analizar la situación energética actual y las distintas formas de almacenar la energía, sobre todo la proveniente de energías renovables, añadido a las preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático global, la degradación medioambiental resultante del uso de los combustibles fósiles como fuente primaria de energía, junto con las inquietudes sobre la seguridad en el suministro energético, han llevado a muchos analistas a proponer al hidrógeno como portador universal de energía para el futuro. El uso del hidrógeno como vector energético permite el desarrollo de un amplio número de tecnologías. En concreto, las pilas de combustible alimentadas con hidrógeno pueden alcanzar eficiencias elevadas y presentan una gran variedad de posibles aplicaciones, tanto móviles como estacionarias. En el caso de que las líneas de desarrollo actuales lleguen a buen término, el hidrógeno y las pilas de combustible podrán contribuir de forma sustancial a alcanzar los objetivos clave de las políticas energéticas (seguridad de suministro, reducción de emisiones de CO2), especialmente en el sector transporte. Los resultados alcanzados en los últimos años en los programas de investigación, desarrollo y demostración han incrementado claramente el interés internacional sobre estas tecnologías, de las que se piensa que tienen el potencial de crear un cambio de paradigma energético, tanto en las aplicaciones de transporte como en las de generación distribuida de potencia. A largo plazo, la incorporación del hidrógeno como nuevo vector energético, ofrece un escenario en el que se podrá producir hidrógeno a partir de agua, con electricidad y calor de origen renovable, y será posible su utilización para atender a todo tipo de demandas, tanto las convencionales de la industria, en las que el hidrógeno juega un papel de reactivo en procesos diversos, como las energéticas en las que jugaría su nuevo papel de portador de energía. Las únicas emisiones que llevaría asociada la utilización del hidrógeno renovable serían óxidos de nitrógeno que se producirían en procesos de combustión. Sin embargo, su uso en pilas de combustible llevaría a emisiones nulas. Si la fuente del hidrógeno es el gas natural o el carbón, entonces será esencial la captura y almacenamiento del CO2 para lograr ahorros en emisiones, pero, en cualquier caso, los vehículos propulsados por pilas de combustible alimentadas con hidrógeno siempre reducirán las emisiones locales, dado que en el uso final el único efluente es vapor de agua. La visión de este sistema económico-energético del H2, se basa en la expectativa de que el hidrógeno pueda producirse a partir de recursos domésticos, de forma económica y medioambientalmente aceptable y en que las tecnologías de uso final del hidrógeno (pilas de combustible) ganen una cuota de mercado significativa. Los que en el mundo abogan por el hidrógeno indican que, si se alcanzan estas expectativas, una «economía del hidrógeno» beneficiará al mundo proporcionando una mayor seguridad energética porque se diversificarán las fuentes de energía, y una mayor calidad medioambiental porque se reducirán significativamente las emisiones locales y globales

Ordenanzas de la Noble Villa de Bilbao : las Ordenanzas que tiene, usa y guarda la Muy Noble y Muy Leal Villa de Bilbao, confirmadas por sus Magestades.

Sign.: [ ]1, A-Z2, 2A-2K2, A-H2, [ ]6

Acuerdos de Juntas Generales de Merindades de este M.N. y M.L. Señorío de Vizcaya, celebrados en Santa María de Begoña y en la Casa Consistorial de esta Noble Villa de Bilbao los días 11 al 13 de Diciembre de 1775 y 19 de Julio de 1774 .

Ejemp. falto de port., p. 1-10 y por el final

Dual role of HupF in the biosynthesis of [NiFe] hydrogenase in Rhizobium leguminosarum

Background: [NiFe] hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of hydrogen into protons and electrons, to use H2 as energy source, or the production of hydrogen through proton reduction, as an escape valve for the excess of reduction equivalents in anaerobic metabolism. Biosynthesis of [NiFe] hydrogenases is a complex process that occurs in the cytoplasm, where a number of auxiliary proteins are required to synthesize and insert the metal cofactors into the enzyme structural units. The endosymbiotic bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum requires the products of eighteen genes (hupSLCDEFGHIJKhypABFCDEX) to synthesize an active hydrogenase. hupF and hupK genes are found only in hydrogenase clusters from bacteria expressing hydrogenase in the presence of oxygen. Results: HupF is a HypC paralogue with a similar predicted structure, except for the C-terminal domain present only in HupF. Deletion of hupF results in the inability to process the hydrogenase large subunit HupL, and also in reduced stability of this subunit when cells are exposed to high oxygen tensions. A ?hupF mutant was fully complemented for hydrogenase activity by a C-terminal deletion derivative under symbiotic, ultra low-oxygen tensions, but only partial complementation was observed in free living cells under higher oxygen tensions (1% or 3%). Co-purification experiments using StrepTag-labelled HupF derivatives and mass spectrometry analysis indicate the existence of a major complex involving HupL and HupF, and a less abundant HupF-HupK complex. Conclusions: The results indicate that HupF has a dual role during hydrogenase biosynthesis: it is required for hydrogenase large subunit processing and it also acts as a chaperone to stabilize HupL when hydrogenase is synthesized in the presence of oxygen.

In situ control of Si(100) and Ge(100) surface preparation for the heteroepitaxy of III-V solar cell architectures

Si(100) and Ge(100) substrates essential for subsequent III-V integration were studied in the hydrogen ambient of a metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy reactor. Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) enabled us to distinguish characteristic configurations of vicinal Si(100) in situ: covered with oxide, cleaned by thermal removing in H2, and terminated with monohydrides when cooling in H2 ambient. RAS measurements during cooling in H2 ambient after the oxide removal process revealed a transition from the clean to the monohydride terminated Si(100) surface dependent on process temperature. For vicinal Ge(100) we observed a characteristic RA spectrum after annealing and cooling in H2 ambient. According to results from X-ray photo electron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy the spectrum corresponds to the monohydride terminated Ge(100) surface.

Energía renovable a partir de los lodos de depuradoras urbanas

El lodo de depuradora es el residuo líquido o semilíquido procedente de las Estaciones Depuradoras de Aguas Residuales (EDARs) del que puede obtenerse una energía renovable empleando la tecnología de la gasificación. Esta tecnología consiste en la oxidación parcial del sustrato carbonoso del lodo a altas temperaturas bajo condiciones subestequiométricas de aire, oxígeno u otros agentes gasificantes. Los productos obtenidos mediante gasificación son: un gas de síntesis (SYNGAS, con composición variable de H2, CO) un residuo carbonizado (char) y una fracción líquida de compuestos orgánicos de distinto peso molecular denominados alquitranes. El gas de síntesis tiene aplicaciones como son la generación de energía eléctrica/térmica o la síntesis de compuestos químicos. Sin embargo, la presencia de alquitranes imposibilita su uso en buena parte de las aplicaciones. El trabajo realizado que aquí se presenta estudia la posibilidad de tratar los lodos de depuradora mediante gasificación. Para ello, se han realizado las siguientes tareas: - Caracterización del lodo incluyendo la determinación de su humedad, materia orgánica, análisis elemental (C, N, H, S) y contenido de metales pesados (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg y Cr). - Estudios de termogravimetría (TGA) del lodo para conocer su comportamiento térmico y la temperatura a la que se producen las principales reacciones en la gasificación. - Gasificación en un equipo de lecho fluido burbujeante y alimentación en continuo a escala de laboratorio. Con dicho gasificador se ha experimentado a distintas temperaturas y cargas para conocer las condiciones de proceso más favorables para aumentar la producción y el poder calorífico del SYNGAS obteniendo, a la vez, una baja producción en alquitranes. Para ello se ha analizado la composición de los gases obtenidos, la producción de alquitranes, la conversión del carbón y la eficiencia en la gasificación. Los alquitranes fueron analizados mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas, para conocer y cuantificar sus diferentes componentes. - Determinación de la capacidad adsorbente de carbones activos producidos mediante gasificación, utilizando azul de metileno como adsorbato. Las conclusiones obtenidas permiten considerar la viabilidad técnica de la gasificación de lodos como fuente de energía renovable.

Sewage sludge gasification. Dolomite performance under different operating conditions

Gasification is a technology that can replace traditional management alternatives used up to date to deal with this waste (landfilling, composting and incineration) and which fulfils the social, environmental and legislative requirements. The main products of sewage sludge gasification are permanent gases (useful to generate energy or to be used as raw material in chemical synthesis processes), liquids (tars) and char. One of the main problems to be solved in gasification is tar production. Tars are organic impurities which can condense at relatively high temperatures making impossible to use the produced gases for most applications. This work deals with the effect of some primary tar removal processes (performed inside the gasifier) on sewage sludge gasification products. For this purpose, analysis of the gas composition, tar production, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion were carried out. The tests were performed with air in a laboratory scale plant consisting mainly of a bubbling bed gasifier. No catalyzed and catalyzed (10% wt of dolomite in the bed and in the feeding) tests were carried out at different temperatures (750ºC, 800ºC and 850ºC) in order to know the effect of these parameters in the gasification products. As far as tars were concerned, qualitative and quantitative tar composition was determined. In all tests the Equivalence Ratio (ER) was kept at 0.3. Temperature is one of the most influential variables in sewage sludge gasification. Higher temperatures favoured hydrogen and CO production while CO2 content decreased, which might be partially explained by the effect of the cracking, Boudouard and CO2 reforming reactions. At 850ºC, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion reached 49% and 76%, respectively. The presence of dolomite as catalyst increased the production of H2 reaching contents of 15.5% by volume at 850 °C. Similar behaviour was found for CO whereas CO2 and CnHm (light hydrocarbons) production decreased. In the presence of dolomite, a tar reduction of up to 51% was reached in comparison with no catalyzed tests, as well as improvements on cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. Several assays were developed in order to test catalyst performance under more rough gasification conditions. For this purpose, the throughput value (TR), defined as kg sludge “as received” fed to the gasifier per hour and per m2 of cross sectional area of the gasifier, was modified. Specifically, the TR values used were 110 (reference value), 215 and 322 kg/h·m2. When TR increased, the H2, CO and CH4 production decreased while the CO2 and the CnHm production increased. Tar production increased drastically with TR during no catalysed tests what is related to the lower residence time of the gas inside the reactor. Nevertheless, even at TR=322 kg/h·m2, tar production decreased by nearly 50% with in-bed use of dolomite in comparison with no catalyzed assays under the same operating conditions. Regarding relative tar composition, there was an increase in benzene and naphthalene content when temperature increased while the content of the rest of compounds decreased. The dolomite seemed to be effective all over the range of molecular weight studied showing tar removal efficiencies between 35-55% in most cases. High values of the TR caused a significant increase in tar production but a slight effect on tar composition.

Hexagons and spiral defect chaos in non-Boussinesq convection at low Prandtl numbers

We study the stability and dynamics of non-Boussinesq convection in pure gases ?CO2 and SF6? with Prandtl numbers near Pr? 1 and in a H2-Xe mixture with Pr= 0.17. Focusing on the strongly nonlinear regime we employ Galerkin stability analyses and direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations. For Pr ? 1 and intermediate non-Boussinesq effects we find reentrance of stable hexagons as the Rayleigh number is increased. For stronger non-Boussinesq effects the usual, transverse side-band instability is superseded by a longitudinal side-band instability. Moreover, the hexagons do not exhibit any amplitude instability to rolls. Seemingly, this result contradicts the experimentally observed transition from hexagons to rolls. We resolve this discrepancy by including the effect of the lateral walls. Non-Boussinesq effects modify the spiral defect chaos observed for larger Rayleigh numbers. For convection in SF6 we find that non-Boussinesq effects strongly increase the number of small, compact convection cells and with it enhance the cellular character of the patterns. In H2-Xe, closer to threshold, we find instead an enhanced tendency toward roll-like structures. In both cases the number of spirals and of targetlike components is reduced. We quantify these effects using recently developed diagnostics of the geometric properties of the patterns.

Magnetic self-field effects on current collection by an ionospheric bare tether

It was recently suggested that the magnetic field created by the current of a bare tether strongly reduces its own electron-collection capability when a magnetic separatrix disconnecting ambient magnetized plasma from tether extends beyond its electric sheath. It is here shown that current reduction by the self-field depends on the ratio meterizing bias and current profiles along the tether (Lt tether length, characteristic length gauging ohmic effects) and on a new dimensionless number Ks involving ambient and tether parameters. Current reduction is weaker the lower Ks and L*/ Lt, which depend critically on the type of cross section: Ks varies as R5/3, h2/3R, and h2/3 1/4 width for wires, round tethers conductive only in a thin layer, and thin tapes, respectively; L* varies as R2/3 for wires and as h2/3 for tapes and round tethers conductive in a layer (R radius, h thickness). Self-field effects are fully negligible for the last two types of cross sections whatever the mode of operation. In practical efficient tether systems having L*/Lt low, maximum current reduction in case of wires is again negligible for power generation; for deorbiting, reduction is <1% for a 10 km tether and 15% for a 20 km tether. In the reboost mode there are no effects for Ks below some threshold; moderate effects may occur in practical but heavy reboost-wire systems that need no dedicated solar power.

Respuesta a vna consulta, sobre si son licitas las comedias que se vsan en España dala con vn sermon que predico de la materia ... D. Luis Crespi de Borja ... de la Congregacion del Oratorio de San Felipe Neri ...

Sign.: A-G4, H2

Noticias del hallazgo del cuerpo de S. Pedro Pascual ... con el sermon que en el dia 27. de octubre 1743. predicò ... Josef Climent ...

Sign. : *4, 2*1, A-G4, H2

Solemnes exequias celebradas en la Santa Iglesia de Salamanca en la translacion del cadaver... de... Don Felipe Bertren

Marca tip. en port

In situ control of the GE(100)surface domain structure for III-V multijunction solar cells

Vicinal Ge(100) is the common substrate for state of the art multi-junction solar cells grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). While triple junction solar cells based on Ge(100) present efficiencies mayor que 40%, little is known about the microscopic III-V/Ge(100) nucleation and its interface formation. A suitable Ge(100) surface preparation prior to heteroepitaxy is crucial to achieve low defect densities in the III-V epilayers. Formation of single domain surfaces with double layer steps is required to avoid anti-phase domains in the III-V films. The step formation processes in MOVPE environment strongly depends on the major process parameters such as substrate temperature, H2 partial pressure, group V precursors [1], and reactor conditions. Detailed investigation of these processes on the Ge(100) surface by ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) based standard surface science tools are complicated due to the presence of H2 process gas. However, in situ surface characterization by reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) allowed us to study the MOVPE preparation of Ge(100) surfaces directly in dependence on the relevant process parameters [2, 3, 4]. A contamination free MOVPE to UHV transfer system [5] enabled correlation of the RA spectra to results from UHV-based surface science tools. In this paper, we established the characteristic RA spectra of vicinal Ge(100) surfaces terminated with monohydrides, arsenic and phosphorous. RAS enabled in situ control of oxide removal, H2 interaction and domain formation during MOVPE preparation.

Functional roles of HypC and HupK in the biosynthesis of [NiFe] hydrogenase in Rhizobium leguminosarum.

Some rhizobia induce a hydrogen (H2)-uptake system with a [NiFe] hydrogenase along with nitrogenase to recover part of the energy lost as H2. Biosynthesis of NiFe hydrogenases is a process that ocurrs in the cytoplasm, where a number of auxiliary proteins (products of hup and hyp genes) are required to synthesize and insert the metal cofactors into the enzyme structural units. Although HypC is expressed in all hydrogenase systems, HupF and HupK are found only in bacteria that express the hydrogenase in the presence of oxygen (O2). Co-purification experiments have demonstrated HypC-HupK and HypC-HupL interactions. Results have shown that some conserved residues from HypC and HupK play a protective role of hydrogenase against the presence of O2.

Ordenanzas del gremio de los fabricantes de jabon y almidon de... Valencia... aprobadas y mandadas observar por Real Provision de su Magestad de 4 de Deciembre de 1739 publicadas en... 1740

Sign. : []2, B-H2, I3