1000 resultados para Aspectos teórico-metodológicos


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El concepto de actividad física es concebido de diferentes formas. Mostrando que existen varios factores que afectan de manera directa e indirecta la percepción que los sujetos construyen entorno a él, generando así una aproximación a diferentes definiciones de la actividad física desde varias perspectivas y dimensiones, donde predomina una noción netamente biológica. Este estudio pretende analizar, como desde las clases sociales se concibe la actividad física en sus conceptos y prácticas considerando los modelos de determinantes y determinación social para la salud. Con fin de comprender como los autores de la literatura científica conciben la actividad física y la relación con las clases sociales, desde una perspectiva teórica de los determinantes sociales de la salud y la teoría de la determinación social, se realizó una revisión documental y análisis de contenido de los conceptos y prácticas de la actividad física que se han considerado en los últimos 10 años. Para ello se seleccionaron las bases de datos PubMed y BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Salud) por sus énfasis en publicaciones de salud mundialmente. Mostrando que la actividad física es concebida dominantemente desde una perspectiva biológica que ejerce una mirada reduccionista. Las relaciones entre actividad física y las clases sociales están claramente establecidas, sin embargo, estas relaciones pueden discrepar teniendo en cuenta el concepto de clase social, el contexto y la orientación de los autores y las poblaciones objetos de estudio. Obteniendo como resultado que los estudios documentados, revisados y analizados muestran una clara tendencia al modelo de determinantes; no obstante, algunos estudios en sus análisis se orientan hacia el modelo de determinación social. En cuanto al concepto de clases sociales los autores consideran una combinación de factores culturales y económicos sin atreverse a adoptar un concepto específico.

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El objetivo de la presente comunicación es presentar ante la comunidad geográfica del ámbito latinoamericano, como aportes geográficos, la base de datos jerarquizada de las ponencias en extenso presentadas en los Encuentros de Geógrafos de América Latina, celebrados cada dos años de 1987 al 2009. A través del método historiográfico se integraron, clasificaron y se automatizaron, las ponencias en extenso presentadas en los 12 EGAL, donde se ofrecen al momento más de 5500 trabajos que se han organizado en cinco paradigmas temáticos; teórico-conceptual y metodológico, geografía física (procesos ambientales), geografía socioeconómica, enseñanza de la geografía y nuevas tecnologías, con sus respectivas orientaciones disciplinarias y enfoques metodológicos.La información se pretende difundir a través de un observatorio geográfico diseñado como un espacio de difusión a la red mundial de información para su acceso y consulta con fines académicos, científicos y de investigación. Dicho observatorio, además ofrece, información de otros aspectos como; la oferta educativa de estudios geográficos en las instituciones universitarias, un censo de geógrafos académicos, publicaciones, así como diccionarios geográficos y eventos académicos entre otros sobre el ámbito de América Latina. Bajo esta perspectiva, esperamos que este proyecto fortalezca la difusión del quehacer investigativo y científico de nuestra disciplina en América Latina.

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Desde o final do século XIX, estudiosos das mais diversas regiões do mundo vêm oferecendo valiosas contribuições visando o melhor entendimento sobre gênese e evolução das paisagens.  Observa-se, porém, que além da preocupação em reconstituir a história de antigos ambientes, há ainda o desafio do prognóstico quanto ao futuro das formas atuais. Dentro desta perspectiva, surgiram os modelos evolutivos aqui discutidos: o de Pedimentação e Pediplanação (proposto por King na década de 50), o de Equilíbrio Dinâmico (sugerido por Gilbert no final do século XIX e retomado por Hack na década de 60), e o Probabilístico (difundido por Leopold e colaboradores na década de 60).  Cada um destes modelos reflete tanto as tendências intrínsecas a Geomorfologia, quanto as influências externas a este campo, ou seja, as visões de mundo das ciências em seu aspecto mais amplo, como também as tendências filosóficas e políticas de uma época.  Deve-se, portanto, enfatizar que, tendo cada uma das percepções teórico-conceituais prestigiado mais determinados aspectos de processos específicos, cada uma delas ofereceu importantes contribuições, de modo que nenhuma pode ser considerada absoluta.  Todas estão presentes direta ou indiretamente, e em maior ou menor proporção, nos trabalhos realizados pelos estudiosos do presente, em especial, geógrafos físicos.

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A compreensão da Agricultura não é feita somente levando-se em consideração os aspectos técnicos de sua formação. Faz-se importante observar que tais aspectos estão vinculados aos elementos externos que influenciam diretamente no seu desenvolvimento, alterando, muitas vezes, os resultados finais. É assim que o clima aparece como elemento indispensável na agricultura. O cerne desta pesquisa pauta-se na análise do clima na atividade agrícola em escala têmporo-espacial no município de Poço Verde-Se Brasil. METODOLOGIA. A elaboração se estabeleceu a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico e pesquisa de campo que auxiliaram como embasamento teórico. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÕES: Nota-se que o meio ecológico é um fator importante para o crescimento da lavoura, além dos fatores econômicos. Embora existam outros fatores como a genética, a irrigação, a hidroponia, porém não é uma realidade do município. As doenças e pragas prejudicam o desenvolvimento das lavouras e causam danos econômicos aos agricultores. A falta de capital suficiente é um dos problemas no setor agrícola deste município. Apresenta áreas com técnicas tradicionais de produção, mas também existem propriedades desenvolvendo agricultura industrializada. Conclui-se que é preciso de melhorias em fornecimento agrícolas, planejamento de zoneamento e irrigação, que possibilitaria uma melhoria socioeconômica aos agricultores.

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El crecimiento de las ciudades actuales sobre las áreas naturales o agrícolas circundantes origina territorios en transición sumamente dinámicos que conforman su periurbano. El periurbano constituye una zona de interfase sujeta a transformaciones constantes que manifiesta desajustes en la articulación sociedad-naturaleza. El análisis urbano-rural de las áreas en expansión basado en el modelo tradicional de oposición campo-ciudad, no alcanza para explicar los procesos que se dan en ellas; su comprensión requiere de enfoques capaces de asumir la interacción urbano-rural que define la zona de interfase como los utilizados en el estudio de los sistemas complejos. Partiendo del concepto de territorio, el presente trabajo propone una relectura en el abordaje del periurbano de Mar del Plata a partir del enfoque teórico-metodológico de los sistemas complejos. Se definieron doce sistemas territoriales en el sector sur, utilizando como criterio principal la vocación de uso de suelo considerada más importante en las distintas unidades espaciales. Dichas unidades permitieron establecer lineamientos para la gestión territorial del área en la expectativa de contribuir con alternativas tendientes a la resolución o mitigación de los problemas en el periurbano estudiado.

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Two hundred and six patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 points or less after nonsurgical resuscitation on admission), managed at Intensive Care Unit-Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas were prospectively analysed. All patients were assessed by CT scan and 72 required neurosurgical intervention. All patients were continuously monitored to evaluate intracranial pressure (ICP) levels by a subarachnoid device (11 with subarachnoid metallic bolts and 195 with subarachnoid polyvinyl catheters). The ICP levels were continuously observed in the bedside pressure monitor display and their end-hour values were recorded in a standard chart. The patients were managed according to a standard protocol guided by the ICP levels. There were no intracranial haemorrhagic complications or hematomas due the monitoring method. Sixty six patients were punctured by lateral C1-C2 technique to assess infectious complications and 2 had positive cerebrospinal fluid samples for Acinetobacter sp. The final results measured at hospital discharge showed 75 deaths (36,40%) and 131 (63,60%) survivors. ICP levels had significantly influenced the final results (p<0,001). The subarachnoid method to continuously assess the ICP levels was considered aplicable, safe, simple, low cost and useful to advise the management of the patients. The ICP record methodology was practical and useful. Despite the current technical advances the subarachnoid method was considered viable to assess the ICP levels in severe head injury.

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In this work we present the optogalvanic effect in ionized gases in an historical perspective. This effect was observed for the first time by Foote and Mohler in 1925, and explained by Penning in 1928 for mixtures (Ne-Ar) and pure gases (or vapours) in 1937. Also, we show some aspects of the contributions of Romenian authors for the development of optogalvanic spectroscopy, which was used as a new technique only after 1964.

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The purpose of this work is to study theoretically stereoelectronic aspects of the interaction between heme and artemisinin in the transitional heme-artemisinin complex. Through semi-empirical calculations using the PM3 method, the potential energy barrier of artemisinin rotation relative to heme in the heme-artemisinin complex was studied in vacuum and in the partially solvated state. The minimum heat of formation obtained for the complex with and without water molecules is -702.39 and -100.86 kcal mol-1, respectively, which corresponds to the dihedral angle C-Fe-O1-O2 of 43.93º and 51.90º around the iron-oxygen O1 bond, respectively. The water molecules bind to heme via 13 hydrogen bonds and O-H O and 6 C-H O interactions, which accounts for -67.23 kcal mol-1. It is observed that the inclusion of water molecules does not affect significantly the stability of the heme-artemisinin complex.

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The ammonia synthesis from its elements plays an important role in the survival of humankind. A short historical development of discoveries of the nitrogen cycle, the nitrogen sources for agriculture and the ammonia synthesis (in laboratory and industry) are presented. Some brief aspects of nitrogen chemistry are described. Short biographies of Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, the main persons in this epopee, are also presented.

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The objective of this work was to determine the influence of hyperconjugative interactions on the ¹J CH coupling constant for hexamethylenetetramine (1) and adamantane (2). For this end, theoretical and experimental ¹J CH were obtained and hyperconjugative interactions were investigated using NBO. It was observed, theoretically and experimentally, that ¹J CH in 1 is 20 Hz larger than in 2, mainly due to the nN®s*C-H hyperconjugative interaction. This interaction occurs only in 1, with an energy of 9.30 kcal mol-1. It increases the s-character of the carbon atom in the C-H bond and the occupancy of the sigma*C-H orbital in (1).

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Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Cromatography - IMAC - is a group-specific based adsorption applied to the purification and structure-function studies of proteins and nucleic acids. The adsorption is based on coordination between a metal ion chelated on the surface of a solid matrix and electron donor groups at the surface of the biomolecule. IMAC is a highly selective, low cost, and easily scaled-up technique being used in research and commercial operations. A separation process can be designed for a specific molecule by just selecting an appropriate metal ion, chelating agent, and operational conditions such as pH, ionic strength, and buffer type.

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Currently, owing to the occurrence of environmental problems, along with the need of environmental preservation, both the territory management of Hydrographic Basin and the conservation of natural resources have proven to have remarkable importance. Thus, the mean goal of the research is to raise and scrutinize social-economic and technologic data from the Mogi Guaçu River Hydrographic Basin (São Paulo, Brazil). The aim is to group municipalities with similar characteristics regarding the collected data, which may direct joint actions in the Hydrographic Basin Management. There were used both the methods of factorial analysis and automatic hierarchical classifications. Additionally, there is going to be applied a Geographical Information System to represent the outcomes of the methods aforementioned, through the evolvement of a geo-referenced database, which will allow the obtainment of information categorically distributed including theme maps of interest. The main characteristics adopted to group the municipalities were: agricultural area, sugar cane production, small farms, animal production, number of agriculture machinery and equipments and agricultural income. The methodology adopted in the Mogi Guaçu River Hydrographic Basin will be analyzed vis-à-vis its appropriateness on basin management, as well as the possibility of assisting the studies on behalf of the São Paulo Hydrographic Basin groups, to regional development.

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This study subject to investigate the floristic composition and richness, the reproductive phenological patterns, the dispersal syndromes and life forms of species of a disjunt cerrado in semiarid climate at Araripe plateau during a one year period. We found 107 species and 41 families. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Malpighiaceae showed the largest number of species. For 47 of the woody species found, we studied the geographical distribution based on 27 papers of the Brazilian cerrados. Twelve species are of widespread occurence in the cerrado, and 13 are restricted to the Araripe plateau. Zoocory, autocory, and anemocory are the predominant syndromes of dispersal. The predominant life forms were phanerophytes (50.7%), hemicriptophytes (14.9%) and camephytes (13.1%). The cerrado of Araripe have lower species richness than continous cerrados, but a similar pattern of reproductive phenology, dispersal syndromes and life forms in more humid zones.

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The study assessed phloem canal development and ultra-structure in shoot apices of Spondias dulcis G. Forst., phloematic canal ultra-structure in shoot apices of Tapirira guianensis Aubl., and floral canal ultra-structure and development and fruit canal ultra-structure of the latter specie. The flower and fruit canals of Anacardium humile St.Hil. were also studied ultra-structurally. The canals in shoot apices of S. dulcis show schizo-lysigenous formation and the floral canals of T. guianensis show schizogenous development. Epithelial cells of S. dulcis and T. guianensis canals have rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, elongated plastids of several shapes with osmiophilic inclusions and dictyosomes with production of vesicles. Such organelles participate in the secretion of a heterogeneous exudate, which is comprised of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. The epithelial cells of the fruit of A. humile present elongated plastids with circular membrane system, which are involved in the synthesis of lipophilic substances. The results of the ultra-structural analyses of the epithelial cells corroborate the results previously obtained in a histochemical study. In the histochemical study, lipophilic and hydrophilic substances were identified in the canals of T. guinanensis and S. dulcis and only lipophilic substances were identified in the canals of A. humile. Based on the ultrastructural aspects of the secretory canals of T. guianensis and S. dulcis we concluded that the plastids of the epithelial cells of the two species are different although they produce secretion of similar composition. A new record for the family is the presence of a great number of circular plastids in epithelial cells of the fruit of Anacardium humile. The pattern found in the secretory canals of the studied species is the ecrine type of secretion release.

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This article deals with the theme of teacher training from the historical and theoretical perspectives. In the first part, the historical focus is introduced and the trajectory of teacher training in Brazil is examined, dividing it into six periods beginning with the passing of the Law of Schools of First Letters in 1827 and closing with the promulgation of the new law for national education in 1996. The second part deals with theoretical aspects, considering the two basic models of teacher training, their implications for the training of teachers of primary and pre-school education, the dilemma resulting from the contraposition between the two models and the way for overcoming it and concluding with observations on the training of teachers for special education.