Al based ultra-fine eutectic with high room temperature plasticity and elevated temperature strength

Developments of aluminum alloys that can retain strength at and above 250 degrees C present a significant challenge. In this paper we report an ultrafine scale Al-Fe-Ni eutectic alloy with less than 3.5 aa transition metals that exhibits room temperature ultimate tensile strength of similar to 400 MPa with a tensile ductility of 6-8%. The yield stress under compression at 300 degrees C was found to be 150 MPa. We attribute it to the refinement of the microstructure that is achieved by suction casting in copper mold. The characterization using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) reveals an unique composite structure that contains the Al-Al3Ni rod eutectic with spacing of similar to 90 nm enveloped by a lamellar eutectic of Al-Al9FeNi (similar to 140 nm). Observation of subsurface deformation under Vickers indentation using bonded interface technique reveals the presence of extensive shear banding during deformation that is responsible for the origin of ductility. The dislocation configuration in Al-Al3Ni eutectic colony indicates accommodation of plasticity in alpha-Al with dislocation accumulation at the alpha-Al/Al3Ni interface boundaries. In contrast the dislocation activities in the intermetallic lamellae are limited and contain set of planner dislocations across the plates. We present a detailed analysis of the fracture surface to rationalize the origin of the high strength and ductility in this class of potentially promising cast alloy. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Damage quantification under sliding and seizure condition using first-of-a-kind fretting machine

In a practical situation, it is difficult to model exact contact conditions clue to challenges involved in the estimation of contact forces, and relative displacements between the contacting bodies. Sliding and seizure conditions were simulated on first-of-a-kind displacement controlled system. Self-mated stainless steels have been investigated in detail. Categorization of contact conditions prevailing at the contact interface has been carried out based on the variation of coefficient of friction with number of cycles, and three-dimensional fretting loops. Surface and subsurface micro-cracks have been observed, and their characteristic shows strong dependence on loading conditions. Existence of shear bands in the subsurface region has been observed for high strain and low strain rate loading conditions. Studies also include the influence of initial surface roughness on the damage under two extreme contact conditions. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dual Stress and Thermally Driven Mechanical Properties of the Same Organic Crystal: 2,6-Dichlorobenzylidene-4-fluoro-3-nitroaniline

An elastic organic crystal, 2,6-dichlorobenzylidine-4-fluoro-3-nitroaniline (DFNA), which also shows thermosalient behavior, is studied. The presence of these two distinct properties in the same crystal is unusual and unprecedented because they follow respectively from isotropy and anisotropy in the crystal packing. Therefore, while both properties lead from the crystal structure, the mechanisms for bending and thermosalience are quite independent of one another. Crystals of the low-temperature (a) form of the title compound are bent easily without any signs of fracture with the application of deforming stress, and this bending is within the elastic limit. The crystal structure of the a-form was determined (P2(1)/c, Z = 4, a = 3.927(7) angstrom, b = 21.98(4) angstrom, c = 15.32(3) angstrom). There is an irreversible phase transition at 138 degrees C of this form to the high-temperature beta-form followed by melting at 140 degrees C. Variable-temperature X-ray powder diffraction was used to investigate the structural changes across the phase transition and, along with an FTIR study, establishes the structure of the beta-form. A possible rationale for strain build-up is given. Thermosalient behavior arises from anisotropic changes in the three unit cell parameters across the phase transition, notably an increase in the b axis parameter from 21.98 to 22.30 angstrom. A rationale is provided for the existence of both elasticity and thermosalience in the same crystal. FTIR studies across the phase transition reveal important mechanistic insights: (i) increased pi...pi repulsions along 100] lead to expansion along the a axis; (ii) change in alignment of C-Cl and NO2 groups result from density changes; and (iii) competition between short-range repulsive (pi...pi) interactions and long-range attractive dipolar interactions (C-Cl and NO2) could lie at the origin of the existence of two distinctive properties.

DECT evaluation of noncalc fied coronary artery plaque

Purpose: Composition of the coronary artery plaque is known to have critical role in heart attack. While calcified plaque can easily be diagnosed by conventional CT, it fails to distinguish between fibrous and lipid rich plaques. In the present paper, the authors discuss the experimental techniques and obtain a numerical algorithm by which the electron density (rho(e)) and the effective atomic number (Z(eff)) can be obtained from the dual energy computed tomography (DECT) data. The idea is to use this inversion method to characterize and distinguish between the lipid and fibrous coronary artery plaques. Methods: For the purpose of calibration of the CT machine, the authors prepare aqueous samples whose calculated values of (rho(e), Z(eff)) lie in the range of (2.65 x 10(23) <= rho(e) <= 3.64 x 10(23)/cm(3)) and (6.80 <= Z(eff) <= 8.90). The authors fill the phantom with these known samples and experimentally determine HU(V-1) and HU(V-2), with V-1,V-2 = 100 and 140 kVp, for the same pixels and thus determine the coefficients of inversion that allow us to determine (rho(e), Z(eff)) from the DECT data. The HU(100) and HU(140) for the coronary artery plaque are obtained by filling the channel of the coronary artery with a viscous solution of methyl cellulose in water, containing 2% contrast. These (rho(e), Z(eff)) values of the coronary artery plaque are used for their characterization on the basis of theoretical models of atomic compositions of the plaque materials. These results are compared with histopathological report. Results: The authors find that the calibration gives Pc with an accuracy of 3.5% while Z(eff) is found within 1% of the actual value, the confidence being 95%. The HU(100) and HU(140) are found to be considerably different for the same plaque at the same position and there is a linear trend between these two HU values. It is noted that pure lipid type plaques are practically nonexistent, and microcalcification, as observed in histopathology, has to be taken into account to explain the nature of the observed (rho(e), Z(eff)) data. This also enables us to judge the composition of the plaque in terms of basic model which considers the plaque to be composed of fibres, lipids, and microcalcification. Conclusions: This simple and reliable method has the potential as an effective modality to investigate the composition of noncalcified coronary artery plaques and thus help in their characterization. In this inversion method, (rho(e), Z(eff)) of the scanned sample can be found by eliminating the effects of the CT machine and also by ensuring that the determination of the two unknowns (rho(e), Z(eff)) does not interfere with each other and the nature of the plaque can be identified in terms of a three component model. (C) 2015 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Seismotectonics of the April-May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: An assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics

Occurrence of the April 25, 2015 (Mw 7.8) earthquake near Gorkha, central Nepal, and another one that followed on May 12 (Mw 7.3), located similar to 140 km to its east, provides an exceptional opportunity to understand some new facets of Himalayan earthquakes. Here we attempt to assess the seismotectonics of these earthquakes based on the deformational field generated by these events, along with the spatial and temporal characteristics of their aftershocks. When integrated with some of the post-earthquake field observations, including the localization of damage and surface deformation, it became obvious that although the mainshock slip was mostly limited to the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), the rupture did not propagate to the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Field evidence, supported by the available InSAR imagery of the deformation field, suggests that a component of slip could have emerged through a previously identified out-of-sequence thrust/active thrust in the region that parallels the Main Central Thrust (MCT), known in the literature as a co-linear physiographic transitional zone called PT2. Termination of the first rupture, triggering of the second large earthquake, and distribution of aftershocks are also spatially constrained by the eastern extremity of PT2. Mechanism of the 2015 sequence demonstrates that the out-of-sequence thrusts may accommodate part of the slip, an aspect that needs to be considered in the current understanding of the mechanism of earthquakes originating on the MHT. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Size Effects on Strength in the Transition from Single-to-Polycrystalline Behavior

During the transition from single crystalline to polycrystalline behavior, the available data show the strength increasing or decreasing as the number of grains in a cross section is reduced. Tensile experiments were conducted on polycrystalline Ni with grain sizes (d) between 16 and 140 mu m and varying specimen thickness (t), covering a range of lambda (-t/d) between similar to 0.5 and 20. With a decrease in lambda, the data revealed a consistent trend of strength being independent of lambda at large lambda, an increase in strength, and then a decrease in strength. Microstructural studies revealed that lower constraints enabled easier rotation of the surface grains and texture evolution, independent of the specimen thickness. In specimen interiors, there was a greater ease of rotation in thinner samples. Measurements of misorientation deviations within grains revealed important differences in the specimen interiors. A simple model is developed taking into account the additional geometrically necessary dislocations due to variations in the behavior of surface and interior grains, leading to additional strengthening. A suitable combination of this strengthening and surface weakening can give rise to wide range of possibilities with a decrease in lambda, including weakening, strengthening, and strengthening and weakening.

Phase dependent photocatalytic activity of Ag loaded TiO2 films under sun light

Well-crystallized anatase and mixed (anatase-rutile) phase TiO2 thin films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering technique at various DC powers in the range of 80-140 W. Pure anatase phase was observed in the TiO2 films deposited at low power of 80 W. Films deposited at 120 W were composed of both anatase and rutile phases. At higher power of 140 W, the films are rutile dominated and the rutile percentage increased from 0 to 82% with increase of DC power. The same results of phase change were confirmed by Raman studies. The surface morphology of the TiO2 films showed that the density of the films increased with increase of sputter power. The optical band gap of the films varied from 3.35 to 3.14 eV with increase of DC power. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 films increased with increasing DC power up to 120 W and after that it decreases. We found that the TiO2 films deposited at 120 W with 48% of rutile phase, exhibited high photocatalytic activity (43% of degradation) under UV light compared with other TiO2 films. After loading the optimized Ag nanoparticles on the mixed phase TiO2 films, the photocatalytic activity shifted from UV to visible region with enhancement of photocatalytic activity (55% of degradation). (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tracking the migration of the Indian continent using the carbonate clumped isotope technique on Phanerozoic soil carbonates

Approximately 140 million years ago, the Indian plate separated from Gondwana and migrated by almost 90 degrees latitude to its current location, forming the Himalayan-Tibetan system. Large discrepancies exist in the rate of migration of Indian plate during Phanerozoic. Here we describe a new approach to paleo-latitudinal reconstruction based on simultaneous determination of carbonate formation temperature and delta O-18 of soil carbonates, constrained by the abundances of C-13-O-18 bonds in palaeosol carbonates. Assuming that the palaeosol carbonates have a strong relationship with the composition of the meteoric water, delta O-18 carbonate of palaeosol can constrain paleo-latitudinal position. Weighted mean annual rainfall delta O-18 water values measured at several stations across the southern latitudes are used to derive a polynomial equation: delta(18)Ow = -0.006 x (LAT)(2) - 0.294 x (LAT) - 5.29 which is used for latitudinal reconstruction. We use this approach to show the northward migration of the Indian plate from 46.8 +/- 5.8 degrees S during the Permian (269 M. y.) to 30 +/- 11 degrees S during the Triassic (248 M. y.), 14.7 +/- 8.7 degrees S during the early Cretaceous (135 M. y.), and 28 +/- 8.8 degrees S during the late Cretaceous ( 68 M. y.). Soil carbonate delta O-18 provides an alternative method for tracing the latitudinal position of Indian plate in the past and the estimates are consistent with the paleo-magnetic records which document the position of Indian plate prior to 135 +/- 3 M. y.

Phase dependent photocatalytic activity of Ag loaded TiO2 films under sun light

Well-crystallized anatase and mixed (anatase-rutile) phase TiO2 thin films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering technique at various DC powers in the range of 80-140 W. Pure anatase phase was observed in the TiO2 films deposited at low power of 80 W. Films deposited at 120 W were composed of both anatase and rutile phases. At higher power of 140 W, the films are rutile dominated and the rutile percentage increased from 0 to 82% with increase of DC power. The same results of phase change were confirmed by Raman studies. The surface morphology of the TiO2 films showed that the density of the films increased with increase of sputter power. The optical band gap of the films varied from 3.35 to 3.14 eV with increase of DC power. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 films increased with increasing DC power up to 120 W and after that it decreases. We found that the TiO2 films deposited at 120 W with 48% of rutile phase, exhibited high photocatalytic activity (43% of degradation) under UV light compared with other TiO2 films. After loading the optimized Ag nanoparticles on the mixed phase TiO2 films, the photocatalytic activity shifted from UV to visible region with enhancement of photocatalytic activity (55% of degradation). (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Size and temperature dependence of the photoluminescence properties of NIR emitting ternary alloyed mercury cadmium telluride quantum dots

Exciton-phonon coupling and nonradiative relaxation processes have been investigated in near-infrared (NIR) emitting ternary alloyed mercury cadmium telluride (CdHgTe) quantum dots. Organically capped CdHgTe nanocrystals of sizes varying from 2.5-4.2 nm have been synthesized where emission is in the NIR region of 650-855 nm. Temperature-dependent (15-300 K) photoluminescence (PL) and the decay dynamics of PL at 300 K have been studied to understand the photophysical properties. The PL decay kinetics shows the transition from triexponential to biexponential on increasing the size of the quantom dots (QDs), informing the change in the distribution of the emitting states. The energy gap is found to be following the Varshni relation with a temperature coefficient of 2.1-2.8 x 10(-4) eV K-1. The strength of the electron-phonon coupling, which is reflected in the Huang and Rhys factor S, is found in the range of 1.17-1.68 for QDs with a size of 2.5-4.2 nm. The integrated PL intensity is nearly constant until 50 K, and slowly decreases up to 140 K, beyond which it decreases at a faster rate. The mechanism for PL quenching with temperature is attributed to the presence of nonradiative relaxation channels, where the excited carriers are thermally stimulated to the surface defect/trap states. At temperatures of different region (<140 K and 140-300 K), traps of low (13-25 meV) and high (65-140 meV) activation energies seem to be controlling the quenching of the PL emission. The broadening of emission linewidth is found to due to exciton-acoustic phonon scattering and exciton-longitudinal optical (LO) phonon coupling. The exciton-acoustic phonon scattering coefficient is found to be enhanced up to 55 MU eV K-1 due to a stronger confinement effect. These findings give insight into understanding the photophysical properties of CdHgTe QDs and pave the way for their possible applications in the fields of NIR photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices.

Energy conversion in shape memory alloy heat engine - Part II: Simulation

In this paper, a theoretical model proposed in Part I (Zhu et al., 2001a) is used to simulate the behavior of a twin crank NiTi SMA spring based heat engine, which has been experimentally studied by Iwanaga et al. (1988). The simulation results are compared favorably with the measurements. It is found that (1) output torque and heat efficiency decrease as rotation speed increase; (2) both output torque and output power increase with the increase of hot water temperature; (3) at high rotation speed, higher water temperature improves the heat efficiency. On the contrary, at low rotation speed, lower water temperature is more efficient; (4) the effects of initial spring length may not be monotonic as reported. According to the simulation, output torque, output power and heat efficiency increase with the decrease of spring length only in the low rotation speed case. At high rotation speed, the result might be on the contrary.

Efecto de diferentes niveles de energía conservando la relación energía-proteína en piensos de inicio y finalización en pollos de engorde

En el presente estudio se compararon cuatro dietas con diferentes niveles de energía 2,940, 3,040, 3,140 y 3,240 (Kcal EM/Kg de alimento), los cuales fueron ajustados a los requerimientos nutricionales en cuanto a la relación caloría proteína recomendados por la Hubbard Farm, Inc. (1991). Durante un periodo de 56 días los broilers fueron evaluados en la granja avícola "Buenos Aires" que pertenece a la Tip Top Industrial S.A. se utilizaron 803 pollos de engorde de un día de nacidos de la línea Hubbard, los que fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres unidades experimentales proporcionales a los cuatro tratamientos existentes, estos distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar y sometidos a la prueba de Tukey el que proporciona la superioridad existente entre tratamientos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre tratamientos en las variables peso vivo, ganancia de peso y conversión alimenticia pero no así para el consumo alimenticio. Los tratamientos T1 T2, T3 y T4 presentaron mortalidad al final del periodo de 2.57, 4.41, 7.88 y 10.89 (%) respectivamente y rendimiento en la canal del 84.45 % para todos los tratamientos. Se concluyó que las dietas más energéticas proporcionaban las mejores conversiones alimenticias y las mayores ganancias de peso. Y a medida que se incrementaba el nivel energético en las dietas los costos alimenticios también se incrementaban. La fórmula más económica es el T1 (2940 Kcal EM/Kg de alimento, 21.63 y 18.89 % de proteína para inicio y finalización) durante todas las semanas de estudio. El momento óptimo para la matanza es la sexta semana para el T 1 (2940 Kcal EM/Kg de alimento, 21.63 y 18.89 % de proteínas) y T2 (3040 Kcal EM/Kg de alimento, 22.36 y 19.15 % de proteínas) por efecto de los costos alimenticios.

Efectos de la ración de retiro sobre parámetros zootécnicos y financieros de pollos broilers

Con el objetivo de evaluar la aplicación de alimento de retiro en broilers en 5 periodos diferentes de (0,4,6,8 y 10 días) antes del sacrificio se realizó el ensayo compuesto de 4 repeticiones cada uno, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar, con el uso de raciones isocalóricas e isoproteicas. Se estudiaron los siguientes variables: consumo de alimento, peso vivo, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia, mortalidad, rendimiento en canal y análisis financiero. Los resultados, no arrojaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos para: consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia, ganancia de peso y peso vivo; pero se presentaron diferencias entre los tratamientos en cuanto a los costos de producción unitaria. El porcentaje de mortalidad acumulada alcanzó el 3% y los rendimientos de la canal fueron: para el t1 (70.2%), t2 (69.7%), t3 (70.0%), t4 (10.1%) y t5 (75.2%). El t5, fue el tratamiento que obtuvo la conversión alimenticia más elevada en comparación con el testigo y los otros tratamientos experimentales. Sin embargo, el que presentó los mejores resultados en cuanto a consumo de alimentos, rendimiento en canal, ganancia de peso, y peso vivo, fue el tratamiento (t5), con un rendimiento en canal caliente de 75.2%. Este tratamiento, presentó los mayores parámetros productivos y mayor ahorro de (29.8702 U.S $) por camada de 140 pollos, utilizando la ración de retiro 10 días antes de la matanza. Esto justifica el uso de este tipo de alimento durante este período, con lo cual queda demostrado que pueden obtenerse resultados satisfactorios y que es una alternativa para disminuir los costos de alimentación en Broilers.

Comportamiento reproductivo, dinamica de produccion y calidad de la leche de genotipos lecheros bajo condiciones intensivas, en el tropico seco de Rivas, Nicaragua

Con el propósito de evaluar el comportamiento reproductivo, la dinámica de producción y calidad de la leche de genotipos lecheros en la Finca El Corpus del Meneo, manejado intensivamente, se utilizó información del periodo 1997 - 2004. Se analizaron 181 datos de edad de incorporación (EDADINC), 157 datos de edad a primer parto (EPP), 543 datos de número de servicios por concepción (NSC) y 341 datos de intervalo entre partos (IEP), 233 datos de dos pesajes de leche (diciembre 2004 y enero 2005) y sus respectivos análisis de calidad en porcentajes de grasa (%FAT), proteína (%PROT), lactosa (%LACT) y materia seca (%DRYM). Los modelos lineales aditivos incluyeron efectos de grupo racial (GRUPO), año de nacimiento (ANACV), año de incorporación (AINCV), época de incorporación (El), año de parto (APART), número de parto (NUMPA), época de parto (EP), periodo de lactancia (PERL) y sexo de la cría (SEXC) e interacciones importantes. Para EDINCV, se encontró diferencias relevantes entre GRUPOS (P<0.068), ANACV (P<0.0001), AINCV (P<0.0001) y EN (P<0.0001). Para EPP, diferencias importantes entre AINCV (P<0.0001), APART (P<0.0028) y la interacción APARTxEP (P<0.0361). Para NSC, diferencias estadísticas entre APART (P<0.0138) y NUMPA (P<0.0074). Para IEP, las diferencias importantes entre APART (P<0.0076), NUMPA (P<0.0004) y la interacción GRUPOxSEXC (P<0.0882). Se obtuvieron medias de mínimos cuadrados para EDADINC, EPP, NSC IEP de 25.75±0.72 meses, 35.71±0.88 meses, 1.34±0.11 unidades y !2.82±0.35 meses, respectivamente. Se encontró diferencias importantes entre GRUPOS (1'<0.0001 a P<0.026), NUMPA (P<0.0003 a P<0.0024), PERL (P<0.0000) y la interacción NUMPA*PERL (P<0.0000 a 0.0082), en las variables de producción y calidad, no así entre NUMPA para %DRYM. Se estimaron valores de 8.79±0.29 Kg., 4.14±0.09, 3.48±0.04, 4.31±0.02 y 12.56±0.11 para PLD, %FAT, %PROT, %LACT y %DRYM, respectivamente. GRUPOS no resulto significativo, pero se observo una tendencia marcada del GRUPO 5 (Pardo suizo) hacia una menor EDADINC, el GRUPO l (Holstein y cruces) mostró menores EPP, y los menores valores de NSC (mayor eficiencia técnica) e IEP para el GRUPO 3 (Jersey y cruces). El GRUPO con Holstein mostró mayores producciones de leche pero con menor calidad, mientras que los GRUPOS 2 y 4 (Jersey y cruces, Pardo suizo y cruces) mostraron menores producciones pero con mayor calidad general. La producción de leche por vaca promedio semanal (PLVD) a través de los años se comportó de acuerdo con algunos eventos climatológicos que determinan la disponibilidad y calidad del alimento. Se determinaron tres picos de producción (9.5, 10.0 y 9.7 kg.) y tres puntos críticos similares (9.0- 9.1 kg.). Los genotipos lecheros estudiados muestran que bajo condiciones de trópico seco y manejo intensivo es posible lograr parámetros de reproducción, producción y calidad de leche aceptable y mayores que los parámetros nacionales.