A speech interface for air traffic control terminals

Several issues concerning the current use of speech interfaces are discussed and the design and development of a speech interface that enables air traffic controllers to command and control their terminals by voice is presented. A special emphasis is made in the comparison between laboratory experiments and field experiments in which a set of ergonomics-related effects are detected that cannot be observed in the controlled laboratory experiments. The paper presents both objective and subjective performance obtained in field evaluation of the system with student controllers at an air traffic control (ATC) training facility. The system exhibits high word recognition test rates (0.4% error in Spanish and 1.5% in English) and low command error (6% error in Spanish and 10.6% error in English in the field tests). Subjective impression has also been positive, encouraging future development and integration phases in the Spanish ATC terminals designed by Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA).

An interpolation tool for aerodynamic mesh deformation problems based on octree decomposition

Desarrollo de algoritmo de interpolación basado en descomposición octree y funciones radiales de soporte compacto para movimiento de mallas en problemas aerolásticos

On the Use of Matrix-Free Shift-Invert Strategies For Global Flow Instability Analysis

A novel time-stepping shift-invert algorithm for linear stability analysis of laminar flows in complex geometries is presented. This method, based on a Krylov subspace iteration, enables the solution of complex non-symmetric eigenvalue problems in a matrix-free framework. Validations and comparisons to the classical exponential method have been performed in three different cases: (i) stenotic flow, (ii) backward-facing step and (iii) lid-driven swirling flow. Results show that this new approach speeds up the required Krylov subspace iterations and has the capability of converging to specific parts of the global spectrum. It is shown that, although the exponential method remains the method of choice if leading eigenvalues are sought, the performance of the present method could be dramatically improved with the use of a preconditioner. In addition, as opposed to other methods, this strategy can be directly applied to any time-stepper, regardless of the temporal or spatial discretization of the latter.

Dynamic topic-based adaptation of language models: a comparison between different approaches

This paper presents a dynamic LM adaptation based on the topic that has been identified on a speech segment. We use LSA and the given topic labels in the training dataset to obtain and use the topic models. We propose a dynamic language model adaptation to improve the recognition performance in "a two stages" AST system. The final stage makes use of the topic identification with two variants: the first on uses just the most probable topic and the other one depends on the relative distances of the topics that have been identified. We perform the adaptation of the LM as a linear interpolation between a background model and topic-based LM. The interpolation weight id dynamically adapted according to different parameters. The proposed method is evaluated on the Spanish partition of the EPPS speech database. We achieved a relative reduction in WER of 11.13% over the baseline system which uses a single blackground LM.

Sequences upstream of the branch site are required to form helix II between U2 and U6 snRNA in a trans-splicing reaction

Three different base paired stems form between U2 and U6 snRNA over the course of the mRNA splicing reaction (helices I, II and III). One possible function of U2/U6 helix II is to facilitate subsequent U2/U6 helix I and III interactions, which participate directly in catalysis. Using an in vitro trans-splicing assay, we investigated the function of sequences located just upstream from the branch site (BS). We find that these upstream sequences are essential for stable binding of U2 to the branch region, and for U2/U6 helix II formation, but not for initial U2/BS pairing. We also show that non-functional upstream sequences cause U2 snRNA stem–loop IIa to be exposed to dimethylsulfate modification, perhaps reflecting a U2 snRNA conformational change and/or loss of SF3b proteins. Our data suggest that initial binding of U2 snRNP to the BS region must be stabilized by an interaction with upstream sequences before U2/U6 helix II can form or U2 stem–loop IIa can participate in spliceosome assembly.

Lineage specification of neuronal precursors in the mouse spinal cord.

We have investigated the differentiation potential of precursor cells within the developing spinal cord of mice and have shown that spinal cord cells from embryonic day 10 specifically give rise to neurons when plated onto an astrocytic monolayer, Ast-1. These neurons had the morphology of motor neurons and > 83% expressed the motor neuron markers choline acetyltransferase, peripherin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and L-14. By comparison, < 10% of the neurons arising on monolayers of other neural cell lines or 3T3 fibroblasts had motor neuron characteristics. Cells derived from dorsal, intermediate, and ventral regions of the spinal cord all behaved similarly and gave rise to motor neuron-like cells when plated onto Ast-1. By using cells that expressed the lacZ reporter gene, it was shown that > 93% of cells present on the Ast-1 monolayers were motor neuron-like. Time-lapse analysis revealed that the precursors on the Ast-1 monolayers gave rise to neurons either directly or following a single cell division. Together, these results indicate that precursors in the murine spinal cord can be induced to differentiate into the motor neuron phenotype by factors produced by Ast-1 cells, suggesting that a similar factor(s) produced by cells akin to Ast-1 may regulate motor neuron differentiation in vivo.

Multiwavelength study of quiescent states of MrK 421 with unprecedented hard x-Ray coverage provided by NuStar in 2013

We present coordinated multiwavelength observations of the bright, nearby BL Lacertae object Mrk 421 taken in 2013 January–March, involving GASP-WEBT, Swift, NuSTAR, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, VERITAS, and other collaborations and instruments, providing data from radio to very high energy (VHE) γ-ray bands. NuSTAR yielded previously unattainable sensitivity in the 3–79 keV range, revealing that the spectrum softens when the source is dimmer until the X-ray spectral shape saturates into a steep G » 3 power law, with no evidence for an exponential cutoff or additional hard components up "aprox" 80keV. For the first time, we observed both the synchrotron and the inverse-Compton peaks of the spectral energy distribution (SED) simultaneously shifted to frequencies below the typical quiescent state by an order of magnitude. The fractional variability as a function of photon energy shows a double-bump structure that relates to the two bumps of the broadband SED. In each bump, the variability increases with energy, which, in the framework of the synchrotron self-Compton model, implies that the electrons with higher energies are more variable. The measured multi band variability, the significant X-ray-toVHE correlation down to some of the lowest fluxes ever observed in both bands, the lack of correlation between optical/UV and X-ray flux, the low degree of polarization and its significant (random) variations, the short estimated electron cooling time, and the significantly longer variability timescale observed in the NuSTAR light curves point toward in situ electron acceleration and suggest that there are multiple compact regions contributing to the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during low-activity states.

Efeitos de dois modelos experimentais de dietas hipercalóricas sobre parâmetros comportamentais e biológicos em ratos da linhagem Wistar

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de dois modelos experimentais de dietas hipercalóricas em comportamentos de ansiedade, processos de aprendizagem e memória e alterações metabólicas. Os animais foram divididos em seis grupos experimentais, de acordo com a condição nutricional. 1) Controle (C); 2) Dieta de Cafeteria (DC); 3) Dieta Hiperlipídica (DH); 4) Controle AIN-93 (C/AIN-93); 5) Dieta de Cafeteria AIN-93 (DC/AIN-93), e 6) Dieta Hiperlipídica AIN-93 (DH/AIN-93). Posteriormente, os grupos foram subdivididos em dois grupos independentes, conforme a tarefa à qual foram submetidos. Pesagens foram realizadas semanalmente até os 98 dias de vida; foram verificados os pesos do fígado, do coração e o peso de tecido adiposo retroperitoneal e epididimal e foram realizadas dosagens de glicose, triglicérides, TGO e TGP no soro e gordura total, colesterol total e triglicérides no fígado. Os testes utilizados: Labirinto em T Elevado (LTE), Caixa Claro/Escuro e Labirinto Aquático de Morris (LAM). Os resultados de peso corporal, os dados comportamentais do LAM, do LTE e os dados de peso dos tecidos extraídos no dia do sacrifício e as análises bioquímicas foram submetidos a uma Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Quando apropriado, foi utilizado o teste de comparações múltiplas de Newman-Keuls (p< 0,05). Os dados comportamentais do teste claro/escuro foram submetidos ao teste t-Student (p< 0,05). Animais tratados com dieta hiperlipídica apresentaram maiores medidas de peso e ganho de peso comparados aos animais controle e dieta de cafeteria, tratados com pellet e com dieta AIN-93. Animais DH1, DC1, DH1 AIN-93, DH2 AIN-93 e DH2 apresentaram maior peso no dia do sacrifício. Animais DH1, DH1 AIN-93, DH2 e DH2 AIN-93 apresentaram maior acúmulo dos tecidos adiposos retroperitoneal e epididimal. Animais DH1 AIN-93 e DC2 AIN-93 apresentaram maiores níveis de glicose. Animais C2, DH2 e DC2 apresentaram maiores níveis de triglicérides. Animais DH1 e C1 apresentaram menores valores de TGO. Animais C2 e C2 AIN-93 apresentaram maiores níveis de TGO. Animais C1, DH1, C2 e DH2 apresentaram maiores níveis de TGP. Animais DH1 AIN-93, DH1, DH2 e DH2 AIN-93 apresentaram maiores valores de gordura total no fígado. Animais DH1 AIN-93 e DH2 apresentaram maiores níveis de colesterol no fígado. Animais DH1, DC1, DH2 e DH2 AIN-93 apresentaram maiores níveis de triglicérides no fígado. Com relação ao consumo alimentar, animais DH apresentaram maior consumo calórico e maior consumo lipídico quando comparados aos animais C e DC, com ração em pellet ou dieta AIN-93. Com relação ao LTE, não foram verificadas diferenças nas esquivas e na fuga. Animais DC1, DH1 e DH1 AIN-93 apresentaram menores níveis de ansiedade verificados a partir dos dados do teste da caixa claro-escuro. Animais DC2 AIN-93 apresentaram pior desempenho em tarefa de memória. Os dados obtidos a partir deste estudo demonstraram que as dietas utilizadas foram capazes de acarretar ganho de peso, acúmulo de tecido adiposo, alterações metabólicas, diminuição da ansiedade nos animais e pior desempenho em uma tarefa de memória em um dos grupos nutricionais.

The Mice at play in the CALIFA survey. A case study of a gas-rich major merger between first passage and coalescence

We present optical integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations of the Mice, a major merger between two massive (≳10^11 M_⊙) gas-rich spirals NGC 4676A and B, observed between first passage and final coalescence. The spectra provide stellar and gas kinematics, ionised gas properties, and stellar population diagnostics, over the full optical extent of both galaxies with ~1.6 kpc spatial resolution. The Mice galaxies provide a perfect case study that highlights the importance of IFS data for improving our understanding of local galaxies. The impact of first passage on the kinematics of the stars and gas has been significant, with strong bars most likely induced in both galaxies. The barred spiral NGC 4676B exhibits a strong twist in both its stellar and ionised gas disk. The edge-on disk galaxy NGC 4676A appears to be bulge free, with a strong bar causing its “boxy” light profile. On the other hand, the impact of the merger on the stellar populations has been minimal thus far. By combining the IFS data with archival multiwavelength observations we show that star formation induced by the recent close passage has not contributed significantly to the total star formation rate or stellar mass of the galaxies. Both galaxies show bicones of high ionisation gas extending along their minor axes. In NGC 4676A the high gas velocity dispersion and Seyfert-like line ratios at large scaleheight indicate a powerful outflow. Fast shocks (vs ~ 350 km s^-1) extend to ~6.6 kpc above the disk plane. The measured ram pressure (P/k = 4.8 × 10^6 K cm^-3) and mass outflow rate (~8−20 M_⊙ yr^-1) are similar to superwinds from local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies, although NGC 4676A only has a moderate infrared luminosity of 3 × 10^10 L_⊙. Energy beyond what is provided by the mechanical energy of the starburst appears to be required to drive the outflow. Finally, we compare the observations to mock kinematic and stellar population maps extracted from a hydrodynamical merger simulation. The models show little enhancement in star formation during and following first passage, in agreement with the observations. We highlight areas where IFS data could help further constrain the models.