Biotic vs. Abiotic Control of Decomposition: A Comparison of the Effects of Simulated Extinctions and Changes in Temperature

The loss of species is known to have significant effects on ecosystem functioning, but only recently has it been recognized that species loss might rival the effects of other forms of environmental change on ecosystem processes. There is a need for experimental studies that explicitly manipulate species richness and environmental factors concurrently to determine their relative impacts on key ecosystem processes such as plant litter decomposition. It is crucial to understand what factors affect the rate of plant litter decomposition and the relative magnitude of such effects because the rate at which plant litter is lost and transformed to other forms of organic and inorganic carbon determines the capacity for carbon storage in ecosystems and the rate at which greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide are outgassed. Here we compared how an increase in water temperature of 5 degrees C and loss of detritivorous invertebrate and plant litter species affect decomposition rates in a laboratory experiment simulating stream conditions. Like some prior studies, we found that species identity, rather than species richness per se, is a key driver of decomposition, but additionally we showed that the loss of particular species can equal or exceed temperature change in its impact on decomposition. Our results indicate that the loss of particular species can be as important a driver of decomposition as substantial temperature change, but also that predicting the relative consequences of species loss and other forms of environmental change on decomposition requires knowledge of assemblages and their constituent species' ecology and ecophysiology

Interactions of age-dependent mortality and selectivity functions in age-based stock assessment models

The natural mortality rate (M) of fish varies with size and age, although it is often assumed to be constant in stock assessments. Misspecification of M may bias important assessment quantities. We simulated fishery data, using an age-based population model, and then conducted stock assessments on the simulated data. Results were compared to known values. Misspecification of M had a negligible effect on the estimation of relative stock depletion; however, misspecification of M had a large effect on the estimation of parameters describing the stock recruitment relationship, age-specific selectivity, and catchability. If high M occurs in juvenile and old fish, but is misspecified in the assessment model, virgin biomass and catchability are often poorly estimated. In addition, stock recruitment relationships are often very difficult to estimate, and steepness values are commonly estimated at the upper bound (1.0) and overfishing limits tend to be biased low. Natural mortality can be estimated in assessment models if M is constant across ages or if selectivity is asymptotic. However if M is higher in old fish and selectivity is dome-shaped, M and the selectivity cannot both be adequately estimated because of strong interactions between M and selectivity.

Physico-chemical interactions between compartment-forming lipids and other prebiotically relevant biomolecules

Lipids are essential constituents of contemporary living cells, serving as structural molecules that are necessary to form membranous compartments. Amphiphilic lipid-like molecules may also have contributed to prebiotic chemical evolution by promoting the synthesis, aggregation and cooperative encapsulation of other biomolecules. The resulting compartments would allow systems of molecules to be maintained that represent microscopic experiments in a natural version of combinatorial chemistry. Here we address these possibilities and describe recent results related to interactions between amphiphiles and other biomolecules during early evolution toward the first living cells.

Spatial and temporal distribution and the potential for estuarine interactions between wild and hatchery chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Taku Inlet, Alaska

We investigated estuarine spatial and temporal overlap of wild and marked hatchery chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry; the latter included two distinct size groups released near the Taku River estuary (Taku Inlet) in Southeast Alaska (early May releases of ~ 1.9 g and late May releases of ~ 3.9 g wet weight). Our objectives were to compare abundance, body size, and condition of wild chum salmon fry and hatchery chum salmon fry raised under early and late rearing strategies in different habitats of Taku Inlet and to document environmental factors that could potentially explain the distribution, size, and abundance of these chum salmon fr y. We used a sampling design stratified into inner and outer inlet and neritic and littoral habitats. Hatchery fry were rare in the inner estuary in both years but outnumbered wild fry 20:1 in the outer estuary. Hatchery fry were significantly larger than wild fry in both littoral and neritic samples. Abundances of wild and hatchery fry were positively correlated in the outer inlet, indicating the formation of mixed schools of hatchery and wild fry. Spatial and temporal overlap was greatest between wild and early hatchery fry in the outer inlet in both habitats. The early hatchery release coincided with peak abundances of wild fry in the outer inlet, and the distribution of wild and early hatchery fry overlapped for about three weeks. Our results demonstrate that the timing of release of hatchery fry may affect interactions with wild fry.

Interactions between marine mammals and pelagic longline fishing gear in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean between 1992 and 2004

The U.S. East Coast pelagic longline fishery has a history of interactions with marine mammals, where animals are hooked and entangled in longline gear. Pilot whales (Globicephala spp.) and Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) are the primary species that interact with longline gear. Logistic regression was used to assess the environmental and gear characteristics that influence interaction rates. Pilot whale inter-actions were correlated with warm water temperatures, proximity to the shelf break, mainline lengths greater than 20 nautical miles, and damage to swordfish catch. Similarly, Risso’s dolphin interactions were correlated with geographic location, proximity the shelf break, the length of the mainline, and bait type. The incidental bycatch of marine mammals is likely associated with depredation of the commercial catch and is increased by the overlap between marine mammal and target species habitats. Altering gear characteristics and fishery practices may mitigate incidental bycatch and reduce economic losses due to depredation.

Triel Bonds, pi-Hole-pi-Electrons Interactions in Complexes of Boron and Aluminium Trihalides and Trihydrides with Acetylene and Ethylene

MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations were performed on complexes of aluminium and boron trihydrides and trihalides with acetylene and ethylene. These complexes are linked through triel bonds where the triel center (B or Al) is characterized by the Lewis acid properties through its -hole region while -electrons of C2H2 or C2H4 molecule play the role of the Lewis base. Some of these interactions possess characteristics of covalent bonds, i.e., the Al--electrons links as well as the interaction in the BH3-C2H2 complex. The triel--electrons interactions are classified sometimes as the 3c-2e bonds. In the case of boron trihydrides, these interactions are often the preliminary stages of the hydroboration reaction. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules as well as the Natural Bond Orbitals approach are applied here to characterize the -hole--electrons interactions.

Vivendo com o inimigo: competição entre os corais invasores Tubastraea spp. e a esponja Desmapsamma anchorata na Baía de Ilha Grande, RJ

Espécies invasoras têm transformado muitos ecossistemas através de mudanças na estrutura das comunidades, cadeia trófica, ciclagem de nutrientes e sedimentação. A competição interespecífica ocorre frequentemente entre espécies nativas e introduzidas, e constitui um processo determinante na eficiência da invasão. Essa competição pode acarretar em alterações no papel das espécies dentro da comunidade e alterar os processos ecossistêmicos. Os corais Tubastraea coccinea e T. tagusensis invadiram o Brasil na década de 80, e são favorecidos pela carência de predadores na biota local, sendo a esponja Desmapsamma anchorata o único organismo identificado como inibidor do crescimento e desenvolvimento desses corais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo: 1) Quantificar e classificar em cinco categorias de interação: sobrecrescimento, contorno, contato periférico, encontro com até cinco cm de distância e encontro de cinco ate dez cm de distância entre as esponjas e Tubastraea spp. na Baía de Ilha Grande, temporalmente; 2) Descrever os mecanismos utilizados na competição entre a esponja D. anchorata e os corais Tubastraea (físicos ou químicos?); 3) Descrever a dinâmica do crescimento da esponja D. anchorata com relação a fatores abióticos. Foram encontradas 37 espécies de esponjas interagindo com Tubastraea spp, sendo que apenas 12 dessas espécies interagiram mais de 10 % no total de interações. O contato periférico e a interação de até 5 cm de distância foram os tipos de interação mais encontrados. D. anchorata foi a esponja que mais teve o contato de sobreposição. Não foi observado efeitos significativos dos extratos de Tubastraea spp. sobre D. anchorata e nem dos extratos de D. anchorata sobre o metabolismo dos corais. A sobreposição foi a principal ferramenta utilizada na defesa contra o competidor, enquanto que os corais Tubastraea spp. utilizaram defesa física e provavelmente química. D. anchorata não apresentou relação entre seu crescimento e os fatores abióticos medidos e mostrou crescimento em taxas diferentes durante os meses analisados, com um pico no mês de setembro diminuindo até a sua morte, no mês de dezembro. No caso da competição entre os invasores Tubastraea spp. e a esponja D. anchorata, a hipótese de controle biótico não pode ser levada em consideração, já que os corais Tubastraea spp. têm demonstrado capacidade de se expandir e colonizar novos locais muito rapidamente. Porém, como observado no presente estudo, e em outros trabalhos, pontualmente a esponja vence na competição com os corais invasores