Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Stomach content records for pelagic fish (herring, mackerel, blue whiting, albacore and bluefin tuna) in the northeast Atlantic

Fish stomach content records extracted from the DAPSTOM 4.5 database (held at the UK Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science - CEFAS). Data collated as part of the EU Euro-Basin project and specifically concerning herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), albacore (Thunnus alalunga) and bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). The data set consist of 20720 records - collected throughout the northeast Atlantic, between 1906 and 2011 - mostly during routine fisheries monitoring research cruises.

Physical oceanography from the northwestern Weddell Sea

We analyzed hydrographic data from the northwestern Weddell Sea continental shelf of the three austral winters 1989, 1997, and 2006 and two summers following the last winter cruise. During summer a thermal front exists at ~64° S separating cold southern waters from warm northern waters that have similar characteristics as the deep waters of the central basin of the Bransfield Strait. In winter, the whole continental shelf exhibits southern characteristics with high Neon (Ne) concentrations, indicating a significant input of glacial melt water. The comparison of the winter data from the shallow shelf off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, spanning a period of 17 yr, shows a salinity decrease of 0.09 for the whole water column, which has a residence time of <1 yr. We interpret this freshening as being caused by a combination of reduced salt input due to a southward sea ice retreat and higher precipitation during the late 20th century on the western Weddell Sea continental shelf. However, less salinification might also result from a delicate interplay between enhanced salt input due to sea ice formation in coastal areas formerly occupied by Larsen A and B ice shelves and increased Larsen C ice loss.

Stable isotope ratios on planktonic foraminifer N. pachyderma of surface sediments from the Arctic Ocean (Table 1)

Planktic foraminifers Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) from 87 eastern and central Arctic Ocean surface sediment samples were analyzed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope composition. Additional results from 52 stations were taken from the literature. The lateral distribution of delta18O (18O/16O) values in the Arctic Ocean reveals a pattern of roughly parallel, W-E stretching zones in the Eurasian Basin, each ~0.5 per mil wide on the delta18O scale. The low horizontal and vertical temperature variability in the Arctic halocline waters (0-100 m) suggests only little influence of temperature on the oxygen isotope distribution of N. pachyderma (sin.). The zone of maximum delta18O values of up to 3.8 per mil is situated in the southern Nansen Basin and relates to the tongue of saline (> 33%.) Atlantic waters entering the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. delta18O values decrease both to the Barents Shelf and to the North Pole, in accordance with the decreasing salinities of the halocline waters. In the Nansen Basin, a strong N-S delta18O gradient is in contrast with a relatively low salinity change and suggests contributions from different freshwater sources, i.e. salinity reduction from sea ice meltwater in the south and from light isotope waters (meteoric precipitation and river-runoff) in the northern part of the basin. North of the Gakkel Ridge, delta18O and salinity gradients are in good accordance and suggest less influence of sea ice melting processes. The delta13C (13C/12C) values of N. pachyderma (sin.) from Arctic Ocean surface sediment samples are generally high (0.75-0.95 per mil). Lower values in the southern Eurasian Basin appear to be related to the intrusion of Atlantic waters. The high delta13C values are evidence for well ventilated surface waters. Because the perennial Arctic sea ice cover largely prevents atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, ventilation on the seasonally open shelves must be of major importance. Lack of delta13C gradients along the main routes of the ice drift from the Siberian shelves to the Fram Strait suggests that primary production (i.e. CO2 consumption) does probably not change the CO2 budget of the Arctic Ocean significantly.

Organic carbon accumulation in the South Atlantic Ocean

A compilation of 1118 surface sediment samples from the South Atlantic was used to map modern seafloor distribution of organic carbon content in this ocean basin. Using new data on Holocene sedimentation rates, we estimated the annual organic carbon accumulation in the pelagic realm (>3000 m water depth) to be approximately 1.8*10**12 g C/year. In the sediments underlying the divergence zone in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic (EEA), only small amounts of organic carbon accumulate in spite of the high surface water productivity observed in that area. This implies that in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic, organic carbon accumulation is strongly reduced by efficient degradation of organic matter prior to its burial. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), accumulation of organic carbon was higher than during the mid-Holocene along the continental margins of Africa and South America (Brazil) as well as in the equatorial region. In the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic in particular, large relative differences between LGM and mid-Holocene accumulation rates are found. This is probably to a great extent due to better preservation of organic matter related to changes in bottom water circulation and not just a result of strongly enhanced export productivity during the glacial period. On average, a two- to three-fold increase in organic carbon accumulation during the LGM compared to mid-Holocene conditions can be deduced from our cores. However, for the deep-sea sediments this cannot be solely attributed to a glacial productivity increase, as changes in South Atlantic deep-water circulation seem to result in better organic carbon preservation during the LGM.

Mecanismos de neurotoxicidade induzidos pela Dopamina e pela 6–OH-dopamina num modelo celular humano: efeito da presença de extratos de algas com elevada capacidade antioxidante

O aumento da esperança média de vida tem elevado a prevalência de doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso da doença de Parkinson. Nos últimos anos a procura de novas soluções terapêuticas, assim como a minimização dos efeitos dos tratamentos atualmente utilizados tem promovido a procura de novas soluções. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no estudo dos mecanismos moleculares de neurotoxicidade induzidos pela dopamina (DA) e 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) num modelo celular do neuroblastoma humano (SH-SY5Y), bem como na avaliação do potencial neuroprotetor de extratos de algas com elevada capacidade antioxidante. O efeito neurotóxico da DA e 6-OHDA, assim como o efeito protetor dos extratos das algas com maior atividade antioxidante (Sargassum muticum, Saccorhiza polyschides, Padina pavonica, Codium tomentosum, Ulva compressa) foi avaliado através da viabilidade celular das células SH-SY5Y utilizando o método de MTT. De modo a compreender os efeitos induzidos na viabilidade celular pela DA e 6-OHDA procedeu-se ao estudo da atividade da caspase-3, alterações do potencial mitocondrial e quantificação de H2O2. Os resultados demonstraram um claro efeito dependente da concentração da DA (30-3000μM) e 6-OHDA (10-1000μM) na viabilidade celular das células SH-SY5Y, bem como do tempo de exposição (6-48h). No que diz respeito a prevenção do efeito neurotóxico da DA (1000μM (56,41±5,05% de células viáveis); 24h) e 6-OHDA (100μM (66,76±3,24% de células viáveis);24h) pelos extratos das algas (1mg/mL; 24h) verificou-se que os extratos que apresentaram um efeito preventivo mais marcado pertencem as algas Sargassum muticum (82,37±6,41% de células viáveis e 115,8±8,53% de células viáveis, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente), Saccorhiza polyschides (89,26±8,62% de células viáveis e 106,51±4,26% de células viáveis, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente) e Codium tomentosum (81,28±3,68% de células viáveis e 103,17±7,25% de células viáveis, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). A morte celular induzida pela DA e pela 6-OHDA foi acompanhada pelo aumento da atividade da caspase-3 quando comparado com o controlo (DA - 66,46±1,49fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto; 6-OHDA - 22,56±1,71fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto; controlo – 4,8 ±0,48fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto), pela presença de elevadas quantidades de peróxido de hidrogénio (H2O2) (363,81±28,58 % do controlo e 214,26 ± 8,46 % do controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente) e pela despolarização da membrana mitocondrial (162,3±2,34 % do controlo e 144,7±2,87 % do controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). Por sua vez, durante o tratamento com extratos das algas (1mg/mL) na presença de DA e 6-OHDA verificou-se uma inibição da atividade da caspase-3 induzida pelas algas Sargassum muticum (2,53±2,49fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto e 4,52±1,36 fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente), Saccorhiza polyschides (4,71±0,70fluorescência (u.a.)/mg de proteína/minuto e 2,73±1,11 fluorescência (u.a.)/mg de proteína/minuto, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente) e Codium tomentosum (17,05±1,72fluorescência (u.a.)/mg de proteína/minuto e 2,58±1,77fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). De igual modo verificou-se uma diminuição da produção de H2O2 pelas células SH-SY5Y na presença dos extratos das algas Sargassum muticum (132,58 ± 10,68% controlo), Saccorhiza polyschides (150,54 ± 23,54% controlo) e Codium tomentosum (54,074 ± 6,66% do controlo), quando expostas a 6-OHDA, contudo não se verificou o mesmo efeito na presença de DA. Relativamente ao potencial mitocondrial observou-se uma inibição da despolarização mitocondrial induzida pela DA e 6-OHDA nas células SH-SY5Y pela presença dos extratos das algas Sargassum muticum (135,7±2,97% controlo e 49,3±1,17% controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente), Saccorhiza polyschides (126,7±5,46% controlo e 94,3±1,70% controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram o potencial citoprotetor dos extratos de algas sobre efeitos neurotóxicos induzidos pela DA e 6-OHDA no modelo celular SH-SY5Y. O efeito protetor é mediado pela diminuição da condição de stress oxidativo, com redução da produção de H2O2, diminuição da atividade da caspase-3 e prevenção da alteração do potencial mitocondrial induzido pela DA e 6-OHDA. Conclui-se que os extratos de algas produzem moléculas bioativas com elevado potencial antioxidante, podendo ser uma fonte promissora de novos compostos neuroprotetores com aplicação terapêutica para doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Parkinson.

Geochemical analysis of surface sediments from the ocean floor and from sea ice in the northern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

Barium in marine terrigenous surface sediments of the European Nordic Seas is analysed to evaluate its potential as palaeoproductivity proxy. Biogenic Ba is calculated from Ba and Al data using a conventional approach. For the determination of appropriate detrital Ba/Al ratios a compilation of Ba and Al analyses in rocks and soils of the catchments surrounding the Nordic Seas is presented. The resulting average detrital Ba/Al ratio of 0.0070 is similar to global crustal average values. In the southern Nordic Seas the high input of basaltic material with a low Ba/Al ratio is evident from high values of magnetic susceptibility and low Al/Ti ratios. Most of the Ba in the marine surface sediments is of terrigenous and not of biogenic origin. Variability in the lithogenic composition has been considered by the application of regionally varying Ba/Al ratios. The biogenic Ba values are comparable with those observed in the central Arctic Ocean, they are lower than in other oceanic regions. Biogenic Ba values are correlated with other productivity proxies and with oceanographic data for a validation of the applicability in paleoceanography. In the Iceland Sea and partly in the marginal sea-ice zone of the Greenland Sea elevated values of biogenic Ba indicate seasonal phytoplankton blooms. In both areas paleoproductivities may be reconstructed based on Ba and Al data of sediment cores.

Sedimentology of a profile from Etoliko Lagoon, Western Greece

A key feature of Greece is the large amount of historical and archaeological records. The sedimentary record of the Etoliko Lagoon, Aetolia, Western Greece, offers an ideal opportunity to study human-environment interaction and to disentangle natural and anthropogenic imprints in the sedimentary record. By applying an interdisciplinary approach of combining geoscientific methods (XRF, LOI, grain size analysis) with archaeological and historical records, the 8.8 m long sedimentary sequence ETO1C reveals the palaeoenvironmental history of the lagoon and its catchment since 11,670 cal BP. With a thorough chronology based on 14C age-depth-modelling including varve counting, different evolutionary stages were put in a chronological context. These stages include a lake period (11,670-8310 cal BP) followed by a period of sporadic saltwater intrusion (8310-1350 cal BP) as a result of continuing transgression. Phases of limnic predominance associated with freshwater inflow of episodically activated distributaries (around 5230 cal BP) still occurred. By 1350 cal BP, ongoing sea level rise had connected the lagoons of Etoliko and Messolonghi and freshwater influence had ceased. With the onset of settlement activity in the Late Helladic (1700-1100 cal BC) humans took advantage of the prevailing environmental landscape. A sudden increase in coarse sedimentation correlates with the history of human occupation with its peak of prosperity from the Late Helladic until the end of the Hellenistic Period (30 cal BC).

Diagnóstico del rendimiento académico de estudiantes de una escuela de educación superior en México

El objetivo del artículo es realizar un diagnóstico sobre la percepción de los factores que intervienen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de cinco carreras universitarias en una escuela de educación superior en México, para así reconocer las áreas de oportunidad que permitan sugerir políticas y estrategias para elevar su rendimiento. Se utilizó una muestra de 1651 estudiantes, se obtuvieron los datos a partir de un cuestionario con treinta preguntas que estudian la percepción del rendimiento académico en escala tipo Likert. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que permitiera reducir los datos, facilitar la interpretación y validar el instrumento. Se identificaron tres factores: a) el rol de los profesores, b) la evaluación y c) la motivación de los estudiantes. Se llevó a cabo un análisis comparativo por carrera. Se encontró que los estudiantes perciben que la mayoría de los maestros no se preocupan por la condición de los jóvenes en situación de reprobación. Además, casi no motivan y carecen de expresiones de sentimientos de orgullo por los logros académicos de los estudiantes. La mitad de los participantes piensa que los docentes no cubren el temario en su totalidad. Se detectó que los estudiantes poseen una alta motivación siendo esto positivo porque son alumnos dedicados y responsables. Se concluye realizando una serie de sugerencias y explicando las implicaciones que tiene este trabajo para las instituciones de educación superior.

CIL 10.104 – Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, bronze tablet

Photograph

Tempo gasto em pastejo por novilhas Girolando em sistema integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o tempo gasto em pastejo por novilhas Girolando em área de integração Lavoura-Pecuária (iLP) e integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF). Oito novilhas ¾ Holandês x Gir com média de 25 meses de idade e 268 kg de peso vivo foram distribuídas em delineamento cross-over 2x2 (dois sistemas x dois períodos de avaliação) para coleta de dados de bioacústica por 48 horas utilizando gravadores MP3 fixados em cabrestos. Esses dados foram analisados pelo software Audacity®. As médias dos tempos (em minutos) gastos com a atividade de pastejo em cada tratamento (iLP e iLPF) nos períodos diurno e noturno foram comparadas pelo Teste de Tuckey a 5% de probabilidade. Os animais pastejaram mais tempo no período diurno em relação ao noturno (509,11 vs. 233,03 minutos, respectivamente). Houve diferença significativa entre os sistemas durante o período diurno, em que as novilhas no sistema iLPF pastejaram por maior tempo que as do iLP (581,35 vs. 433,88 minutos, respectivamente). Observou-se também que a atividade de pastejo ao longo de todo o dia foi maior no iLPF do que no iLP (333,44 vs. 409,71 minutos, respectivamente). Novilhas Girolando gastam mais tempo pastejando durante o dia e em pastagens com componente arbóreo.

Relatório de viagem: período 1986-1987 - POA 1978/88 do PAPP.

1987