A percepção do paciente sobre sua permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva

Este estudo procura identificar a percepção do paciente sobre sua permanência na UTI. A amostra constituiu-se de10 pacientes, submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e que receberam intervenção psicológica somente após a alta da UTI. Para a coleta e análise dos dados, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa (análise de conteúdo). Os resultados sugerem que o paciente possue uma visão esteriotipada da UTI, vinculada à ideia de sofrimento e morte; o enfermeiro ocupa um importante papel nos momentos de fragilidade, dependência física e emocional; a dor, por seu caráter subjetivo, individual e emocional, é inevitável por estar relacionada aos procedimentos e, muitas vezes, associada ao sofrimento físico.

Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling

In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.

O sentido do cuidar da criança e da família na comunidade: a experiência da aluna de enfermagem

Este estudo, utilizando abordagem fenomenológica, buscou compreender o significado da experiência de aprendizagem da aluna de enfermagem ao cuidar da criança e da família na comunidade. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista aberta, individual, tendo como sujeitos nove alunas. Através da análise dos dados emergiram dois temas: ENFRENTANDO O DESAFIO e GERANDO OUTRO OLHAR. A interpretação, segundo o referencial teórico da Análise Existencial de Viktor Frankl, permitiu compreender que o sentido que move a aluna no tema enfrentando o desafio é a busca do conhecimento e o querer fazer algo. Além disso, o estudo permitiu uma reflexão acerca dos componentes da aprendizagem significativa em enfermagem, sendo o tema gerando outro olhar uma conseqüência para o pensar, o sentir e o agir da aluna, favorecendo seu crescimento pessoal e profissional.

Individual systems-oriented psychotherapy: a therapy without family?

Individual systems-oriented psychotherapy: a therapy without family? - Pursuing and deepening the reflections of a task force of the CEF in Lausanne dedicated to individual systems-oriented psychotherapy, the author raises the question of the legitimacy of such a practice for systemic therapists : are systemic thought and clinical practice to be allowed to take an interest in the individual ? The ideological stakes having been better identified, the article can address the methodological and technical issues involved in this type of psychotherapy, and more succinctly, those of training in such a practice.

Administração de insulina: uma abordagem fundamental na educação em diabetes

O estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão na literatura sobre administração de insulina, com ênfase nos seguinte temas: ações de insulinas, complicações locais cutâneas, uso de instrumentais para a aplicação de insulina, a seringa descartável e sua reutilização e a técnica de aplicação de insulina, temas estes fundamentais para serem abordados em programas educativos em diabetes.

Cell disposition of raltegravir and newer antiretrovirals in HIV-infected patients: high inter-individual variability in raltegravir cellular penetration.

Objectives The site of pharmacological activity of raltegravir is intracellular. Our aim was to determine the extent of raltegravir cellular penetration and whether raltegravir total plasma concentration (C(tot)) predicts cellular concentration (C(cell)). Methods Open-label, prospective, pharmacokinetic study on HIV-infected patients on a stable raltegravir-containing regimen. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were simultaneously collected during a 12 h dosing interval after drug intake. C(tot) and C(cell) of raltegravir, darunavir, etravirine, maraviroc and ritonavir were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry after protein precipitation. Longitudinal mixed effects analysis was applied to the C(cell)/C(tot) ratio. Results Ten HIV-infected patients were included. The geometric mean (GM) raltegravir total plasma maximum concentration (C(max)), minimum concentration (C(min)) and area under the time-concentration curve from 0-12 h (AUC(0-12)) were 1068 ng/mL, 51.1 ng/mL and 4171 ng·h/mL, respectively. GM raltegravir cellular C(max), C(min) and AUC(0-12) were 27.5 ng/mL, 2.9 ng/mL and 165 ng·h/mL, respectively. Raltegravir C(cell) corresponded to 5.3% of C(tot) measured simultaneously. Both concentrations fluctuate in parallel, with C(cell)/C(tot) ratios remaining fairly constant for each patient without a significant time-related trend over the dosing interval. The AUC(cell)/AUC(tot) GM ratios for raltegravir, darunavir and etravirine were 0.039, 0.14 and 1.55, respectively. Conclusions Raltegravir C(cell) correlated with C(tot) (r = 0.86). Raltegravir penetration into cells is low overall (∼5% of plasma levels), with distinct raltegravir cellular penetration varying by as much as 15-fold between patients. The importance of this finding in the context of development of resistance to integrase inhibitors needs to be further investigated.

Principais conceitos da abordagem sistêmica em cuidados de enfermagem ao individuo e sua família

Dada a ênfase atual na questão família surgiu o interesse de trazer para a discussão alguns conceitos que fundamentam aabordagem sistêmica em cuidados de enfermagem, que tem como principal instrumento a entrevista com a família. Osconceitos discutidossão:sistema, ser humano, família, saúde familiar, intervenção de enfermagem, hipóteses, circularidade,hipótese sistêmica e neutralidade. Procurou-se fornecer exemplos práticos que facilitassem a compreensão dos conceitos, bem como sua aplicabilidade.

Instances d'aliénation: portrait du patient tiraillé 1. Individu et contexte [Instances of alienation: portrait of the torn patient. I. Individual and context].

While the past decades were marked by an increased interest for the existential situation of man suffering from disease, the mechanisms alienating the patient from himself and from his context have been poorly investigated. These mechanisms, though operating in a dynamic interaction, will be discussed here sequentially. The first part of this article focuses on individual mechanisms of alienation emerging from the relationship the patient establishes with his body and psyche and on those related to his relational context. The aim is not to comprehensively describe these phenomena, but to discuss--based on clinical vignettes--some examples and their implications. The second part of the article describes some mechanisms of alienation that are incorporated in the medical apparatus and the dominant discourses.

Simultaneous co-expression of memory- and effector-related genes by individual human CD8 T cells depends on antigen specificity and differentiation

Purpose/Objective: Phenotypic and functional T cell properties are usually analyzed at the level of defined cell populations. However, large differences between individual T cells may have important functional consequences. To answer this issue, we performed highly sensitive single-cell gene expression profiling, which allows the direct ex vivo characterization of individual virus- and tumor-specific T cells from healthy donors and melanoma patients. Materials and methods: HLA-A*0201-positive patients with stage III/ IV metastatic melanoma were included in a phase I clinical trial (LUD- 00-018). Patients received monthly low-dose of the Melan-AMART- 1 26_35 unmodified natural (EAAGIGILTV) or the analog A27L (ELAGIGILTV) peptides, mixed CPG and IFA. Individual effector memory CD28+ (EM28+) and EM28- tetramer-specific CD8pos T cells were sorted by flow cytometer. Following direct cell lysis and reverse transcription, the resulting cDNA was precipitated and globally amplified. Semi-quantitative PCR was used for gene expression and TCR BV repertoire analyses. Results: We have previously shown that vaccination with the natural Melan-A peptide induced T cells with superior effector functions as compared to the analog peptide optimized for enhanced HLA binding. Here we found that natural peptide vaccination induced EM28+ T cells with frequent co-expression of both memory/homing-associated genes (CD27, IL7R, EOMES, CXCR3 and CCR5) and effector-related genes (IFNG, KLRD1, PRF1 and GZMB), comparable to protective EBV- and CMV-specific T cells. In contrast, memory/homing- and effectorassociated genes were less frequently co-expressed after vaccination with the analog peptide. Conclusions: These findings reveal a previously unknown level of gene expression diversity among vaccine- and virus-specific T cells with the simultaneous co-expression of multiple memory/homing- and effector- related genes by the same cell. Such broad functional gene expression signatures within antigen-specific T cells may be critical for mounting efficient responses to pathogens or tumors. In summary, direct ex vivo high-resolution molecular characterization of individual T cells provides key insights into the processes shaping the functional properties of tumor- and virus-specific T cells.

Compreendendo o estar com câncer ginecológico avançado: uma abordagem heideggeriana

A trajetória deste estudo voltou-se para a compreensão da vivência das mulheres com câncer ginecológico avançado. Optou-se por uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica, com base na questão norteadora: "Gostaria que você me contasse a sua experiência; Como é ser mulher com câncer ginecológico?" Obtiveram-se seis depoimentos dos quais emergiram as unificações ontológicas analisadas e interpretadas, segundo o referencial filosófico de Martin Heidegger. Tais unificações permitiram vislumbrar caminhos para cuidar dessas mulheres que vão além do conhecimento técnico científico. É necessário compreender o vivido, assegurando um cuidar que contemple a subjetividade e intersubjetividade.

Protective Efficacy of Individual CD8+ T Cell Specificities in Chronic Viral Infection.

Specific CD8(+) T cells (CTLs) play an important role in resolving protracted infection with hepatitis B and C virus in humans and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice. The contribution of individual CTL specificities to chronic virus control, as well as epitope-specific patterns in timing and persistence of antiviral selection pressure, remain, however, incompletely defined. To monitor and characterize the antiviral efficacy of individual CTL specificities throughout the course of chronic infection, we coinoculated mice with a mixture of wild-type LCMV and genetically engineered CTL epitope-deficient mutant virus. A quantitative longitudinal assessment of viral competition revealed that mice continuously exerted CTL selection pressure on the persisting virus population. The timing of selection pressure characterized individual epitope specificities, and its magnitude varied considerably between individual mice. This longitudinal assessment of "antiviral efficacy" provides a novel parameter to characterize CTL responses in chronic viral infection. It demonstrates remarkable perseverance of all antiviral CTL specificities studied, thus raising hope for therapeutic vaccination in the treatment of persistent viral diseases.

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure events: an individual participant data analysis from 6 prospective cohorts.

BACKGROUND: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure recommend investigating exacerbating conditions such as thyroid dysfunction, but without specifying the impact of different thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) levels. Limited prospective data exist on the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and heart failure events. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a pooled analysis of individual participant data using all available prospective cohorts with thyroid function tests and subsequent follow-up of heart failure events. Individual data on 25 390 participants with 216 248 person-years of follow-up were supplied from 6 prospective cohorts in the United States and Europe. Euthyroidism was defined as TSH of 0.45 to 4.49 mIU/L, subclinical hypothyroidism as TSH of 4.5 to 19.9 mIU/L, and subclinical hyperthyroidism as TSH <0.45 mIU/L, the last two with normal free thyroxine levels. Among 25 390 participants, 2068 (8.1%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 648 (2.6%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, risks of heart failure events were increased with both higher and lower TSH levels (P for quadratic pattern <0.01); the hazard ratio was 1.01 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-1.26) for TSH of 4.5 to 6.9 mIU/L, 1.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-3.23) for TSH of 7.0 to 9.9 mIU/L, 1.86 (95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.72) for TSH of 10.0 to 19.9 mIU/L (P for trend <0.01) and 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.88-1.95) for TSH of 0.10 to 0.44 mIU/L and 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.72) for TSH <0.10 mIU/L (P for trend=0.047). Risks remained similar after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: Risks of heart failure events were increased with both higher and lower TSH levels, particularly for TSH ≥10 and <0.10 mIU/L.

Práticas terapêuticas entre idosos de Porto Alegre: uma abordagem qualitativa

O estudo objetivou conhecer e compreender o uso de práticas terapêuticas entre idosos residentes em área urbana. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, realizada no município de Porto Alegre. Processou-se a caracterização sociodemográfica, dos 24 idosos selecionados aleatoriamente e entrevistados, e a análise temática das informações coletadas sobre o uso de práticas terapêuticas. Eram na maioria do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 68 anos e com quatro anos completos de estudo. A principal prática terapêutica referida foi a automedicação. Outra prática terapêutica referida foi a busca por um profissional médico. Considera-se que, por meio da análise e discussão crítica da temática, pode-se subsidiar a capacitação de profissionais no campo da Educação em saúde e do trabalho de Enfermagem em particular, favorecendo os processos de cuidado, autocuidado dos problemas da população idosa.

Fishery-induced selection on an Alpine whitefish: quantifying genetic and environmental effects on individual growth rate

Size-selective fishing, environmental changes and reproductive strategies are expected to affect life-history traits such as the individual growth rate. The relative contribution of these factors is not clear, particularly whether size-selective fishing can have a substantial impact on the genetics and hence on the evolution of individual growth rates in wild populations. We analysed a 25-year monitoring survey of an isolated population of the Alpine whitefish Coregonus palaea. We determined the selection differentials on growth rate, the actual change of growth rate over time and indicators of reproductive strategies that may potentially change over time. The selection differential can be reliably estimated in our study population because almost all the fish are harvested within their first years of life, i.e. few fish escape fishing mortality. We found a marked decline in average adult growth rate over the 25 years and a significant selection differential for adult growth, but no evidence for any linear change in reproductive strategies over time. Assuming that the heritability of growth in this whitefish corresponds to what was found in other salmonids, about a third of the observed decline in growth rate would be linked to fishery-induced evolution. Size-selective fishing seems to affect substantially the genetics of individual growth in our study population.

Ser trabalhador de enfermagem da Unidade de Centro de Material: uma abordagem fenomenológica

Este estudo buscou compreender a experiência dos trabalhadores de enfermagem da Unidade de Centro de Material (UCM) de um hospital de Londrina, utilizando a pesquisa qualitativa femomenológica. Foram realizadas dez entrevistas. A análise dos discursos permitiu construir quatro categorias: 1. Falando do ingresso na UCM - situa as diferentes formas de ingresso nesta unidade; 2. Falando sobre o trabalho desenvolvido na UCM - discorre sobre a rotatividade, o trabalho concomitante e a predileção por determinadas áreas; o ambiente fechado; a evolução tecnológica e o relacionamento interpessoal; 3. Vivenciando as dificuldades - descreve a rotina diária; o trabalho repetitivo e monótono, o cansaço físico, a falta de materiais e equipamentos; o período de adaptação, o desconhecimento, a desvalorização e a discriminação vivenciada; 4. Superando os obstáculos - revela a tomada de consciência do seu papel na unidade reconhecendo a sua importância.