Aspectos oceanográficos durante el crucero de evaluación del recurso merluza BIC José Olaya Blandra 9806-07

Las condiciones ambientales del mar peruano del 27 de junio al 13 de julio 1998, durante el Crucero 9806-07 fueron cálidas de Puerto Pizarro a Talara con anomalías mayores a +5 °C, mientras que al sur de Talara fueron ligeramente cálidas, con anomalías de +0,7 a +2,8 °C. Las masas de agua presentes fueron: Aguas Tropicales Superficiales, localizadas de Puerto Pizarro a Máncora. Las Aguas Ecuatoriales Superficiales ubicadas al norte de Talara y Aguas Subtropicales al sur de los 5 °S. En el fondo la distribuci��n de la temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno al sur de Punta Falsa fue homogénea, presentado al norte de esta localidad mayores contrastes debido a la estrechez de la plataforma y al avance de las aguas cálidas al norte. La isoterma de 15 °C se ubicó a 150 m de profundidad al norte de Chicama con excepci��n de Punta Falsa, donde se profundizó hasta los 200 m. Al sur de Chicama la profundidad promedio fue de 125 m, excepto frente a Casma donde se localizó sobre los 100 m, representando un ascenso de aproximadamente 100 m respecto al Cr. 9705-06.

Notas sobre el estado actual del stock de anchoveta a base del informe del panel de expertos realizado en julio de 1972 y de los últimos estudios y prospecciones bio-oceanológicas efectuados por el Instituto del Mar

Revisa los acontecimientos recientes de la pesquería de anchoveta a la luz de las investigaciones contínuas realizadas y de las conclusiones del terce informe del Panel de Expertos en dinámica de poblaciones.

Climatología de la salinidad superficial del mar frente a la costa peruana 1960-2008

Análisis de la información recopilada por el Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), durante el período 1960 - 2008, en el área del Pacífico sudeste comprendida entre los 3 y 18°S y desde la costa hasta los 86°W, con datos filtrados y procesados. Se obtuvo promedios por cuadrados Marsden de un grado; se elaboraron tablas y mapas patrón mensuales, estacionales y anuales, una serie de tiempo de medias mensuales para la banda costera dentro de las 60 mn, referida a tres periodos: a) 1960-1975, b) 1976-1992 y c) 1993-2008, además de una serie de promedios mensuales por cuadrados Marsden de un grado de la salinidad superficial del mar (SSM), para las zonas norte (Tumbes y Paita), central (Chimbote, Callao y Pisco), y sur (San Juan e Ilo). La SSM frente al Perú presentó promedios mensuales entre 29,47 y 35,94 ups, que varían de acuerdo a la estación del a��o, situación geográfica, topografía, factores meteorológicos, descargas de los ríos, etc. Los promedios mensuales patrón (multianuales) tuvieron rango de 32,92 a 35,62 ups; en verano (enero, febrero y marzo) 33,30 a 35,62 ups y en invierno (julio, agosto y setiembre) 33,96 a 35,44 ups; se registraron valores de transici��n en otoño (abril, mayo, junio) y primavera (octubre, noviembre y diciembre). La salinidad <34,00 ups corresponde a masas de agua de la región tropical, principalmente del golfo de Panamá (alta precipitación), en la zona costera al norte de 4°30'S. Aguas con salinidades de 34,00 - 34,80 ups se extienden por el lado costero hasta 6°S en verano, y se repliegan en invierno. Alta salinidad superficial corresponde a las aguas de la región subtropical (alta evaporación), que se presentan principalmente al sur de los 6°S con valores de 35,1 hasta 35,60 ups. Estas aguas tienen mayor aproximación a la costa durante el verano austral. En toda el área de estudio, el rango de la fluctuación anual de los promedios patrón de la SSM fue de 32,92 a 35,62 ups (± 2,70 ups en el a��o); con variación mensual de -0,1 a 0,1 ups al sur de 6°S; y de -0,3 a 0,3 ups al norte de 6°S, la mayor variación se da en la zona norte (Tumbes y Paita). La serie de tiempo mensual (1960 - 2008) en la franja costera (0 - 60 mn), entre los 3°S y 18°S, mostró importantes fluctuaciones decadales, destacando salinidad relativamente baja en los a��os 60 y después de El Niño (EN) 1997 - 98 hasta la actualidad.

Resposta do feijoeiro à aplica��ão de calcário em solos de várzea do sul de Minas Gerais

O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegeta��ão do Departamento de Ci��ncia do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras (MG), no período de agosto de 1995 a junho de 1996. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplica��ão de calcário em algumas propriedades químicas e na nutrição e produção do feijoeiro cultivado em amostras de quatro solos de várzea e comparar as doses estabelecidas como adequadas com as indicadas pelos métodos da satura��ão por bases e do Al e Ca + Mg. Utilizou-se um fatorial 6 x 4 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, constando de seis níveis de satura��ão por bases (V%): satura��ão natural, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% e quatro solos: Aluvial, Glei Pouco Húmico, Glei Húmico e Orgânico. Após dois cultivos sucessivos, os resultados mostraram que, nos solos de várzea estudados em casa de vegeta��ão, os níveis de satura��ão por bases e de pH em água para atingir 90% da produção máxima do feijoeiro variaram de 44 a 52% e de 5,1 a 5,3, respectivamente, valores abaixo dos indicados para a cultura em solos das partes mais elevadas. As doses de calcário necessárias para elevar o V e o pH aos valores estabelecidos aproximaram-se das indicadas pelo método da satura��ão por bases para V2 igual a 70%; o método do Al e Ca + Mg subestimou essas doses. A calagem foi importante para fornecer Ca e Mg e para neutralizar a toxidez de Al e Mn.

Operaciones de pesca con chinchorro manual en Huacho, 2003

En las playas de Atahuanca, Lobiños y Playa Chica de Huacho, del 24 de febrero al 2 de marzo 2003, se desarrolló la pesca con chinchorro manual, la captura total fue 312,77 kg, correspondiendo a lisa el mayor porcentaje (39,55%). La CPUE varió entre 500 kg.h-1 y 8,77 kg.h-1. El rango de tallas varió para lisa entre 22 y 39 cm, mismis entre 11 y 31 cm; la correlación entre longitud y peso fue altamente significativa para lisa con r=0,961 y mismis r=0,997. Las correlaciones de los parámetros de longitud y el perímetro a la marca de la red registraron valores significativos con un r = 0,961 para la lisa y r = 0,973 para el mismis. Las hembras de lisa estuvieron en estadio III (26,32%) y II (21,05%) y los machos en estadio II y IV (15,79%). Las hembras de mismis estuvieron en estadio III (7,41%) y los machos en estadios IV (44,44%) y V (18,52%). Las operaciones de pesca experimental se efectuaron a 6 m de profundidad. La presencia de los recursos costeros est uvo asociada a un rango de 17,1 a 17,4 °C.

Raymond C. Read (2007) Arthur Keith, the anatomist who evisioned herniosis

We would like to add a comment on another important contribution of Arthur Keithto the Weld of herniology, that is, the original and accuratedescription of the inguinal “shutter” mechanism, a remarkableanatomic action against development of an inguinal hernia. [...] Today, virtual reality surgicalsimulation models allowing three-dimensional (3D) visualizationof the human inguinal anatomy can be used as a complementary tool to assess dynamics of the inguinal area. In fact, using simulations with the Wnite elementmethod we have recently confirmed the physiological “shutter” mechanism already described almost 100 years ago. These virtual reality Wndings are our presenttribute to the outstanding anatomic descriptions of ArthurKeith.

Fitoplancton del mar peruano en la primavera austral 2002

El Crucero de Evaluación de Recursos Pelágicos 0209-11 de los BIC��s Humboldt, Olaya y SNP-2 abarcó de Paita a IIo; se colect�� 158 muestras de fitoplancton, 126 para análisis semi cuantitativo y 32 para análisis cuantitativos. El promedio de biomasa planct��nica fue 1,01 mL.m-3, con núcleos de alta concentración al norte (5–6 y 7-8°S) dentro de las 30 mn. El fitoplancton fue predominante en el 37% del área evaluada con dominancia de Coscinodiscus perforatus, C. excentricus, Actinocyclus sp., Thalassiosira rotula, Pseudonitzschia pungens, Detonula confervacea, Pleurosigma sp. y Ditylum brightwellii, asociadas a especies de fase temprana en sucesión (Chaetoceros spp.). Las mayores concentraciones celulares (500x103 cel.L-1) se localizaron en los perfiles de Atico con abundancia de fitoflagelados y en Paita de diatomeas. Ceratium breve, indicador de AES se localizó al norte de los 8°S y por fuera de las 100 mn; y un pequeño núcleo frente a Huacho y Chancay por el desplazamiento de esa masa de agua. Ceratium praelongum, indicador de ASS presentó un ligero acercamiento en Callao a 30 mn y en San Juan a 60 mn. Protoperidinium obtusum, indicador de ACF amplió su distribuci��n debido a la intensificación de los afloramientos.

Comparison of C-reactive protein and white blood cell count with differential in neonates at risk for septicaemia.

We prospectively compared the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell counts for detection of neonatal septicaemia. Sensitivity and specifity in receiver operating characteristics, and positive and negative predictive value of CRP and white blood cell count were compared in 195 critically ill preterm and term newborns clinically suspected of infection. Blood cultures were positive in 33 cases. During the first 3 days after birth CRP elevation (sensitivity 75%, specifity 86%), leukopenia (67%/90%), neutropenia (78%/80%) and immature to total neutrophil count (I/T) ratio (78%/73%) were good diagnostic parameters, as opposed to band forms with absolute count (84%/66%) or percentage (79%/71%), thrombocytopenia (65%/57%) and toxic granulations (44%/94%). Beyond 3 days of age elevated CRP (88%/87%) was the best parameter. Increased total (84%/66%) or percentage band count (79%/71%) were also useful. Leukocytosis (74%/56%), increased neutrophils (67%/65%), I/T ratio (79%/47%), thrombocytopenia (65%/57%) and toxic granulations had a low specifity. The positive predictive value of CRP was 32% before and 37% after 3 days of age, that of leukopenia was 37% in the first 3 days. CONCLUSION: During the first 3 days of life CRP, leukopenia and neutropenia were comparably good tests while after 3 days of life CRP was the best single test in early detection of neonatal septicaemia. Serial CRP estimations confirm the diagnosis, monitor the course of infection and the efficacy of antibiotic treatment.

Matéria seca, rela��ão C/N e acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em misturas de plantas de cobertura de solo

O interesse em consorciar plantas de cobertura no inverno tem aumentado nos últimos anos na região Sul do Brasil. Por ser uma prática agrícola recente, é importante avaliar a produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes de espécies consorciadas ou cultivadas isoladamente. Realizou-se um experimento no período de 1998 a 2000, na UFSM (RS), num Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico, consorciando-se aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schieb) + ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa L.) e aveia preta + nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg.) em diferentes quantidades de sementes. Os nove tratamentos foram: (1) 100 % aveia preta (AP); (2) 100 % ervilhaca comum (EC); (3) 100 % nabo forrageiro (NF); (4) 15 % AP + 85 % EC; (5) 30 % AP + 70 % EC; (6) 45 % AP + 55 % EC; (7) 15 % AP + 85 % NF; (8) 30 % AP + 70 % NF, e (9) pousio invernal (vegeta��ão espontânea). Avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca (MS), bem como as concentra��ões de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e carbono do tecido vegetal. O cultivo consorciado de plantas de cobertura proporcionou produção de matéria seca estatisticamente semelhante àquela da aveia e do nabo em culturas isoladas e superior à da ervilhaca. O acúmulo de N na fitomassa dos tratamentos envolvendo consórcio de aveia + ervilhaca não diferiu daquele da ervilhaca isolada e, na média dos três anos, foi superior ao da aveia isolada em 32 kg ha-1 de N. Consorciando aveia + ervilhaca, houve um aumento médio de 67 % na rela��ão C/N da fitomassa, em rela��ão à ervilhaca. As plantas de cobertura proporcionaram maior produção de MS e foram mais eficientes no acúmulo de N, P e K do que a vegeta��ão espontânea do pousio invernal. Os resultados indicaram que o consórcio de aveia + ervilhaca e de aveia + nabo no outono/inverno proporcionou maior produção de biomassa do que o cultivo isolado de cada espécie, pois combinou a elevada capacidade de produção de fitomassa de aveia e nabo com a fixa��ão de N2 atmosférico da ervilhaca.

A phase 2 randomized trial of radiotherapy (RT) plus panitumumab compared to chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresected, locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN): interim pooled safety analysis

Background: Panitumumab (pmab), a fully human monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is indicated as monotherapy for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. This ongoing study is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of pmab in combination with radiotherapy (PRT) compared to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) as initial treatment of unresected, locally advanced SCCHN (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00547157). Methods: This is a phase 2, open-label, randomized, multicenter study. Eligible patients (pts) were randomized 2:3 to receive cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on days 1 and 22 of RT or pmab 9.0 mg/kg on days 1, 22, and 43. Accelerated RT (70 to 72 Gy − delivered over 6 to 6.5 weeks) was planned for all pts and was delivered either by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) modality or by three-dimensional conformal (3D-CRT) modality. The primary endpoint is local-regional control (LRC) rate at 2 years. Key secondary endpoints include PFS, OS, and safety. An external, independent data monitoring committee conducts planned safety and efficacy reviews during the course of the trial. Results: Pooled data from this planned interim safety analysis includes the first 52 of the 150 planned pts; 44 (84.6%) are male; median (range) age is 57 (33−77) years; ECOG PS 0: 65%, PS 1: 35%; 20 (39%) pts received IMRT, and 32 (61%) pts received 3D-CRT. Fifty (96%) pts completed RT, and 50 pts received RT per protocol without a major deviation. The median (range) total RT dose administered was 72 (64−74) Gy. The most common grade _ 3 adverse events graded using the CTCAE version 3.0 are shown (Table). Conclusions: After the interim safety analysis, CONCERT-2 continues per protocol. Study enrollment is estimated to be completed by October 2009.

Razão de perdas de terra e fator C da cultura do cafeeiro em cinco espa��amentos, em Pindorama (SP)

hídrica em culturas perenes, embora tais dados sejam imprescindíveis ao planejamento conservacionista e estudos de modelagem de erosão. Dados de um experimento de perdas de terra e água sob chuva natural em Pindorama (SP), de julho de 1960 a junho de 1972, foram usados para o cálculo da razão de perdas de terra (RPT) e do fator C da equa��ão universal de perdas de solo, em cinco espa��amentos na cultura do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.). Foram estabelecidas parcelas com espa��amentos de 3,0 x 0,5 m, 3,0 x 1,0 m, 3,0 x 2,0 m, 3,0 x 3,0 m e 4,0 x 2,0 m em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico textura arenosa/média com declividade média de 0,100 m m-1. O ciclo da cultura foi dividido em dois estádios: do plantio aos 60 meses e dos 60 aos 144 meses. Os resultados mostraram que: (a) as perdas anuais de terra e água para a cultura do cafeeiro foram de 4 Mg ha-1 e 18 mm respectivamente; (b) os valores de RPT para o cafeeiro foram de 0,1346, 0,0883, 0,1015, 0,1422 e 0,1001 Mg ha-1 Mg-1 ha, para os espa��amentos 3,0 x 0,5 m, 3,0 x 1,0 m, 3,0 x 2,0 m, 3,0 x 3,0 m e 4,0 x 2,0 m respectivamente; (c) a magnitude do fator C, para os referidos espa��amentos, foi, respectivamente, de 0,1354, 0,0866, 0,0995, 0,1412 e 0,1004 Mg ha-1 Mg-1 ha; (d) as RPTs e os fatores C variaram amplamente entre os espa��amentos, bem como e, mais expressivamente, entre os estádios da cultura, indicando forte efeito do espa��amento e da cobertura vegetal; (e) o espa��amento 3,0 x 1,0 mostrou-se mais eficiente na redução da erosão hídrica na cultura do cafeeiro.

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Breast: A Rare Cancer Network Study

Purpose/Objective(s): Mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare breast cancer variant. It accounts for less than 0.1% of all invasive breast malignancies. Typically, it presents as a small breast lump with a low propensity to metastasize to regional lymph nodes or distant sites. The aim of this retrospective multicenter Rare Cancer Network study is to assess prognostic factors and patterns of failure in ACC, as well as the role of radiation therapy (RT) in this rare disease. Materials/Methods: Between January 1980 and December 2007, 61 women with breast ACC were included in this study. Median age was 59 years (range, 28-94 years). The majority of the patients had good performance status (49 patients with WHO 0, 12 patients with WHO 1), and 70% of the patients (n = 42) were premenopausal. Surgery consisted of tumorectomy in 35 patients, mastectomy in 20, or quadrantectomy in 6. Median tumor size was 20 mm (range, 6-170 mm). Surgical margins were clear in 50 (82%) patients. Axillary dissection (n = 41) or sentinel node assessment (n = 10) was realized in the majority of the patients. There were 53 (87%) pN0 and 8 pNx (13%) patients. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was negative in 43 (71%) and 42 (69%) patients, respectively. In 16 patients (26%), the receptor status was unknown. Adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonotherapy was administered in 8 (13%) and 7 (12%) patients, respectively. Postoperative RT with a median total dose of 50 Gy (1.8-2.0 Gy/fraction; range, 44-70 Gy) was given in 40 patients. Results: With a median follow-up of 79 months (range, 6-285 months), 5-year overall and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 94% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 88-100%) and 82% (95% CI: 71-93%), respectively. Five-year locoregional control rate was 95% (95% CI: 89-100%). There were only 4 patients with local relapse who were all salvaged successfully, and 4 other patients developed distant metastases. According to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0, late toxicity consisted of grade 2-3 cutaneous fibrosis in 4 (10%) patients, grade 1-2 edema in 2 (5%), and grade 3 lung fibrosis in 2 (5%). In univariate analyses, the outcome was influenced neither by the type of surgery nor the use of postoperative RT. However, positive receptor status had a negative influence on the outcome. Multivariate analysis (Cox model) revealed that negative ER (p = 0.006) or PR (p = 0.04) status was associated with improved DFS. Conclusions: ACC of the breast is a relatively indolent disease with excellent local control and survival. The prognosis of patients with ACC is much better than that for patients with other breast cancers, especially those who are ER and PR negative. The role of postoperative RT is not clear. More aggressive treatments may be warranted for patients with positive receptor status.

IL28B polymorphisms, IP-10 and viral load predict virological response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 1162-1172 SUMMARY: Background  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and the identification of the predictors of response to antiviral therapy is an important clinical issue. Aim  To determine the independent contribution of factors including IL28B polymorphisms, IFN-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score in predicting response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods  Multivariate analysis of factors predicting rapid (RVR) and sustained (SVR) virological response in 280 consecutive, treatment-naive CHC patients treated with peginterferon alpha and ribavirin in a prospective multicentre study. Results  Independent predictors of RVR were HCV RNA <400 000 IU/mL (OR 11.37; 95% CI 3.03-42.6), rs12980275 AA (OR 7.09; 1.97-25.56) and IP-10 (OR 0.04; 0.003-0.56) in HCV genotype 1 patients and lower baseline γ-glutamyl-transferase levels (OR = 0.02; 0.0009-0.31) in HCV genotype 3 patients. Independent predictors of SVR were rs12980275 AA (OR 9.68; 3.44-27.18), age <40 years (OR = 4.79; 1.50-15.34) and HCV RNA <400 000 IU/mL (OR 2.74; 1.03-7.27) in HCV genotype 1 patients and rs12980275 AA (OR = 6.26; 1.98-19.74) and age <40 years (OR 5.37; 1.54-18.75) in the 88 HCV genotype 1 patients without a RVR. RVR was by itself predictive of SVR in HCV genotype 1 patients (OR 33.0; 4.06-268.32) and the only independent predictor of SVR in HCV genotype 2 (OR 9.0, 1.72-46.99) or genotype 3 patients (OR 7.8, 1.43-42.67). Conclusions  In HCV genotype 1 patients, IL28B polymorphisms, HCV RNA load and IP-10 independently predict RVR. The combination of IL28B polymorphisms, HCV RNA level and age may yield more accurate pre-treatment prediction of SVR. HOMA-IR score is not associated with viral response.

Glomerular filtration rate: measure creatinine and height rather than cystatin C!

AIM: Inulin clearance (Cin) is the gold standard for assessing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Other methods are based on the plasma creatinine concentration (Pcreat), creatinine clearance (Ccreat), the Haycock-Schwartz formula and the plasma concentration of cystatin C (PcysC), a 13 kDa basic protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells. The present prospective study was thus designed to evaluate the reliability of PcysC as a marker of GFR in comparison with that of Pcreat, Ccreat and the Haycock-Schwartz formula, using Cin as the gold standard. METHODS: Ninety-nine children (51 m/48 f), with a median age of 8.3 y (1.0-17.9) were studied. Using a cut-off for Cin of 100 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 54 children (54.5%) had impaired GFR. Those with normal GFR were comparable for age, height, weight and body mass index. RESULTS: Logistic regression, ROC analysis and linear regression all showed that Ccreat was the best parameter to discriminate between impaired and normal GFR, followed by the Haycock-Schwartz formula, PcysC, and finally Pcreat, each one being significantly more predictive than the next. CONCLUSION: GFR is better assessed by the Haycock-Schwartz formula than by PcysC or Pcreat alone. It is therefore concluded that when urine collection is not possible, simply measuring the child's Pcreat and height is the best, easiest and cheapest way to assess GFR.