Interactions of ferric ions with olive oil phenolic compounds

The ferric complexing capacity of four phenolic compounds, occurring in olives and virgin olive oil, namely, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid (3,4-DHPEA-EA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), and their stability in the presence of ferric ions were studied. At pH 3.5, all compounds formed a reversible 1:1 complex with ferric ions, but hydroxytyrosol could also form complexes containing > 1 ferric ion per phenol molecule. At pH 5.5, the complexes between ferric ions and 3,4-DHPEA-EA or 3,4-DHPEA-EDA were relatively stable, indicating that the antioxidant activity of 3,4-DHPEA-EA or 3,4-DHPEA-EDA at pH 5.5 is partly due to their metal-chelating activity. At pH 7.4, a complex containing > 1 ferric ion per phenol molecule was formed with hydroxytyrosol. Oleuropein, 3,4-DHPEA-EA, and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA also formed insoluble complexes at this pH. There was no evidence for chelation of Fe(II) by hydroxytyrosol or its derivatives. At all pH values tested, hydroxytyrosol was the most stable compound in the absence of Fe(III) but the most sensitive to the presence of Fe(III).

Effects of enrichment of refined olive oil with phenolic compounds from olive leaves

The possibility of preparing olive oil, with the same nutritional value and stability characteristics found in virgin olive oil, by the enrichment of refined olive oil with olive leaf polyphenols was studied. To obtain antioxidant phenols similar to those found in virgin olive oil, these components were extracted from the leaves of several olive cultivars from the Northern region of Portugal, namely, Carrasca, Ripa, Negruche, Cordovil, Verdeal, Madural, and Bical cultivars, under several conditions. The concentration of a leaf extract required for addition to refined olive oil to obtain the same stability as virgin olive oil was determined. The extract from 1 kg of leaves was sufficient to fortify 50-320 L of refined olive oil to a similar stability as a virgin olive oil sample depending on the metal concentration of the oil, cultivar, and time of the year when the leaves were picked.

Glutathione and related thiol compounds II: the importance of protein bound glutathione and related protein-bound compounds in gluten proteins

Protein-bound glutathione (PSSG) and protein-bound related thiol compounds, i.e. cysteine (PSSCys), glutamyl-cysteine (PSSGlu-Cys) and cysteinyl-glycine (PSSCys-Gly), were analysed in proteins of Osborne fractions, i.e. gliadin, glutenin and gliadin-, glutenin-subfractions separated by gel filtration chromatography, gel protein and the total gluten proteins separated from wheat varieties with varying breadmaking performances. The results showed that PSSG and some protein-bound related thiol compounds were found in monomeric gliadins, indicating that glutathione and some related thiol compounds are able to form disulphide bonds (SS) with sulphydryl group (SH) of those proteins and the formation of those disulphide bonds may prevent those monomeric proteins from binding to other proteins. It was also observed that a larger amount of PSSG in glutenin proteins was negatively correlated with the molecular weight (M-w) distribution of glutenin polymers, suggesting that PSSG and protein-bound related thiol compounds may play an important role in controlling polymerisation of glutenin. Furthermore, it was found that the level of PSSG in gel protein from flours with poor breadmaking performances was constantly higher and significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of flours with good breadmaking performance. The same trend was observed with gluten samples from breadmaking and biscuitmaking flours. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Glutathione and related thiol compounds. I. Glutathione and related thiol compounds in flour

The high pressure liquid chromatography method for determination of glutathione in free and protein-bound forms was re-established and has successfully been developed to measure glutathione related thiol compounds, i.e. L-cysteine, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine and L-cysteinyl-L-glycine, in both free and protein-bound forms. The natural levels of those compounds in typical strong, weak flours, and flours from 36 wheat varieties grown in the UK were investigated. The total free and protein-bound glutathione compounds found in the 36 UK varieties was 358 +/- 51 and 190 +/- 17 nmol/g, respectively. Multiple correlation analysis did not show a clear-cut relationship between the natural level of glutathione and any related thiol compound in either free or protein-bound forms and flour quality attributes, including rheological properties, baking performance, protein content and SDS sedimentation test values. Therefore, it can be suggested that glutathione and related thiol compounds at natural levels do not lead to significant differences in the rheological properties of dough and the baking performance of flour. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sugars and related compounds as flavour precursors in meat

Sugars and related substances, namely sugar phosphates and ribonucleotides, are important meat flavour precursors. In particular, ribose and ribose 5-phosphate have been shown to be important in aroma development in heated model systems. There are few quantitative data on the concentrations and the variations of sugars and related substances in meat. This paper will report on the analysis of glucose, fructose, ribose, ribose 5-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) in aged beef. Sugars and related compounds were extracted from lean meat and derivatised to the corresponding TMS ethers. Analysis and quantitation of the sugars and sugar phosphates were performed using GC and GC/MS, while IMP analysis was performed using capillary electrophoresis (CE).

Volatile oxidation compounds in a conjugated linoleic acid-rich oil

In this Study, volatile oxidation compounds formed in a commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil were quantified and results compared to those found in safflower oil (rich in linoleic acid, LA). Intact oil samples and pure triacylglycerols obtained following elimination of tocopherols and minor compounds were oxidised at 60 degrees C, and volatile oxidation compounds were analysed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector and mass spectrometer. Results showed that while, as expected, hexanal was the major volatile oxidation compound found in oil and triacylglycerols rich in LA, both hexanal and heptanal equally were the most abundant compounds in oil and triacylglycerols rich in CLA. Besides, samples rich in CLA also showed significantly high quantities of trans-2-octenal and trans-2-nonenal and the latter, along with heptanal, were absent in samples rich in LA. Results for CLA samples were not easy to interpret since major volatiles found are not expected from theoretically stable hydroperoxides formed in CLA and could in part derive from dioxetanes coming from 1,2-cycloadclitions of CIA with oxygen. Overall, results obtained support evidence that oxidation mechanisms of CLA may differ than those of LA. Also, it was concluded that heptanal determination could serve as a useful marker of oxidation progress in CLA-rich oils. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of plant sulfur nutrition on acrylamide and aroma compounds in cooked wheat

Wheat flour from plants deficient in sulfur has been shown to contain substantially higher levels of free amino acids, particularly asparagine and glutamine, than flour from wheat grown where sulfur nutrition was sufficient. Elevated levels of asparagine resulted in acrylamide levels up to 6 times higher in sulfur-deprived wheat flour, compared with sulfur-sufficient wheat flour, for three varieties of winter wheat. The volatile compounds from flour, heated at 180 degrees C for 20 min, have been compared for these three varieties of wheat grown with and without sulfur fertilizer. Approximately 50 compounds were quantified in the headspace extracts of the heated flour; over 30 compounds were affected by sulfur fertilization, and 15 compounds were affected by variety. Unsaturated aldehydes formed from aldol condensations, Strecker. aldehydes, alkylpyrazines, and low molecular weight alkylfurans were found at higher concentrations in the sulfur-deficient flour, whereas low molecular weight pyrroles and thiophenes and sugar breakdown products were found at higher concentrations in the sulfur-sufficient flour. The reasons for these differences and the relationship between acrylamide formation and aroma volatile formation are discussed.

Analysis of the headspace aroma compounds of walnuts (Juglans regia L.)

The aroma volatiles of walnuts from three different geographical locations were studied. Over 110 compounds were identified in the headspace volatiles, many for the first time as walnut components. Walnuts from China and the Ukraine contained high levels of lipid-derived volatiles, in particular hexanal, pentanal, 1-hexanol and 1-pentanol from linoleic acid breakdown, and 1-penten-3-ol from alpha-linolenic acid breakdown. Chilean walnuts, however, contained high levels of alkylbenzenes of molecular weight 120, with the lipid-derived aldehydes and alcohols present at much lower levels than in the other two walnut samples. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of the walnuts and their volatile composition is discussed. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effects of diet, breed and age of animal at slaughter on the aroma compounds of grilled beef

The aroma volatiles of grilled beef, from animals fed either grass silage or cereal concentrates, were compared. Aberdeen Angus and Holstein-Friesian cross-breed steers, slaughtered at 14 or 24 months, were studied. Compounds formed from linoleic acid, in particular 2-pentylfuran, 1-octen-3-ol, (Z)-2-octen-1-ol, and hexanal were at higher levels in the meat from the animals fed concentrates. Phytenes and compounds formed from α-linolenic acid, in particular 1-penten-3-ol and (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, were at higher levels in the meat of animals fed silage. Differences due to breed were small and not consistent with slaughter age. Dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide and phenol were at higher levels in the meat of animals slaughtered at 24 months and may contribute to grilled beef aroma.

Dietary manipulation of fatty acid composition in lamb meat and its effect on the volatile aroma compounds of grilled lamb

The effect on lamb muscle of five dietary supplements high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was measured. The supplements were linseed oil, fish oil, protected lipid (high in linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3)), fish oil/marine algae (1:1), and protected lipid/marine algae (1:1). Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) were found in the highest amounts in the meat from lambs fed diets containing algae. Meat from lambs fed protected lipid had the highest levels of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, due to the effectiveness of the protection system. In grilled meat from these animals, volatile compounds derived from n-3 fatty acids were highest in the meat from the lambs fed the fish oil/algae diet, whereas compounds derived from n-6 fatty acids were highest in the meat from the lambs fed the protected lipid diet. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation by volatile profile of the synergistic antioxidant effect between bovine serum albumin and virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in an oil-in-water emulsion

THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS, CONTAINING BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) AND VIRGIN OLIVE OIL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, WAS STUDIED BY THE DETERMINATION OF THE FORMATION OF VOLATILE OXIDATION PRODUCTS. FOUR OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS WITH AND WITHOUT PHENOLS ISOLATED FROM VIRGIN OLIVE OIL AND BSA WERE PREPARED. THESE MODEL SYSTEMS WERE STORED AT 60 degrees C TO ACCELERATE LIPID OXIDATION. VOLATILE OXIDATION PRODUCTS WERE MONITORED EVERY THREE DAYS BY HEADSPACE SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION COUPLED WITH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUALLY OLIVE OIL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND BSA SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, THE COMBINATION OF THESE COMPONENTS SHOWED A VERY GOOD SYNERGY, QUANTIFIED AS 127%. IN FACT, THE EMULSION CONTAINING BOTH PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND BSA SHOWED A VERY LOW LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DETERIORATION AFTER 45 DAYS STORAGE.

Bovine serum albumin produces a synergistic increase in the antioxidant activity of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in oil-in-water emulsions

Virgin olive oil is valued for its flavor, but unacceptable off-flavors may develop on storage in food products containing this oil due to oxidation. The oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and virgin olive oil phenolic compounds was studied. Four oil-in-water emulsions with and without BSA and phenols isolated from virgin olive oil were prepared. These model systems were stored at 60 degrees C to speed up lipid oxidation. Primary and secondary oxidation products were monitored every three days. Peroxide values and conjugated diene contents were determined as measures of the primary oxidation products. p-Anisidine values and volatile compounds were determined as measures of the secondary oxidation products. This latter determination was carried out by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. Although olive oil phenolic compounds and BSA contributed some antioxidant activity when present as individual additives, the combination of BSA with phenols in an emulsion showed 58-127% synergy, depending on which analytical method was used in the calculation. The emulsion containing phenolic compounds and BSA showed a low level of deterioration after 45 days of storage at 60 degrees C.

A study of the effects of adjunct cultures on the aroma compounds of Feta-type cheese

The influence of adjunct brine cultures on the volatile compounds in Feta-type cheeses made from bovine milk was studied. Four batches of brine were produced: one with no added adjuncts, a second containing Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, a third containing Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei plus Debaryomyces hansenii and a fourth with Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei plus Yarrowia lipolytica. All the cultures were isolated from commercial Feta brines. Aroma compounds were analysed by dynamic headspace analysis, on-line coupled with GC/MS. The most important volatile compounds were quantified in the experimental cheeses; it was concluded that the use of Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei and D. hansenii as adjuncts in the manufacture of Feta-type cheeses contribute to the formation of a richer pattern of aroma compounds, namely alcohols, aldehydes and esters. The inclusion of Y. lipolytica resulted in the production of undesirable aroma compounds that are not part of the usual volatile profile of high quality Feta cheeses. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solid phase microextraction of volatile oxidation compounds in oil-in-water emulsions

Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been used to isolate the headspace volatiles formed during oxidation of oil-in-water emulsions. Qualitative and quantitative analyses with an internal standard were performed by GC-FID. Four sample temperatures for adsorption (30, 40, 50 and 60 C) and adsorption times in the range 10-25 min were tested to determine the conditions for the volatile concentration to reach equilibrium. The optimum conditions were at 50 C for 20 min. The method was applied to monitor changes in volatile composition during oxidation of an o/w emulsion. SPME was a simple, reproducible and sensitive method for the analysis of volatile oxidation products in oil-in-water emulsions. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.