The Pursuit of Alternatives

Stories of peoples’ struggles across the globe are testaments to their determination to resist exploitation and injustice, and to imagine and construct their own narratives of economic and political difference. These stories of emancipatory moments demonstrate that something radically different in terms of dominant socio-economic relations and mental conceptions of the world may arise out of and beyond capitalism. The Pursuit of Alternatives: Stories of Peoples’ Economic and Political Struggles Around the World presents a fresh and new perspective on how the ‘process of becoming’ alternatives might take place based on peoples’ lived experiences. The chapters here, by labour activists and academics, explore how various forms of peoples’ economic and political initiatives and struggles in six countries – Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Nigeria, the Philippines, and South Korea – might become ‘actually existing’ spaces and moments for the development of critical consciousness and transformative capacities which are both central in challenging the dominant social, economic and political relations. The stories in this book bring to light today’s language of peoples’ struggles; what inspires people to create their own emancipatory moments and spaces for transformative self-change. While this book does not aim to propose an alternative to capitalism per se, it makes a stimulating contribution to the continuing debate on what alternatives to capitalist relations and arrangements might look like by grounding these alternatives in the everyday lives and struggles of workers, women, aboriginal peoples, the unemployed, and the poor.

The Food Crisis: Implications for Labor

Food prices have gone up to prohibitive levels for many of the world’s poor. The vast majority of those who are hungry in the world today are working in agriculture, either as small landholders or as waged agricultural workers. The majority of the food producers have not benefited from rising prices. Apparently, the bargaining power of many producers, just as that of the end consumers, has been weakened vis-à-vis the buyers and retailers of agricultural produce. This powerlessness is also in the face of governments that fail to provide an appropriate infrastructure for smallholders and social protection. The first part of the book provides an introduction to the immediate and structural causes of the food crisis. The second part contains contributions that not only highlight the plight of rural labour but also develop tools for measuring the decent work deficit. The last part emphasizes income security as a major precondition for food security. It looks at the experiences of Brazil and India with the extension of social protection for the poor.

Re-Framing Trade

Given the substantial and increasing encroachment of trade agreements into almost every aspect of economic and social life, there is a pressing need for research that provides a more coherent framework for understanding the source and effectiveness of organised labour ’s power and capacity to influence international trade policy. Taking the union protests against the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as a case study, this research uses core concepts derived from social movement theory to analyse the opportunities that existed for unions to influence these trade negotiations and their capacity to identify and take advantage of such opportunities. Importantly, it adds a power analysis designed to reveal the sources of power that unions draw on to take action. The research demonstrates that even where unions faced considerable constraints they were able to re-frame trade issues in a way that built broad support for their position and to utilise opportunities in the trade negotiation process to mobilise resistance against the GATS and further liberalisation of services. The theoretical framework developed for the research provides conceptual tools that can be developed for improving strategic campaign planning and for analytical assessment of past campaigns. The theoretical framework developed for this research has potential for further application as an analytical and strategic planning tool for unions.

Wir sind wieder wer

WIR SIND WIEDER WER konnte es in den fünfziger Jahren in Kassel heißen. Kassel war aber nicht nur eine Metropole der fünfziger Jahre, nein, sie ist auch heute noch eine Metropole der Fünfziger-Jahre-Architektur. Die wichtigen Impulse und Theorien für die deutsche Architektur der fünfziger Jahre werden, neben den Erfahrungen durch Reisen der Architekten ins umliegende Ausland, vor allem durch die Architekturzeitschriften verbreitet, aber natürlich liegt es auch vielfach an den Baumaterialien, die vorhanden sind, wie gebaut wird. Der Stahlbetonskelettbau, verkleidet mit Naturstein oder verputzt, wird zunächst die führende Bauweise. Die dadurch entstehenden Raster oder Rahmen werden auch dort aufgegriffen, wo sie nicht zwingend entstehen, und sind somit ein typisches Merkmal der Repräsentationsarchitektur der fünfziger Jahre. Accessoires, gefordert durch die gesellschaftlichen Einflüsse, werden im und am Bau in Form von Einrichtungsgegenständen, Treppen, transluzenten Wänden und Kunst-am-Bau bedient. Der bereits von dem niederländischen Architekten Oud fünfzehn Jahre zuvor geprägte Stilbegriff `poetischer Funktionalismus´ beschreibt nicht nur das Werk, sondern eben auch die Intention der Architekten der damaligen Zeit, den Aufbruch in eine helle, leichte und demokratische Zukunft sichtbar zu machen. Die säkulare Repräsentationsarchitektur ist in Kassel daher eindeutig ortstypisch und der bislang empfundene Pluralismus keine Unentschlossenheit, sondern eben die prägende Eigenart dieses Stils. Anhand von über 70 detailliert beschriebenen Gebäuden werden die aufgestellten Thesen und Schlussfolgerungen dargelegt. 14 Architektenportraits, eine, die Repräsentationsgebäude in Kassel im internationalen Vergleich darstellende Tabelle und 220, zum großen Teil selbstangefertigte Abbildungen runden neben einem großen Übersichtsplan diese Arbeit ab.

Paradigmenwechsel in der türkischen Regierungspolitik?

Die Kurdenproblematik ist ein Thema, dass die Türkei seit ihrer Gründung innen- und außenpolitisch sehr beschäftigt. In diesem Buch wird die historische Kurdenproblematik vom osmanischen Reich bis zur heutigen Türkei aufgerissen und gezeigt, welche paradigmatischen Entwicklungen es in der Türkei seit dem gegeben hat. Ist es zu einer paradigmatischen Veränderung in der türkischen Innen- und Außenpolitik gekommen? Befindet sich die Türkei auf dem Weg der Demokratisierung? Welche tiefgreifenden Auswirkungen hat die Politik der AKP und Erdoganregierung auf die Türkei und auf ihre Beziehungen zur EU und ihren Nachbarn im Nahen Osten?

The Impact of Electricity Sector Privatisation on Employees in Argentina and Brazil

This book investigates country-specific responses to privatisation by examining two of the most important Latin American examples of the 1990s, the Argentine and the Brazilian programmes, and one essential public service sector, electricity. In doing so, it aims to: identify the impact of privatisation on electricity sector employees in Argentina and Brazil during the 1990s; explore how the impact came about; and analyse the reasons for this impact. A multi-dimensional perspective provides a comparative analysis of privatisation processes, regulatory contexts, and results, striving to capture the phenomenon by combining insights from political and economic analysis.

Sensordatenfusionsansätze in der Thermografie zur Verbesserung der Messergebnisse

Thermografie hat sich als wichtiges Hilfsmittel für die Inspektion, Prüfung und Überwachung etabliert. Bei vielen Anwendungen ist eine einzelne Messung allein oft nicht aussagekräftig, z. B. weil Strukturen nicht deutlich genug wahrgenommen werden können, das Messobjekt größer als das Blickfeld der Optik ist oder sich Kenngrößen erst aus dem zeitlichen Verlauf von Messungen ergeben. Zudem erfasst der Bediener der Kamera mit seinen Sinnen und seiner Erfahrung noch viele weitere Einflussgrößen, die bei der Entscheidungsfindung berücksichtigt werden. Eine Automatisierung von Inspektionsaufgaben in unbekannten Umgebungen ist also sehr komplex. In dieser Arbeit werden daher verschiedene Sensordatenfusionsansätze untersucht, die in der Thermografie eingesetzt werden können. Das Ziel bei der Fusion ist dabei die Verbesserung der Qualität der Messung und die Vergrößerung der verfügbaren Menge an nutzbaren Informationen über ein Messobjekt. Die betrachteten Ansätze können entweder nur mit Messungen der Thermografiekamera durchgeführt werden: zur Rauschunterdrückung durch zeitliche Mittelwertbildung, zur Vergrößerung der Schärfentiefe durch Kombination von Aufnahmen mit unterschiedlichem Fokus, zur Vergrößerung der Dynamik (also des Temperaturmessbereichs) durch Kombination von Messungen mit unterschiedlichen Messbereichen und durch Veränderung von Filtereinstellungen zur Unterdrückung von Störungen und zum Ableiten von geometrischen Informationen und Oberflächeneigenschaften. Weiterhin kann durch Veränderung der Kameraausrichtung das Blickfeld vergrößert und die geometrische Auflösung verbessert werden. Die Datenfusion von Thermogrammen kann aber auch mit Daten von anderen bildgebenden Messgeräten durchgeführt werden. Betrachtet wird die Kombination mit normalen Kameras im sichtbaren Spektralbereich, Thermografiekameras in anderen Wellenlängenbereichen und Tiefenkameras/Entfernungsmessgeräten (3D-Scanner, Laserscanner). Dadurch lassen sich für einen Messpunkt mehr Informationen gewinnen und die Messdaten können geometrisch als 3D-Modelle interpretiert und analysiert werden. Die Vielzahl an Informationen soll eine solide Dokumentation und gute (automatische) Analyse ermöglichen. Neben den Grundlagen zur Thermografie, dem punktweisen Zusammenführen von Messdaten und den oben genannten Sensordatenfusionsansätzen, wird ein Anwendungsbeispiel gezeigt. Darin soll die Machbarkeit der automatisierten Inspektionsdurchführung und die Kombination und praktische Anwendung der verschiedenen Sensordatenfusionsansätze gezeigt werden.

Knowledge Building in Landscape Architecture

The objective of this study was to develop an internet-based seminar framework applicable for landscape architecture education. This process was accompanied by various aims. The basic expectation was to keep the main characteristics of landscape architecture education also in the online format. On top of that, four further objectives were anticipated: (1) training of competences for virtual team work, (2) fostering intercultural competence, (3) creation of equal opportunities for education through internet-based open access and (4) synergy effects and learning processes across institutional boundaries. This work started with the hypothesis that these four expected advantages would compensate for additional organisational efforts caused by the online delivery of the seminars and thus lead to a sustainable integration of this new learning mode into landscape architecture curricula. This rationale was followed by a presentation of four areas of knowledge to which the seminar development was directly related (1) landscape architecture as a subject and its pedagogy, (2) general learning theories, (3) developments in the ICT sector and (4) wider societal driving forces such as global citizenship and the increase of open educational resources. The research design took the shape of a pedagogical action research cycle. This approach was constructive: The author herself is teaching international landscape architecture students so that the model could directly be applied in practice. Seven online seminars were implemented in the period from 2008 to 2013 and this experience represents the core of this study. The seminars were conducted with varying themes while its pedagogy, organisation and the technological tools remained widely identical. The research design is further based on three levels of observation: (1) the seminar design on the basis of theory and methods from the learning sciences, in particular educational constructivism, (2) the seminar evaluation and (3) the evaluation of the seminars’ long term impact. The seminar model itself basically consists of four elements: (1) the taxonomy of learning objectives, (2) ICT tools and their application and pedagogy, (3) process models and (4) the case study framework. The seminar framework was followed by the presentation of the evaluation findings. The major findings of this study can be summed up as follows: Implementing online seminars across educational and national boundaries was possible both in term of organisation and technology. In particular, a high level of cultural diversity among the seminar participants has definitively been achieved. However, there were also obvious obstacles. These were primarily competing study commitments and incompatible schedules among the students attending from different academic programmes, partly even in different time zones. Both factors had negative impact on the individual and working group performances. With respect to the technical framework it can be concluded that the majority of the participants were able to use the tools either directly without any problem or after overcoming some smaller problems. Also the seminar wiki was intensively used for completing the seminar assignments. However, too less truly collaborative text production was observed which could be improved by changing the requirements for the collaborative task. Two different process models have been applied for guiding the collaboration of the small groups and both were in general successful. However, it needs to be said that even if the students were able to follow the collaborative task and to co-construct and compare case studies, most of them were not able to synthesize the knowledge they had compiled. This means that the area of consideration often remained on the level of the case and further reflections, generalisations and critique were largely missing. This shows that the seminar model needs to find better ways for triggering knowledge building and critical reflection. It was also suggested to have a more differentiated group building strategy in future seminars. A comparison of pre- and post seminar concept maps showed that an increase of factual and conceptual knowledge on the individual level was widely recognizable. Also the evaluation of the case studies (the major seminar output) revealed that the students have undergone developments of both the factual and the conceptual knowledge domain. Also their self-assessment with respect to individual learning development showed that the highest consensus was achieved in the field of subject-specific knowledge. The participants were much more doubtful with regard to the progress of generic competences such as analysis, communication and organisation. However, 50% of the participants confirmed that they perceived individual development on all competence areas the survey had asked for. Have the additional four targets been met? Concerning the competences for working in a virtual team it can be concluded that the vast majority was able to use the internet-based tools and to work with them in a target-oriented way. However, there were obvious differences regarding the intensity and activity of participation, both because of external and personal factors. A very positive aspect is the achievement of a high cultural diversity supporting the participants’ intercultural competence. Learning from group members was obviously a success factor for the working groups. Regarding the possibilities for better accessibility of educational opportunities it became clear that a significant number of participants were not able to go abroad during their studies because of financial or personal reasons. They confirmed that the online seminar was to some extent a compensation for not having been abroad for studying. Inter-institutional learning and synergy was achieved in so far that many teachers from different countries contributed with individual lectures. However, those teachers hardly ever followed more than one session. Therefore, the learning effect remained largely within the seminar learning group. Looking back at the research design it can be said that the pedagogical action research cycle was an appropriate and valuable approach allowing for strong interaction between theory and practice. However, some more external evaluation from peers in particular regarding the participants’ products would have been valuable.