Pelvic Fractures in Children Results from the German Pelvic Trauma Registry: A Cohort Study.

As pelvic fractures in children and adolescents are very rare, the surgical management is not well delineated nor are the postoperative complications. The aim of this study using the prospective data from German Pelvic Trauma Registry study was to evaluate the various treatment approaches compared to adults and delineated the differences in postoperative complications after pelvic injuries.Using the prospective pelvic trauma registry established by the German Society of Traumatology and the German Section of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO), International in 1991, patients with pelvic fractures over a 12-year time frame submitted by any 1 of the 23 member level I trauma centers were reviewed.We identified a total of 13,525 patients including pelvic fractures in 13,317 adults and 208 children aged ≤14 years and compared these 2 groups. The 2 groups' Injury Severitiy Score (ISS) did not differ statistically. Lethality in the pediatric group was 6.3%, not statistically different from the adults' 4.6%. In all, 18.3% of the pediatric pelvic fractures were treated surgically as compared to 22.7% in the adult group. No child suffered any thrombosis/embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure (MOF), or neurologic deficit, nor was any septic MOF detected. The differences between adults and children were statistically significant in that the children suffered less frequently from thrombosis/embolism (P = 0.041) and ARDS and MOF (P = 0.006).This prospective multicenter study addressing patients with pelvic fractures reveals that the risk for a thrombosis/embolism, ARDS, and MOF is significant lower in pediatric patients than in adults. No statistical differences could be found in the ratios of operative therapy of the pelvic fractures in children compared to adults.

Text as Resistance in Holocaust Literature: Struggles for Personhood in Wiesel, Levi, and Delbo

This thesis is an examination of the memoirs of three core Holocaust writers, Elie Wiesel (Night and Day), Primo Levi (If This is A Man), and Charlotte Delbo (Auschwitz and After), exploring the ways in which each of the three authors uses his or her memoir to simultaneously document and resist the dehumanizing influence of the concentration camp experience.

Job Matching and Wage Growth in the U.S. and Germany

This paper examines the contribution of job matching to wage growth in the U.S. and Germany using data drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 through 1992. Using a symmetrical set of variables and data handling procedures, real wage growth is found to be higher in the U.S. than in Germany during this period. Also, using two different estimators, job matches are found to enhance wage growth in the U.S. and retard it in Germany. The relationship of general skills to employment in each country appears responsible for this result.

Distribution, genesis and age of the Schlagwasser breccia (Warstein anticline, Rhenish massif)

The name "Schlagwasser breccia" is a synopsis of several debris flows in the Warstein area, which can be derived from the Warstein carbonate platform and the Scharfenberg reef. Though only locally developed, the breccia is important for the understanding of paleogeography and sedimentology in the Eastern Sauerland. Considering this breccia some gravitational-resedimentary slide movements between a high, consisting of reef carbonates, and a basin with flinz beds can be pointed out. From the uppermost Middle Devonian to the lowermost Lower Carboniferous several slides yielded the sedimentary components building up the 30 to 50 m thick polymict breccia. Some breccias were redeposited repeatedly as can be verified by different conodont maxima in single samples. Supplying area was the western part of the Warstein high, from which the slide masses glided off to the East and Southeast, more seldom to the West and Westsouthwest. All conodont zones from the upper Middle Devonian up to the lowermost Carboniferous could be identified in the Schlagwasser breccia. Therefore, an uninterrupted continuous sedimentation must have been prevalent in the supplying area; today this area nearly is denuded of flinz beds and cephalopod limestones. The slide masses spread transgressively to the East up to a substratum consisting of different units as massive limestone, flinz beds and cephalopod limestone; they are overlapped by Hangenberg beds, alum schists and siliceous rocks of the Lower Carboniferous. Parts of the substratum were transported during the progress of the slide masses. Proximal and distal parts of the flow masses can be distinguished by the diameter of the pebbles. Graded bedding and banking structures are marked only rarely. Way of transport was up to 3 km. Differently aged slide masses do not always overlap, but are placed side by side, too. Usually the slide masses do not spread out upon a greater area during sedimentation, but form closely limited debris flows. Synsedimentary fracturing and tilting of the reef platform, epirogenetic movements and seaquakes caused the slides. The entire formation period of the breccia includes about 20 millions of years. The longevity of the events points to solid paleomorphological situations around the eastern margin of the carbonate platform.

Estado, banca y crédito agrícola en Sinaloa y Sonora : El Banco de Sinaloa y el Banco Agrícola Sonorense, 1933-1976

En el Noroeste de México el incremento en la productividad agrícola entre los años de 1940 y 1970, fue debido a la expansión de las tierras de cultivo, el uso de fertilizantes y semillas mejoradas, la mecanización, la mayor disponibilidad de créditos, a los sistemas de irrigación y el mejoramiento de las carreteras. Así como la importante intervención del Estado mexicano al implementar políticas de inversión con el apoyo de agencias internacionales de desarrollo, y otorgar facilidades de crédito para el desarrollo de la agricultura a través de la creación de bancos agrícolas oficiales y las facilidades para la constitución de bancos privados comerciales.Después de la desarticulación de la banca en México debido a la revolución, se avanzó con pasos firmes en la reestructuración del sistema bancario con la creación de una nueva legislación bancaria, la fundación del Banco de México y la Comisión Nacional Bancaria en 1924; Banco Nacional de Crédito Agrícola (1926), el Banco Nacional de Crédito Ejidal (1935), el Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (1937) y el Banco Nacional Agropecuario (1965), que dieron apoyo financiero a los pequeños agricultores y ejidatarios. Los principales agricultores de Sinaloa y Sonora en colaboración con el gobierno federal a través de la Comisión Monetaria y el Banco de México fundaron el Banco de Sinaloa y el Banco Agrícola Sonorense en 1933. Explicar el impacto que tuvieron estas instituciones financieras en el crédito agrícola de Sinaloa y Sonora será el objetivo central de este trabajo.

Estado, banca y crédito agrícola en Sinaloa y Sonora : El Banco de Sinaloa y el Banco Agrícola Sonorense, 1933-1976

En el Noroeste de México el incremento en la productividad agrícola entre los años de 1940 y 1970, fue debido a la expansión de las tierras de cultivo, el uso de fertilizantes y semillas mejoradas, la mecanización, la mayor disponibilidad de créditos, a los sistemas de irrigación y el mejoramiento de las carreteras. Así como la importante intervención del Estado mexicano al implementar políticas de inversión con el apoyo de agencias internacionales de desarrollo, y otorgar facilidades de crédito para el desarrollo de la agricultura a través de la creación de bancos agrícolas oficiales y las facilidades para la constitución de bancos privados comerciales.Después de la desarticulación de la banca en México debido a la revolución, se avanzó con pasos firmes en la reestructuración del sistema bancario con la creación de una nueva legislación bancaria, la fundación del Banco de México y la Comisión Nacional Bancaria en 1924; Banco Nacional de Crédito Agrícola (1926), el Banco Nacional de Crédito Ejidal (1935), el Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (1937) y el Banco Nacional Agropecuario (1965), que dieron apoyo financiero a los pequeños agricultores y ejidatarios. Los principales agricultores de Sinaloa y Sonora en colaboración con el gobierno federal a través de la Comisión Monetaria y el Banco de México fundaron el Banco de Sinaloa y el Banco Agrícola Sonorense en 1933. Explicar el impacto que tuvieron estas instituciones financieras en el crédito agrícola de Sinaloa y Sonora será el objetivo central de este trabajo.

Estado, banca y crédito agrícola en Sinaloa y Sonora : El Banco de Sinaloa y el Banco Agrícola Sonorense, 1933-1976

En el Noroeste de México el incremento en la productividad agrícola entre los años de 1940 y 1970, fue debido a la expansión de las tierras de cultivo, el uso de fertilizantes y semillas mejoradas, la mecanización, la mayor disponibilidad de créditos, a los sistemas de irrigación y el mejoramiento de las carreteras. Así como la importante intervención del Estado mexicano al implementar políticas de inversión con el apoyo de agencias internacionales de desarrollo, y otorgar facilidades de crédito para el desarrollo de la agricultura a través de la creación de bancos agrícolas oficiales y las facilidades para la constitución de bancos privados comerciales.Después de la desarticulación de la banca en México debido a la revolución, se avanzó con pasos firmes en la reestructuración del sistema bancario con la creación de una nueva legislación bancaria, la fundación del Banco de México y la Comisión Nacional Bancaria en 1924; Banco Nacional de Crédito Agrícola (1926), el Banco Nacional de Crédito Ejidal (1935), el Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (1937) y el Banco Nacional Agropecuario (1965), que dieron apoyo financiero a los pequeños agricultores y ejidatarios. Los principales agricultores de Sinaloa y Sonora en colaboración con el gobierno federal a través de la Comisión Monetaria y el Banco de México fundaron el Banco de Sinaloa y el Banco Agrícola Sonorense en 1933. Explicar el impacto que tuvieron estas instituciones financieras en el crédito agrícola de Sinaloa y Sonora será el objetivo central de este trabajo.

In-situ sediment temperature and pore water chloride concentration at pockmarks of the Nigerian continental margin

A joint research expedition between the French IFREMER and the German MARUM was conducted in 2011 using the R/V 'Pourquoi pas?' to study gas hydrate distributions in a pockmark field (1141-1199 m below sea surface) at the continental margin of Nigeria. The seafloor drill rig MeBo of MARUM was used to recover sediments as deep as 56.74 m below seafloor. The presence of gas hydrates in specific core sections was deduced from temperature anomalies recorded during continuous records of infrared thermal scanning and anomalies in pore water chloride concentrations. In situ sediment temperature measurements showed elevated geothermal gradients of up to 258 °C/km in the center of the so-called pockmark A which is up to 4.6 times higher than that in the background sediment (72 °C/km). The gas hydrate distribution and thermal regime in the pockmark are largely controlled by the intensity, periodicity and direction of fluid flow. The joint interaction between fluid flow, gas hydrate formation and dissolution, and the thermal regime governs pockmark formation and evolution on the Nigerian continental margin.

Tab.1: Total estimated muskox numbers and quotas in management zones of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut

In view of the drastic growth in the Canadian Inuit population, the rising costs of living, the missing job and income alternatives and the high unemployment rate in the arctic, efforts are being made to make use of the muskox populations in order to provide additional sources of food and/or revenue. The present paper attempts to review the course of muskox utilization in the Canadian Arctic and to tentatively assess its present as weIl as its future economic importance. Starting with the pre-European status of muskoxen in Canada, the drastic reduction in numbers resulting from the combined efforts of hide traders, whalers and expedition parties in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the impact of the legal protection and the recovery since 1917 are being described. Establishing muskox farms with semi-domesticated herds failed in Canada in the 1970's. Since 1969, though, increasing numbers of animals have been allotted to many Inuit communities, and despite the fact that most of the animals were primarily used for subsistence purposes, some communities could reserve part of their quotas for trophy (sport) hunters. While controlled sustainable subsistence and trophy hunts may eventually be carried out over the whole muskox range, including recently colonized northern Quebec, commercial harvesting for meat, hides and wool, introduced in 1981, will at least for some time be restricted to Banks and Victoria islands which at present show 78 % of the Canadian muskox population and 94 % of the overall quota.

Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy in Malaysia before the Asian Crisis

This paper provides a case study to characterize the monetary policy regime in Malaysia, from a medium- and long-term perspective. Specifically, we ask how the central bank of Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), has structured its monetary policy regime, and how it has conducted monetary and exchange rate policy under the regime. By conducting three empirical analyses, we characterize the monetary and exchange rate policy regime in Malaysia by three intermediate solutions on three vectors: the degree of autonomy in monetary policy, the degree of variability of the exchange rate, and the degree of capital mobility.

Transformation of the Financial Sector in Indonesia

Introduction : The source and deployment of finance are central issues in economic development. Since 1966, when the Soeharto Administration was inaugurated, Indonesian economic development has relied on funds in the form of aid from international organizations and foreign countries. After the 1990s, a further abundant inflow of capital sustained a rapid economic development. Foreign funding was the basis of Indonesian economic growth. This paper will describe the mechanism for allocating funds in the Indonesian economy. It will identify the problems this mechanism generated in the Indonesian experience, and it will attempt to explain why there was a collapse of the financial system in the wake of the Asian Currency Crisis of 1997. History of the Indonesian Financial system The year 1966 saw the emergence of commercial banks in Indonesia. It can be said that before 1966 a financial system hardly existed, a fact commonly attributed to economic disruptions like the consecutive runs of fiscal deficit and hyperinflation under the Soekarno Administration. After 1996, with the inauguration of Soeharto, a regulatory system of financial legislation, e.g. central banking law and banking regulation, was introduced and implemented, and the banking sector that is the basis of the current financial system in Indonesia was built up. 　　　The Indonesian financial structure was significantly altered at the first financial reform of 1983. Between 1966 and 1982, the banking sector consisted of Bank Indonesia (the Central Bank) and the state-owned banks. There was also a system for distributing the abundant public revenue derived from the soaring oil price of the 1970s. The public finance distribution function, incorporated in Indonesian financial system, changed after the successive financial reforms of 1983 and 1988, when there was a move away from the monopoly-market style dominated by state-owned banks (which was a system of public finance distribution that operated at the discretion of the government) towards a modern market mechanism. The five phases of development The Indonesian financial system developed in five phases between 1966 and the present time. The first period (1966-72) was its formative period, the second (1973-82) its policy based finance period under soaring oil prices, the third (1983-91) its financial-reform period, the fourth (1992-97) its period of expansion, and the fifth (1998-) its period of financial restructuring. The first section of this paper summarizes the financial policies operative during each of the periods identified above. In the second section changes to the financial sector in response to policies are examined, and an analysis of these changes shows that an important development of the financial sector occurred during the financial reform period. In the third section the focus of analysis shifts from the general financial sector to particular commercial banks’ performances. In the third section changes in commercial banks’ lending and fund-raising behaviour after the 1990s are analysed by comparing several banking groups in terms of their ownership and foundation time. The last section summarizes the foregoing analyses and examines the problems that remain in the Indonesian financial sector, which is still undergoing restructuring.

Inflation targeting in Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines : the impact on business cycle synchronization between each country and the world

This paper empirically analyzes whether and to what extent the adoption of inflation targeting (IT) in Korea, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines has affected their business cycle synchronization with the rest of the world. By employing the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model developed by Engle (2002), we find that IT in Asia has little effect on international business cycle synchronization and the effect is positive in some of the countries, if any. These findings basically seem to be consistent with the evidence from relevant literature.

Central bank intervention and exchange rate behaviour : empirical evidence for India

This paper examines the causal relationship between central bank intervention and exchange returns in India. Using monthly data from December 1997 to December 2011, the empirical results derived from the CCF approach of Cheung and Ng (1996) suggest that there is causality-in-variance from exchange rate returns to central bank intervention, but not vice versa. These findings are robust in the sense that they hold in cases where the returns were measured from either the spot rate or the forward rate. Therefore, the results of this paper suggest that the Indian central bank has intervened in the foreign exchange market to respond to exchange rate volatility, although the volatility has not been influenced by central bank intervention in the form of net purchases of foreign currency in the market.

Grupos estratégicos: su influencia en el desempeño y la eficiencia de la industria bancaria venezolana y su relación con la cobertura geográfica

Esta investigación se centra en determinar los grupos estratégicos (GE) de la industria bancaria venezolana y su influencia sobre el desempeño en el sector, así como su relación con la cobertura y la exclusión geográfica, durante el período 2008-2010. El test M de Box demostró que hubo inestabilidad financiera durante este lapso de tiempo, por ello se evaluó el comportamiento de los GE en cada año de estudio. La muestra se constituyó para el año 2008 por 58 entidades financieras, en el año 2009 por 52 entidades bancarias y para el período 2010 por sólo 39 instituciones. Antes de la aplicación del análisis cluster a las variables de alcance de la estrategia y recursos comprometidos, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales para determinar la relación entre estas variables y detectar valores atípicos; mientras que para distinguir las estrategias que caracterizaron a los grupos se siguió el procedimiento de uso común propuesto por Amel y Rhoades (1988), y se reforzó con la realización de las pruebas de contraste de medias o medianas ANOVA, Scheffé, Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney. Se empleó el paquete estadístico SPSS (versión 15.0) y el software de sistema de información geográfica Arcgis (versión 9.2) para lograr el objetivo propuesto. Los resultados indican que: 1) Al aplicar un procedimiento estadístico es posible detectar gradaciones en la implementación o evasión de las estrategias o del compromiso de recursos por parte de los GE, 2) En momentos de inestabilidad financiera los bancos cambian de estrategia y por tanto de GE, con el fin de obtener un buen desempeño, o al menos sobrevivir, 3) Sólo hubo evidencia parcial de la validez predictiva de los grupos estratégicos, 4) Al menos en Venezuela, los GE bancarios tienden a adoptar una estrategia de cobertura geográfica acorde con su estrategia financiera y, además que, los GE difieren en el nivel de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la lucha contra la exclusión financiera geográfica. ABSTRACT This research focuses on identifying strategic groups (SG) of the Venezuelan banking industry and its influence on the performance in the sector and its relationship with geographical coverage and exclusion, during the period 2008-2010. Box M test showed that there was financial instability during this period, so the behavior of SG in each year of study was evaluated. The sample was established for 2008 by 58 financial institutions, in 2009 by 52 banks and for the period 2010 to only 39 institutions. Before applying the cluster analysis variables scope of the strategy and committed resources, principal component analysis was performed to determine the relationship between these variables and outliers; while distinguishing strategies that characterized the group proposed by Amel and Rhoades (1988) commonly used procedure was followed and reinforced by the performance of tests contrast mean or median ANOVA, Scheffé, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. SPSS (version 15.0) and software Arcgis geographic information system (version 9.2) was used to achieve the objective. The results indicate that: 1) By applying a statistical procedure can detect gradations in implementation or avoidance strategies or resource commitment by SG, 2) In times of financial instability banks change their strategy and therefore SG, in order to get a good performance, or at least survive, 3) There was only partial evidence for the predictive validity of strategic groups, 4) At least in Venezuela, banking SG tend to adopt a strategy of geographical coverage according to their financial strategy and also that the SG differ in the level of corporate social responsibility in the fight against financial exclusion Geographic.

Análise do processo de escolha de crédito bancário: uma enquete nas pequenas empresas da indústria gráfica do Distrito Federal

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu-se em analisar os fatores influentes no comportamento de compra industrial, na situação de decisão de crédito bancário em pequenas empresas. Para tanto, foram entregues questionários a doze empresas da indústria gráfica, selecionadas pelo número de empregados (de 20 a 100 - pequenas indústrias, segundo o critério do IBGE), localizadas no Distrito Federal e associadas ao sindicato da categoria. De acordo com resultados obtidos por meio do levantamento de campo, as conclusões desta pesquisa puderam ser exploradas tendo-se como base três pontos principais: a) os resultados relativos aos fatores influentes no comportamento do consumidor industrial, tais como os referentes a importância da localização geográfica do fornecedor, dos seus recursos tecnológicos e da redução, pelos compradores, dos riscos percebidos nas decisões de compras, dentre outros que mostraram-se condizentes com as pressuposições do modelo de comportamento do mercado industrial adotado; b) a discussão relativa à situação de decisão de crédito bancário, baseado na literatura pesquisada. De acordo com os resultados, puderam-se detalhar os aspectos relativos aos atributos dos bancos e do crédito, destacando-se, dentre outros, a importância da imagem da instituição financeira, da qualidade do gerente de contas e do custo dos empréstimos e financiamentos; c) as especificidades da pequena empresa, que puderam ser visualizadas nos resultados da pesquisa de campo como, por exemplo, a estratégia intuitiva e pouco formalizada, a situação extra-organizacional incontrolável e a racionalidade político-econômico-familiar do pequeno empresário.