20世纪90年代中国土地利用变化时空特征及其成因分析

在土地利用变化时空信息平台的支持下,本文对我国20世纪80年代末到90年代末的土地利用变化过程进行了全面分析,揭示了我国10年来土地利用变化的时空规律,分析了这些规律形成的主要政策、经济和自然成因。研究表明,20世纪90年代,全国耕地总面积呈北增南减、总量增加的趋势,增量主要来自对北方草地和林地的开垦。林业用地面积呈现总体减少的趋势,减少的林地主要分布于传统林区,南方水热充沛区造林效果明显。中国城乡建设用地整体上表现为持续扩张的态势。90年代后5年总体增速减缓,西部增速加快。20世纪90年代我国的土地利用变化表现出明显的时空差异,政策调控和经济驱动是导致土地利用变化及其时空差异的主要原因。据此,本文提出在今后的全国土地利用规划中,应充分考虑我国现代土地利用变化的区域分异规律。同时,在生态环境恢复与建设规划中也应强调自然地理地带的针对性,同时要改变传统的资源规划与管理思路,在基础设施日益完备的条件下,最大程度地发挥跨区域土地资源优化配置的综合优势

基于遥感与GIS的20世纪90年代中国城镇用地时空特征

文章利用20世纪90年代初期、中期和末期全国1∶100000土地利用动态变化数据提取城镇用地动态变化数据,利用单元自动机和人工神经网络模型对全国城镇用地进行了区划。在此基础上,研究了90年代两个阶段中国城镇用地时空格局。研究表明:90年代前5年东部沿海地区受经济高速发展和开放政策的影响,城镇用地扩展迅速,中西部地区城镇用地扩展较慢;90年代后5年国家加大了耕地资源保护力度,在政府宏观调控政策和耕地资源保护条例的影响下,东部沿海地区城镇用地扩展大幅回落,中部地区城镇扩展也有较大幅度回落,西部地区随着经济发展加快,城镇用地扩展回落较小。

20世纪90年代内蒙古自治区土地利用动态与风力侵蚀动态对比研究

内蒙古是我国风力侵蚀较为严重的地区之一,同时也是我国土地利用方式剧烈变化的地区之一。依据两期土地利用数据以及相应年代的土壤风力侵蚀数据,研究了20世纪90年代内蒙古自治区土地利用和风力侵蚀的静、动态格局。根据土地利用和风力侵蚀的空间分布及动态变化特点,设计了内蒙古土地利用—风力侵蚀动态区划,基于该区划详细讨论了内蒙古不同地区占主导地位的土地利用动态与风力侵蚀动态,由此揭示了两者之间存在的驱动——被驱动关系。研究发现,在过去10年里,内蒙古土地利用和风力侵蚀的基本格局没有太大变化,但风力侵蚀在总体上是增强了,而土地利用的变化主要反映为草地的退化和耕地的扩张。土地利用动态与风力侵蚀动态有着良好的时空对应关系草地的退化与耕地的扩张导致了显著的风力侵蚀增强,而草地的改善以及耕地的收缩对风力侵蚀的影响不是很大,这同时也表明了土地利用动态对风力侵蚀动态正、反向驱动力的不平衡性。

20世纪90年代LUCC过程对中国农田光温生产潜力的影响:基于气候观测与遥感土地利用动态观测数据

在20世纪90年代中国气候观测数据和遥感土地利用动态观测数据的支持下,计算了中国20世纪90年代农田光温生产潜力的变化.结果表明:20世纪90年代的LUCC过程直接导致了中国农田光温生产潜力总量和区域分布的变化,总体趋势是南减北增,总量净增加2622万吨;在各种土地利用类型之间的相互转变和转化过程中,耕地扩张和农田损失是导致全国农田光温生产潜力总量净变化的主要原因,耕地扩张使全国农田光温生产潜力总量净增加8335万吨,占全国农田光温生产潜力总量的3.50%,主要分布在东北、西北和华北等农林、农牧交错区和沙漠绿洲区,主要是由于该地区大面积的农田开垦所导致;农田损失使全国农田光温生产潜力总量净减少5713万吨,占全国农田光温生产潜力总量的2.40%,主要分布在黄淮海平原、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、陇中、东南沿海、四川盆地东南部以及乌鲁木齐—石河子一带,主要是由于该区域经济发展较快,城市扩张明显,城乡建设用地大量侵占耕地的缘故.

焉耆盆地景观遥感制图及其格局变化研究

以焉耆盆地荒漠绿洲为研究对象,绘制了20世纪60年代、90年代和2000年三期景观图,并分析焉耆盆地景观及其景观斑块类型的基本特点;利用这三期景观图、相关统计资料及文字资料,探讨了焉耆盆地景观空间格局分布及其变化的原因和影响因素,指出水资源的分布和人类干扰是影响和控制焉耆盆地荒漠绿洲景观格局分布和导致其景观格局动态变化的主要驱动力。

Vulcanization of polybutadiene latex induced by Co-60 gamma radiation

Polybutadiene latex (PBL) vulcanization induced by Co-60 radiation and the influence of dose on crosslinking were investigated. Morphology and particle size distribution were examined by AFM and a particle size analyzer. The casting films were characterized for their swelling and mechanical properties as a function of dose.

Synthesis and identification of Heterocyclic derivatives of fullerene C-60: Unexpected reaction of anionic C-60 with benzonitrile

During the reaction of reduced C-60 with benzyl bromide in benzonitrile, a novel cis-1 C-60 adduct, 1,4-dibenzyl-2,3-cyclic phenylimidate C-60 (1), Was obtained rather than the expected product of 1,4-dibenzyl C-60. The structure of compound 1 was analyzed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, identifying the presence of a five-membered heterocycle at a [5,6] bond of C-60. One of the heteroatoms is assigned as a nitrogen atom; however, the identity of the other heteroatom cannot be determined unambiguously by crystallography due to similarity between the nitrogen and oxygen atoms.

C-60 trianion-mediated electrocatalysis and amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide

Heterogeneous electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by C-60 is reported for the first time. C-60 is embedded in tetra octyl ammonium bromide (TOAB) film and is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Electrocatalytic studies show that the trianion of C-60 mediates the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 in aqueous solution containing 0.1 M KCl. Application of such film modified electrode as an amperometric sensor for H2O2 determination is also examined.

Reducing HAuCl4 by the C-60 dianion: C-60-directed self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into novel fullerene bound gold nanoassemblies

The C-60 dianion is used to reduce tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) for the first time; three-dimensional C-60 bound gold (Au-C-60) nanoclusters are obtained from C-60-directed self-assembly of gold nanoparticles due to the strong affinities of Au-C-60 and C-60-C-60. The process was monitored in situ by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. The resulting Au-C-60 nanoclusters were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies.

C_(60)负离子化学的研究进展

中性的C60是很强的缺电子体,主要和亲核试剂进行化学反应。与之不同的是C60经还原生成负离子后,由缺电子变为富含电子,具有很强的亲核性质,可与亲电试剂进行反应。由于这种电子结构的变化,C60负离子进行的反应从机理至产物均有可能与中性富勒烯不同,从而丰富了富勒烯的反应方式和富勒烯产物的类型。结合我们的工作综述了C60负离子化学的研究进展,对丰富富勒烯化学、扩展富勒烯衍生物的种类及制备方法具有一定意义。

Insulin nanoparticle preparation and encapsulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by using an anhydrous system

Insulin has been encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres by solid-in-oil-in-oil (S/O/O) emulsion technique using DMF/corn oil as new solvent pairs. To get better encapsulation efficiency, insulin nanoparticles were prepared by the modified isoelectric point precipitation method so that it had good dispersion in the inner oil phase. The resulting microspheres had drug loading of 10% (w/w), while the encapsulation efficiency could be up to 90-100%. And the insulin release from the microspheres could last for 60 days. Microspheres encapsulated original insulin with the same method had lower encapsulation efficiency, and shorter release period. Laser scanning confocal microscopy indicated the insulin nanoparticle and original insulin had different distribution in microspheres. The results suggested that using insulin nanoparticle was better than original insulin for microsphere preparation by S/O/O method.

Perfectly Hydrophobic Silicone Nanofiber Coatings: Preparation from Methyltrialkoxysilanes and Use as Water-Collecting Substrate

Perfectly hydrophobic (PHO) coatings consisting of silicone nanofibers have been obtained via a solution process using methyltrialkoxysilanes as precursors. On the basis of thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results, the formula of the nanofibers was tentatively given and a possible growth mechanism of the nanofibers was proposed. Because of the low affinity between the coatings and the small water droplet, when using these coatings as substrate for collecting water vapor, the harvesting efficiency could be enhanced as compared with those from bare glass substrate for more than 50% under 25 degrees C and 60-90% relative humidity. By removing the surface methyl group by heat treatment or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the as-prepared perfectly hydrophobic surface can be converted into a superhydrophilic surface.

Efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using ultrathin MoO3/C-60 bilayer structure to enhance hole injection

Efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with aluminum (Al) as both the cathode and semitransparent anode are investigated. It is found that introduction of the ultrathin molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)/fullerene (C-60) bilayer structure between the low work function Al top anode and the hole-transporting layer dramatically enhances the device performance as compared to the devices with sole MoO3 or C-60 buffer layer. The ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that the hole injection barrier between Al anode and hole-transporting layer is effectively reduced via strong dipole effect at Al/MoO3/C-60 interfaces with its direction pointing from Al to C-60.

Ambipolar permeable metal-base transistor based on NPB/C-60 heterojunction

In this paper, we report the fabrication of permeable metal-base organic transistors based on N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/C-60 heterojunction as both emitter and collector. By applying different polarities of voltage bias to the collector and the base, and input current to the emitter, the ambipolar behavior can be observed. The device demonstrates excellent common-base characteristics both in P-type and N-type modes with common-base current gains of 0.998 and 0.999, respectively.