Uso da palha de carnaúba em revestimento de dutos

In this work, the plant species Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore (carnauba), naturally occurring which prevails in the northeast region of Brazil was the subject of studies aiming its use as external coating of pipelines used in petroleum industry. The part of the plant worked were the leaves, also called straw, which were coated with resinous material. For this purpose, it was necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of acrylic resins in the straw carnauba coating. The properties of the untreated carnauba straw and chemically treated with sodium hydroxide, hexane and carbon tetrachloride were investigated by ATRFTIR, SEM and thermal analysis. The first two techniques showed that treatment with solvents has caused major changes in the straw surface, while the thermal analysis indicated that the sodium hydroxide caused variations in thermal stability of straw constituents. Water absorption measurements showed that treatments have accelerated the absorption process and the reduction of contact angle values for treated samples with solvents indicated higher hidrophilicity of straw. The tensile tests showed lower values of elastic modulus and tensile strength for treated samples. Furthermore, coatings using pure commercial resins A and B as well as the formulations with clay were applied in straw and they were examined once again through thermal analysis, water absorption measurements, contact angle and mechanical tests. To analyze the effect of heat ageing, samples were subjected to tensile tests again in order to assess its resistance. The results showed that the resins/clay formulations increased thermal stability of straw, they promoted a good impermeabilization and caused significant decrease in the values of elastic modulus and tensile strength. Evaluating the ageing effect on the mechanical properties, it has been showed good recovery to the coated straw with the formulations A 60 and A 80% in modulus and tensile strength values and elongation at break values have remained very close. It is thus concluded that the carnauba straw can be used as a coating of pipelines with significant cost savings, since there is no need for pretreatment for its use and shows itself as a viable biotechnology alternative, contributing to the quality of coatings material and environment preservation.

Espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo e métodos de calibração multivariada aplicados à determinação simultânea de parâmetros bioquímicos em plasma sanguíneo

In this work, the quantitative analysis of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol (total and HDL) in both rat and human blood plasma was performed without any kind of pretreatment of samples, by using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) combined with multivariate methods. For this purpose, different techniques and algorithms used to pre-process data, to select variables and to build multivariate regression models were compared between each other, such as partial least squares regression (PLS), non linear regression by artificial neural networks, interval partial least squares regression (iPLS), genetic algorithm (GA), successive projections algorithm (SPA), amongst others. Related to the determinations of rat blood plasma samples, the variables selection algorithms showed satisfactory results both for the correlation coefficients (R²) and for the values of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the three analytes, especially for triglycerides and cholesterol-HDL. The RMSEP values for glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol-HDL obtained through the best PLS model were 6.08, 16.07 e 2.03 mg dL-1, respectively. In the other case, for the determinations in human blood plasma, the predictions obtained by the PLS models provided unsatisfactory results with non linear tendency and presence of bias. Then, the ANN regression was applied as an alternative to PLS, considering its ability of modeling data from non linear systems. The root mean square error of monitoring (RMSEM) for glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol, for the best ANN models, were 13.20, 10.31 e 12.35 mg dL-1, respectively. Statistical tests (F and t) suggest that NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate regression methods (PLS and ANN) are capable to quantify the analytes (glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol) even when they are present in highly complex biological fluids, such as blood plasma

Estudo da potencialidade da espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo na análise de cabelo utilizando ferramentas quimiométricas para diferenciar fumantes de não fumantes

This paper investigates the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) for forensic analysis of human hair samples in order to differentiate smokers from nonsmokers, using chemometric modeling as an analytical tool. We obtained a total of 19 hair samples, 9 smokers and 10 nonsmokers varying gender, hair color, age and duration of smoking, all collected directly from the head of the same great Natal-RN. From the NIR spectra obtained without any pretreatment of the samples was performed an exploratory multivariate chemical data by applying spectral pretreatments followed by principal component analysis (PCA). After chemometric modeling of the data was achieved without any experimental data beyond the NIR spectra, differentiate smokers from nonsmokers, by demonstrating the significant influence of tabacco on the chemical composition of hair as well as the potential of the methodology in forensic identification

Evaluation of the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in healthy dogs

This study evaluated the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in dogs. Six dogs (20.2 +/- 6.3 kg) were studied. Values for complete blood count (CBC), serum urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, alanine phosphatase, -glutamyl transferase, occult blood in feces, platelet aggregation, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were measured before and 7, 14, 21, and 29 days after SID treatment with firocoxib 5.3 +/- 0.34 mg/kg (FG) or lactose 1 mg/kg (LG) for 2 8 days, in a randomized crossover study. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract endoscopy was performed before treatment began and at 29 days. Lesions were scored from grade 0 to 6. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t-tests (P < 0.05). None of the dogs presented adverse clinical effects. There were no significant changes in CBC, biochemical profiles within groups, or differences between groups. Pretreatment mean SD bleeding time (LG, 70.7 +/- 32.1 sec; FG, 75.8 +/- 38.1 sec) and platelet aggregation (LG, 86.4 +/- 10.2%; FG, 85.6 +/- 9.2%) were not significantly different from readings at 29 days (LG, 95.2 +/- 25 sec; FG, 91.7 +/- 24 sec and LG, 73.2 +/- 15.1%; FG, 84 +/- 10.3%) nor the groups were different. None of the dogs had positive fecal occult blood tests, and endoscopic lesion scores were grade 0 both before treatment and at 29 days. Administration of firocoxib did not cause any adverse effects on GI, or hematological or serum biochemical variables and appears to have been well tolerated by dogs.

Perioperative cardiac arrest and its mortality in children. A 9-year survey in a Brazilian tertiary teaching hospital

Background: the incidence of perioperative cardiac arrest and mortality in children is higher than in adults. This survey evaluated the incidence, causes, and outcome of perioperative cardiac arrests in a pediatric surgical population in a tertiary teaching hospital between 1996 and 2004.Methods: the incidence of cardiac arrest during anesthesia was identified from an anesthesia database. During the study period, 15 253 anesthetics were performed in children. Data collected included patient demographics, surgical procedures (elective, urgent, or emergency), ASA physical status classification, anesthesia provider information, type of surgery, surgical areas, and outcome. All cardiac arrests were reviewed and grouped by the cause of arrest and death into one of four groups: totally anesthesia-related, partially anesthesia-related, totally surgery-related, or totally child disease or condition-related.Results: There were 35 cardiac arrests (22.9 : 10 000) and 15 deaths (9.8 : 10 000). Major risk factors for cardiac arrest were neonates and children under 1 year of age (P < 0.05) with ASA III or poorer physical status (P < 0.05), in emergency surgery (P < 0.05), and general anesthesia (P < 0.05). Child disease/condition was the major cause of cardiac arrest or death (P < 0.05). There were seven cardiac arrests because of anesthesia (4.58 : 10 000) - four totally (2.62 : 10 000) and three partially related to anesthesia (1.96 : 10 000). There were no anesthesia attributable deaths reported. The main causes of anesthesia attributable cardiac arrest were respiratory events (71.5%) and medication-related events (28.5%).Conclusions: Perioperative cardiac arrests were relatively higher in neonates and infants than in older children with severe underlying disease and during emergency surgery. The fact that all anesthesia attributable cardiac arrests were related to airway management and medication administration is important in prevention strategies.

Does sealing endotracheal tube cuff pressure diminish the frequency of postoperative laryngotracheal complaints after nitrous oxide anesthesia?

Study Objectives: To study endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressures during nitrous oxide (N2O) anesthesia when the cuffs are inflated with air to achieve sealing pressure, and to evaluate the frequency of postoperative laryngotracheal complaints.Design: Prospective, randomized, blind study.Setting: Metropolitan teaching hospital.Patients: 50 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery.Interventions: Patients received standard general anesthesia with 66% N2O in oxygen. In 25 patients, the ETT cuff was inflated with air to achieve a sealing pressure (P-seal group). In 25 patients, the ETT cuff was inflated with air to achieve a pressure of 25 cm H2O (P-25 group).Measurements and Main Results: ETT intracuff pressures were recorded before (control) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes during N2O administration. We investigated the frequency and intensity of sore throat, hoarseness, and dysphagia in patients in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and 24 hours following tracheal extubation. The cuff pressures in the P-seal group were significantly lower than in the P-25 group at all time points studied (p < 0.001), with a significant increase with time in both groups (p < 0.001). The cuff pressures exceeded the critical pressure of 30 cm H2O only after 90 minutes in the P-seal group and already by 30 minutes in the P-25 group. The frequency and intensity of sore throat, hoarseness, and dysphagia were similar in both groups in the PACU and 24 hours after tracheal extubation (p > 0.05).Conclusions: Minimum ETT sealing cuff pressure during N2O anesthesia did not prevent, but instead attenuated, the increase in cuff pressure and did not decrease postoperative laryngotracheal complaints. (C) 2004 by Elsevier B.V.

Perioperative cardiac arrest: a study of 53718 anaesthetics over 9 yr from a Brazilian teaching hospital

Background. Little information exists regarding factors influencing perioperative cardiac arrests and their outcome. This survey evaluated the incidence, causes and outcome of perioperative cardiac arrests in a Brazilian tertiary general teaching hospital between April 1996 and March 2005.Methods. The incidence of cardiac arrest during anaesthesia was prospectively identified from an anaesthesia database. There were 53 718 anaesthetics during the study period. Data collected included patient characteristics, surgical procedures (elective, urgent or emergency), ASA physical status classification, anaesthesia provider information, type of surgery, surgical areas and outcome. All cardiac arrests were retrospectively reviewed and grouped by cause of arrest and death into one of four groups: totally anaesthesia related, partially anaesthesia related, totally surgery related or totally patient disease or condition related.Results. One hundred and eighty-six cardiac arrests (34.6:10 000) and 118 deaths (21.97:10 000) were found. Major risk factors for cardiac arrest were neonates, children under 1 yr and the elderly (P < 0.05), male patients with ASA III or poorer physical status (P < 0.05), in emergency surgery (P < 0.05) and under general anaesthesia (P < 0.05). Patient disease/condition was the major cause of cardiac arrest or death (P < 0.05). There were 18 anaesthesia-related cardiac arrests (3.35:10 000)-10 totally attributed (1.86:10 000) and 8 partially related to anaesthesia (1.49:10 000). There were 6 anaesthesia-related deaths (1.12:10 000)-3 totally attributable and 3 partially related to anaesthesia (0.56:10 000 in both cases). The main causes of anaesthesia-related cardiac arrest were respiratory events (55.5%) and medication-related events (44.5%).Conclusions. Perioperative cardiac arrests were relatively higher in neonates, infants, the elderly and in males with severe underlying disease and under emergency surgery. All anaesthesia-related cardiac arrests were related to airway management and medication administration which is important for prevention strategies.

Umidificação e aquecimento do gás inalado durante ventilação artificial com baixo fluxo e fluxo mínimo de gases frescos

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: em pacientes sob intubação traqueal ou traqueostomia, a umidificação e o aquecimento do gás inalado são necessários para a prevenção de lesões no sistema respiratório, conseqüentes ao contato do gás frio e seco com as vias aéreas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do sistema respiratório circular com absorvedor de dióxido de carbono do aparelho de anestesia Cícero da Dräger, quanto à capacidade de aquecimento e umidificação dos gases inalados, utilizando-se fluxo baixo (1 L.min-1) ou mínimo (0,5 L.min-1) de gases frescos. MÉTODO: O estudo aleatório foi realizado em 24 pacientes, estado físico ASA I, com idades entre 18 e 65 anos, submetidos à anestesia geral, utilizando-se a Estação de Trabalho Cícero da Dräger (Alemanha), para realização de cirurgias abdominais, os quais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo de Baixo Fluxo (BF), no qual foi administrado 0,5 L.min-1 de oxigênio e 0,5 L.min-1 de óxido nitroso e fluxo mínimo (FM), administrando-se somente oxigênio a 0,5 L.min-1. Os atributos estudados foram temperatura, umidade relativa e absoluta da sala de operação e do gás no sistema inspiratório. RESULTADOS: Os valores da temperatura, umidade relativa e umidade absoluta no sistema inspiratório na saída do aparelho de anestesia e junto ao tubo traqueal não apresentaram diferença significante entre os grupos, mas aumentaram ao longo do tempo nos dois grupos (BF e FM), havendo influência da temperatura da sala de operação sobre a temperatura do gás inalado, nos dois grupos estudados. Níveis de umidade e temperatura próximos dos ideais foram alcançados, nos dois grupos, a partir de 90 minutos. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significante da umidade e temperatura do gás inalado utilizando-se baixo fluxo e fluxo mínimo de gases frescos.

Preoperative warming combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming does not avoid hypothermia caused by spinal anesthesia in patients with midazolam premedication

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Hipotermia inadvertida no perioperatório é freqüente durante anestesia subaracnóidea e após a administração de midazolam. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do aquecimento da pele no intra-operatório, associado ou não ao aquecimento da pele durante o período de 45 minutos no pré-operatório, na prevenção de hipotermia intra- e pós-operatória determinada pela anestesia subaracnóidea em pacientes com medicação pré-anestésica com midazolam. TIPO DE ETUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo e aleatório, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, SP. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em 30 pacientes com estado físico ASA (da Sociedade Norte-americana de Anestesiologistas) I e II submetidos à cirurgia eletiva do abdômen. Como medicação pré-anestésica, utilizou-se o midazolam, 7,5 mg via intramuscular (IM) e anestesia subaracnóidea padrão. em 10 pacientes (Gcontrole) utilizou-se isolamento térmico passivo; 10 pacientes (Gpré+intra) foram submetidos a aquecimento ativo no pré- e intra-operatório; e 10 pacientes (Gintra) foram aquecidos ativamente somente no intra-operatório. RESULTADOS: Após 45 minutos de aquecimento no pré-operatório, os pacientes do Gpré+intra apresentaram temperatura central mais elevada em relação aos dos grupos não aquecidos antes da anestesia (p < 0,05) mas não no início da cirurgia (p > 0,05). Os pacientes que receberam aquecimento no intra-operatório apresentaram temperatura central mais elevada no final da cirurgia em relação aos de Gcontrole (p < 0,05). Todos os pacientes estavam hipotérmicos na admissão da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (temperatura central < 36º C). CONCLUSÕES: 45 minutos de aquecimento no pré-operatório combinado com aquecimento no intra- operatório não evita, mas minimiza a ocorrência de hipotermia determinada pela anestesia subaracnóidea em pacientes que receberam midazolam como medicação pré-anestésica.

DNA damage in patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery under inhalation or intravenous anesthesia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evaluation of DNA damage and lipoperoxidation of propofol in patients undergoing elective surgery

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

MORTALITY IN ANESTHESIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

This systematic review of the Brazilian and worldwide literature aims to evaluate the incidence and causes of perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality. Studies were identified by searching the Medline and Scielo databases, followed by a manual search for relevant articles. Our review includes studies published between 1954 and 2007. Each publication was reviewed to identify author(s), study period, data source, perioperative mortality rates, and anesthesia-related mortality rates. Thirty-three trials were assessed. Brazilian and worldwide studies demonstrated a similar decline in anesthesia-related mortality rates, which amounted to fewer than 1 death per 10,000 anesthetics in the past two decades. Perioperative mortality rates also decreased during this period, with fewer than 20 deaths per 10,000 anesthetics in developed countries. Brazilian studies showed higher perioperative mortality rates, from 19 to 51 deaths per 10,000 anesthetics. The majority of perioperative deaths occurred in neonates, children under one year, elderly patients, males, patients of ASA III physical status or poorer, emergency surgeries, during general anesthesia, and cardiac surgery followed by thoracic, vascular, gastroenterologic, pediatric and orthopedic surgeries. The main causes of anesthesia-related mortality were problems with airway management and cardiocirculatory events related to anesthesia and drug administration. Our systematic review of the literature shows that perioperative mortality rates are higher in Brazil than in developed countries, while anesthesia-related mortality rates are similar in Brazil and in developed countries. Most cases of anesthesia-related mortality are associated with cardiocirculatory and airway events. These data may be useful in developing strategies to prevent anesthesia-related deaths.

Influência da medicação pré-anestésica com midazolam e clonidina no nível de hipnose após indução anestésica com propofol e alfentanil em crianças: monitorização pelo índice bispectral

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) é adjuvante da anestesia e diminui tanto a necessidade de concentrações elevadas de anestésicos como a ansiedade perioperatória, produzindo amnésia e contribuindo para estabilidade hemodinâmica. Dentre as drogas administradas na MPA de crianças, encontram-se o midazolam e a clonidina. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se a MPA com midazolam e clonidina exerce influência no nível de hipnose, avaliado pelo BIS, em crianças após indução anestésica com propofol e alfentanil. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 30 pacientes, com idades entre 2 e 12 anos, estado físico ASA I, submetidos a cirurgias eletivas, que foram distribuídos em 3 grupos: G1 - sem MPA, G2 - midazolam (0,5 mg.kg-1) e G3 - clonidina (4 µg.kg-1), por via oral, 60 minutos antes da cirurgia. Todos os pacientes receberam alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1), propofol (3 mg.kg-1) e atracúrio (0,5 mg.kg-1). Avaliou-se o valor derivado do BIS antes da indução da anestesia (M1) e após a intubação (M2). O método estatístico utilizado foi a análise de variância para idade, peso e altura, e análise de perfil para o BIS, sendo o valor de p < 0,05 considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: Quando se comparou o mesmo momento (M1 ou M2) entre os três grupos, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Quando se compararam os dois momentos de um mesmo grupo, M1 foi maior que M2 nos três grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A medicação pré-anestésica com midazolam e clonidina não influenciou o nível de hipnose em crianças induzidas com propofol e alfentanil.

Eficácia do propofol e da associação de propofol e dexametasona no controle de náusea e vômito no pós-operatório de laparoscopia ginecológica

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A laparoscopia ginecológica é procedimento que determina alta incidência de náusea e vômito no pós-operatório. Este estudo teve por finalidade comparar a eficácia do propofol isoladamente ou em associação com a dexametasona na prevenção de náusea e vômito em pacientes submetidas à laparoscopia ginecológica. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 40 pacientes, estado físico ASA I e II, com idades entre 18 e 46 anos, sem queixas gástricas prévias, submetidas à laparoscopia para diagnóstico ou cirurgia. As pacientes foram divididas em 2 grupos: o grupo 1 recebeu (solução fisiológica 2 ml) e o grupo 2 dexametasona (8 mg), por via venosa antes da indução da anestesia. Todas as pacientes receberam midazolam (7,5 mg) por via oral como medicação pré-anestésica, sufentanil (0,5 µg.kg-1), propofol em infusão contínua para indução e manutenção da anestesia (BIS - 60) e N2O/O2 em fração inspirada de O2 a 40% e atracúrio (0,5 mg.kg-1) como bloqueador neuromuscular. A analgesia pós-operatória foi realizada com cetoprofeno (100 mg) e buscopam composto ®.As pacientes fora avaliadas na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (SRPA) e na enfermaria 1, 2, 3 e 12 horas após a alta da SRPA. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos foram idênticos quanto aos dados antropométricos e à duração da cirurgia e da anestesia. No grupo 1 (n = 20) uma paciente apresentou náusea na SRPA e na enfermaria e três pacientes vomitaram na enfermaria. No grupo 2 (n = 20) nenhuma paciente apresentou náusea ou vômito durante o período de observação clínica, resultados estatisticamente não significativos. CONCLUSÕES: O propofol isoladamente ou associado à dexametasona foi eficaz na prevenção de náusea e vômito no pós-operatório de pacientes submetidas à laparoscopia ginecológica

Eficácia da N-butilescopolamina e dipirona sódica associadas ao cetoprofeno no alívio da dor pós-operatória de pacientes submetidas a duas técnicas diferentes de laqueadura por laparoscopia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A laqueadura laparoscópica (LL) é um dos procedimentos mais dolorosos e a intensidade da dor varia com a técnica selecionada, sendo mais intensa com a técnica de oclusão das tubas uterinas com anel. As pacientes submetidas à LL referem dor em cólica no período PO e a N-butilescopolamina e a dipirona sódica, por suas propriedades anti-espasmódicas e analgésicas, associadas às propriedades antiinflamatórias do cetoprofeno, podem ser opção para profilaxia e tratamento de dor. O objetivo deste foi estudar a eficácia da N-butilescopolamina e da dipirona sódica associadas ao cetoprofeno, na prevenção de dor PO em pacientes submetidas à LL, com duas técnicas diferentes - diatermia e pinçamento com anel. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 50 pacientes, estado físico ASA I e II, com idade entre 23 e 47 anos. As pacientes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: G1 - oclusão das tubas uterinas com anéis, G2 - oclusão das tubas uterinas com diatermia. Todas as pacientes receberam N-butilescopolamina (20 mg) e dipirona sódica (2500 mg) e cetoprofeno (100 mg), por via venosa, imediatamente antes da indução da anestesia. A dor foi avaliada pelo critério de escala numérica verbal, variando de 0 a 10, sendo 0 ausência de dor e 10 o máximo de dor, a cada 10 minutos na primeira hora, na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (SRPA) e na 1ª, 2ª, 3ª e 4ª horas após a alta da SRPA. Dor com intensidade maior que 3 era tratada com tramadol (100 mg), por via venosa. A avaliação da dor foi realizada sem que se soubesse a que grupo pertencia a paciente. Para análise estatística, testes t de Student, Mann-Whitney e Friedman. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos foram idênticos com relação à idade, ao peso, à altura, à duração da cirurgia e anestesia. As pacientes do G1 apresentaram maior escore de dor que as do G2, em todos os momentos do estudo. Valores estatisticamente significativos: 80% das pacientes de G1 e 16% de G2 necessitaram de tramadol em algum momento do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: A N-butilescopolamina e a dipirona sódica associadas ao cetoprofeno mostraram ser alternativa de analgesia pós-operatória quando a laqueadura é realizada com a técnica de diatermia.