Derechos de las personas en movilidad en 2009

El artículo revisa las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno en materia de movilidad humana durante el año 2009. El proceso de adecuación normativa al nuevo marco constitucional, no progresó y se entrapó. La institucionalidad y políticas públicas es dispersa y reproduce viejas concepciones de seguridad. Se han adoptado medidas de carácter restrictivo e inconstitucionales como: restablecimiento del pasado judicial, la reforma al proceso de reconocimiento de refugio, la intensificación de los controles militares y policiales, incremento de procesos de deportación. No existe una sólida política de regularización. Los programas de atención a emigrantes y sobre trata de personas evidencian debilidades y limitaciones. No existen políticas frente al tráfico de migrantes y el desplazamiento forzado.

Kipus: revista andina de letras. 23 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los sigietnes libros: ALICIA ORTEGA CAICEDO, EDIT., Sartre y nosotros, Quito, Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador / Editorial El Conejo, 2007, 331 pp. -- SANTIAGO RONCAGLIOLO, Abril Rojo, Madrid, Alfaguara, 2006, 344 pp. -- RAÚL VALLEJO, Missa Solemnis, Quito, Seix Barral, 2008, 128 pp. -- LEONARDO VALENCIA, El libro flotante de Caytran Dölphin, Quito, Paradiso Editores, 2006, 343 pp. -- PABLO AYALA ROMÁN, El mundo del rock en Quito, Quito, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados / Corporación Editora Nacional, 2008, 182 pp. -- GABRIELA ALEMÁN, Poso Wells, Quito, Eskeletra, 2007, 393 pp. -- RAMIRO ARIAS, Todo el sabor tropical, Quito, Eskeletra, 2008, 411 pp. -- HUGO LARREA BENALCÁZAR, Cuando tú te hayas ido, Quito, El Conejo, 2008, 383, pp. -- ERNESTO CARRIÓN, Muerte de Caín, Quito, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 2007, 305 pp. -- CÉSAR DÁVILA ANDRADE, Obra poética, Quito, Colección Memoria de Vida, vol. 8, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 2007, 358 pp. -- GILDA HOLST, Bumerán, Guayaquil, b@ez.editor.es, 2006, 119 pp. -- FERNANDO AMPUERO, Puta linda, Lima, Planeta, 2006, 127 pp.

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 13 (SOLO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: MARÍA EUGENIA CHAVES, MARIA CHIQUINQUIRÁ DÍAZ, UNA ESCLAVA DEL SIGLO XVIII: ACERCA DE L4A IDENTIDADES DE AMO Y ESCLAVO EN EL PUERTO COLONIAL DE GUAYAQUIL, COLECCIÓN GUAYAQUIL Y EL RÍO, No. 7, GUAYAQUIL, ARCHIVO HISTÓRICO DEL GUAYAS, 1998, 137 PP. -- CARLOS PALADINES, RUTAS AL SIGLO XXI. APROXIMACIONES A LA HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN EN EL ECUADOR, SANTILLANA, QUITO, 344 PP. -- P. AGUSTÍN MORENO, FRAY JODOCO RIQUE Y FRAY PEDRO GOCIAL, APÓSTOLES Y MAESTROS FRANCISCANOS DE QUITO, 1530-1570, ABYA-YALA, QUITO, 1998, 422 PP.

La descentralización y los gobiernos seccionales en el Ecuador

El propósito fundamental que ha llevado al autor a desarrollar este trabajo, ha sido el amor por su provincia, el amor a su ciudad, Cuenca y el amor a su país el Ecuador. Cuando en un país tan pequeño como el nuestro, se miran y sienten tan descarnadas diferencias de desarrollo entre las principales ciudades y las llamadas intermedias y pequeñas, entre la ciudad y el campo: nos preguntamos el ¿por qué? de tal situación; y en la busqueda de esas razones, arribamos al tema de la centralización y su lógico contrario la descentralización. Temas que han sido manoseados en búsqueda de figuración politica, con el afán de dividir al país en regiones y provincias y no hacerlo ver como lo que es: uno solo, a cuyo desarrollo y prestigio debemos coadyuvar todos los ecuatorianos, seamos guayaquileños o quiteños, cuencanos o ambateños, serranos o costeños, galapaguenses u orientales; todos tenemos una sola nacionalidad y una sola patria. De ahí que el presente trabajo se concentra en desentrañar el verdadero alcance que debe tener el proceso de descentralización en el Ecuador, partiendo de una revisión histórica de lo que ha sido la formación de las realidades regionales, provinciales y locales; y la evolución de la centralización en la historia ecuatoriana.

Solar influences on dynamical coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere

We use a simplified atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) to investigate the response of the lower atmosphere to thermal perturbations in the lower stratosphere. The results show that generic heating of the lower stratosphere tends to weaken the sub-tropical jets and the tropospheric mean meridional circulations. The positions of the jets, and the extent of the Hadley cells, respond to the distribution of the stratospheric heating, with low latitude heating displacing them poleward, and uniform heating displacing them equatorward. The patterns of response to the low latitude heating are similar to those found to be associated with solar variability in previous observational data analysis, and to the effects of varying solar UV radiation in sophisticated AGCMs. In order to investigate the chain of causality involved in converting the stratospheric thermal forcing to a tropospheric climate signal we conduct an experiment which uses an ensemble of model spin-ups to analyse the time development of the response to an applied stratospheric perturbation. We find that the initial effect of the change in static stability at the tropopause is to reduce the eddy momentum flux convergence in this region. This is followed by a vertical transfer of the momentum forcing anomaly by an anomalous mean circulation to the surface, where it is partly balanced by surface stress anomalies. The unbalanced part drives the evolution of the vertically integrated zonal flow. We conclude that solar heating of the stratosphere may produce changes in the circulation of the troposphere even without any direct forcing below the tropopause. We suggest that the impact of the stratospheric changes on wave propagation is key to the mechanisms involved.

Holocene tidal palaeochannels, Severn Estuary Levels, UK: a search for granulometric and foraminiferal criteria

Holocene tidal palaoechannels, Severn Estuary Levels, UK: a search for granulometric and foraminiferal criteria. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 117, 329-344. Grain-size characteristics (by laser granulometry) and foraminiferal assemblages have been established for silts accumulated in five, dissimilar tidal palaeochannels of mid or late Holocene age in the Severn Estuary Levels, representative of muddy tidal systems. For purposes of general comparison, similar data were obtained from a representative active tidal inlet in the area, but all of these channels have been subject to human interference and are not relied upon as a model for environmental interpretation. Although the palaeochannel deposits differ substantially in their bedding characteristics and stratigraphical relationships from the level-bedded salt-marsh platform and mudflat deposits with which they are associated, and although the channel environment is distinctive morphologically and hydraulically, no critical textural differences could be found between the channel deposits and the associated facies. Similarly, no foraminiferal assemblages distinctive of a tidal channel were encountered. Instead, the assemblages compare with those from mudflats and salt-marsh platforms. It is concluded that the sides of the subfossil channels carried some vegetation, as was observed to be the case in the modern inlet. An alternative approach is necessary if concealed palaeochannel deposits are to be recognized in muddy systems from limited numbers of subsurface samples. Although the palaeochannels afforded no characteristic textural signature, they yield transverse grain-size patterns pointing to coastal movements during their evolution. Concave-up trends suggest outward coastal building, whereas convex-up ones point to marsh-edge retreat.

Dating the volcanic eruption at Thera

The eruption of the volcano at Thera (Santorini) in the Aegean Sea undoubtedly had a profound influence on the civilizations of the surrounding region. The date of the eruption has been a subject of much controversy because it must be linked into the established and intricate archaeological phasings of both the prehistoric Aegean and the wider east Mediterranean. Radiocarbon dating of material from the volcanic destruction layer itself can provide some evidence for the date of the eruption, but because of the shape of the calibration curve for the relevant period, the value of such dates relies on there being no biases in the data sets. However, by dating the material from phases earlier and later than the eruption, some of the problems of the calibration data set can be circumvented and the chronology for the region can be resolved with more certainty. In this paper, we draw together the evidence we have accumulated so far, including new data on the destruction layer itself and for the preceding cultural horizon at Thera, and from associated layers at Miletos in western Turkey. Using Bayesian models to synthesize the data and to identify outliers, we conclude from the most reliable C-14 evidence (and using the INTCAL98 calibration data set) that the eruption of Thera occurred between 1663 and 1599 BC.

Rotational spectra induced by vibrations

Mizushima and Venkateswarlu showed in 1953 that certain molecules have the property that excited vibrational states may possess rotational spectra even when the rotational spectrum of the ground vibrational state is forbidden by symmetry. We call such a spectrum a vibrationally induced rotational spectrum, and have made a systematic examination of the point groups which permit such behaviour. We also give formulae for the approximate line frequencies and intensities in these spectra, and discuss some of the problems involved in observing them. The spectra can only arise from degenerate vibrational states, and are of three possible types: i) symmetric top perpendicular spectra, shown by molecules belonging to the point groups Dnh, Dn and Cnh, where n is odd; (ii) symmetric top parallel spectra, shown by molecules belonging to Dnd and S2n, where n is even; and (iii) spherical top spectra, shown by molecules belonging to T or Td. Excited vibrational states of polar molecules of point groups Cnv or Cn, where n is odd, may also possess vibrationally induced perpendicular components of type (i), in addition to their ordinary parallel spectra. In addition to the above limitations on the point groups there are, in general, limitations on the symmetry species of the degenerate vibrational states.

The Klein-Gordon equation on the half line: a Riemann-Hilbert approach

We solve an initial-boundary problem for the Klein-Gordon equation on the half line using the Riemann-Hilbert approach to solving linear boundary value problems advocated by Fokas. The approach we present can be also used to solve more complicated boundary value problems for this equation, such as problems posed on time-dependent domains. Furthermore, it can be extended to treat integrable nonlinearisations of the Klein-Gordon equation. In this respect, we briefly discuss how our results could motivate a novel treatment of the sine-Gordon equation.

Evaluation of a sequential global test of improved recovery following stroke as applied to the ICTUS trial of citicoline

The International Citicoline Trial in acUte Stroke is a sequential phase III study of the use of the drug citicoline in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke, which was initiated in 2006 in 56 treatment centres. The primary objective of the trial is to demonstrate improved recovery of patients randomized to citicoline relative to those randomized to placebo after 12 weeks of follow-up. The primary analysis will take the form of a global test combining the dichotomized results of assessments on three well-established scales: the Barthel Index, the modified Rankin scale and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. This approach was previously used in the analysis of the influential National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in stroke. The purpose of this paper is to describe how this trial was designed, and in particular how the simultaneous objectives of taking into account three assessment scales, performing a series of interim analyses and conducting treatment allocation and adjusting the analyses to account for prognostic factors, including more than 50 treatment centres, were addressed. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.