Desenvolvimento da cultura de mandioca sob interferência de plantas daninhas

Um dos fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento da planta da mandioca é o controle inadequado das plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura de mandioca sob interferência de plantas daninhas. Foram realizados dois experimentos: no primeiro, os tratamentos foram compostos por períodos de convivência da cultura da mandioca com as plantas daninhas por 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 dias após plantio e, no segundo, as plantas de mandioca permaneceram livres das plantas daninhas pelos mesmos períodos preestabelecidos. Avaliações de altura de plantas e diâmetro de caule foram realizadas aos 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 e 350 dias após o plantio. Nas colheitas dos experimentos, realizadas aos 330 dias após plantio, avaliou-se o número e o diâmetro das raízes por planta. A convivência por intervalo igual ou superior a 50 dias após o plantio reduziu o diâmetro de caule e a altura das plantas de mandioca, assim como o número e comprimento de raízes tuberosas. O controle das plantas daninhas nessa cultura deve ser iniciado em torno de 25 dias após o plantio.

Effect of nitrate and ammonium on the growth and protein concentration of Microcystis viridis Lemmermann (Cyanobacteria)

Cyanobacteria are a very important group in aquatic systems, particularly in eutrophic waters. Therefore studies about their success in the environment are essential. Many hypotheses have tried to explain the dominance of Cyanobacteria, and several emphasized the importance of various nitrogen sources for the success of the group. In this study, we measured the effect of ammonium and nitrate on the growth and protein concentration of Microcystis viridis (Cyanobacteria). This species is well-known because bloom formation in eutrophic waters. The study was carried out, in experimental batch cultures, using the WC medium with different nitrogen sources: ammonium, nitrate, ammonium + nitrate (50% ammonium + 50% nitrate) and ammonium at different concentrations (to test for possible NH4+ toxicity). Protein, ammonium and nitrate concentrations were measured at end of each experiment, whereas samples for cell counts were taken daily. Results showed that Microcystis viridis grew faster with ammonium (µ = 0.393 day-1) than with nitrate (µ = 0.263 day-1) and ammonium + nitrate (µ = 0.325 day-1). This pattern is explained by the metabolism of ammonium that presents higher uptake and assimilation rates than nitrate. Maximum cell concentration, however, was higher in the ammonium + nitrate treatment, followed by nitrate treatment. Higher protein concentration were observed in the treatment with nitrate. In the ammonium toxicity test, no difference between the control and NH4+ at 50% was found. Thus, the ammonium concentrations used in these experiments were not toxic. Our results suggest that Cyanobacteria is able to grow on both nitrogen sources even if ammonium may allow faster growth and bloom development.

Allozyme variation in a natural population of Stryphnodendron adstringens in the Rio Preto State Park, southeastern Brazil

Leaves and fruits from 63 Stryphnodendron adstringens trees were sampled in the Rio Preto State Park to analyze allozyme segregation, tissue specific expression of allozyme loci, and their genetic parameters. The enzyme systems ADH, EST, ACP, PGM, PGI, GDH, G6PDH, GOT, IDH, LAP, MDH, PER and SKDH were assessed by means of starch-gel electrophoresis. The polymorphic systems PGI, IDH, MDH and GOT demonstrated a dimeric quaternary structure, while EST and PER were monomeric. The total expected genetic diversity (H E) for leaves and seeds were 0.325 and 0.244 respectively. The effective number of alleles per locus (A E) was 1.58 in leaves and 1.42 in seeds. The values of H E and A E observed in S. adstringens were comparatively higher than the average values seen in allozyme studies of other woody plants. The values of the fixation indices for the population, considering leaves (f = 0.070) and seeds (f = 0.107), were not significant. The high values of genetic diversity and of effective number of alleles per locus, as well as the non-significant fixation index and the adjustments of the Hardy-Weinberg proportions between generations for the pgi-1, mdh-2 and idh-1 loci, indicated random mating in this population. The enzyme systems EST and PER demonstrated their best resolution in leaf tissues, while the MDH, IDH, PGI and GOT systems demonstrated their best resolution in seed tissues.

Vaikea, vapauttava tahdonvoima

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Cholesterol changes the fatty acid composition of rat enterocytes

The effect of free cholesterol on the fatty acid composition and growth of rat fetal enterocytes was investigated in the absence and presence of 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum. Cholesterol caused a significant reduction of cell number after 6 and 12 h in culture. The fatty acid composition of enterocytes cultured in the presence of serum was also changed by the presence of 20 µM cholesterol. The fatty acid profile was determined by HPLC using fluorescence detection (325 nm excitation and 395 nm emission). Cholesterol (20 µM) increased the proportion (given in percentage of the total fatty acids) of the following fatty acids in cultured cells: lauric (by 42%), oleic (by 34%), linoleic (by 44%) and gamma-linolenic (by 20%) acids and reduced the proportion of palmitic (by 12%), stearic (by 20%), arachidonic (by 21%) and docosahexaenoic (by 44%) acids. In addition to modifying the content of individual fatty acids, cholesterol increased the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio from 0.48 to 0.67 and the unsaturation index from 67.12 to 75.30. This is the first evidence that cholesterol modifies fatty acid composition possibly via de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation.

Tahdistimen asennuksesta johtuvat komplikaatiot: kolmen kuukauden retrospektiivinen seuranta

Suomessa asennettiin vuonna 2013 lähes 5000 sydämen tahdistinta. Kirjallisuuden mukaan asennusten jälkeen komplikaatioita esiintyy noin kymmenesosalla potilaista. Sadat potilaat siis kärsivät vuosittain komplikaatioista, ja ne myös aiheuttavat lukuisia ylimääräisiä hoitopäiviä sairaaloissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitetään tahdistimen asennuksen aiheuttamien komplikaatioiden esiintyvyyttä Turun yliopistollisessa keskussairaalassa vuonna 2013. Tutkimusaineistoon kerättiin retrospektiivisesti tiedot kaikista potilaista, joille oli vuoden 2013 aikana asennettu tai vaihdettu sydämen tahdistin. Potilaita seurattiin toimenpiteestä alkaen kolmen kuukauden seurantakäyntiin asti. Komplikaatioita havaittiin kolmen kuukauden seurannassa yhteensä 11,1 %:lla 325 potilaasta, joille tehtiin tahdistimen ensiasennus ja 7,2 %:lla 124 potilaasta, joille vaihdettiin uusi tahdistingeneraattori. 7,4 %:lle ensiasennuspotilaista aiheutui ylimääräisiä sairaalapäiviä komplikaation vuoksi. Yleisin komplikaatio oli tahdistinjohdon dislokaatio, jota esiintyi 3,7 %:lla ensiasennuspotilaista. Merkittävää vuotoa havaittiin 1,2 %:lla ja tahdistintaskun hematoomia 2,1 %:lla potilaista. Vain yhdellä hematooman tai vuodon saaneista potilaista ei ollut mitään veren hyytymiseen vaikuttavaa lääkitystä käytössä. Tahdistinjärjestelmän infektioita esiintyi 0,9 %:lla potilaista ja ilmarinta havaittiin 0,6 %:lla. Tutkimuksen perusteella tahdistimen asennusten aiheuttamat komplikaatiot ovat melko yleisiä. Suurin osa komplikaatioista on kuitenkin helposti hoidettavissa, ja vakavat komplikaatiot ovat harvinaisia. Komplikaatiot aiheuttavat melko paljon ylimääräisiä hoitojaksoja sairaaloissa. Onkin hyvä, että Suomeen on hiljattain perustettu valtakunnallinen tahdistinrekisteri komplikaatioiden seurantaan.

Simultaneous α-amylase and protease production by the soil bacterium Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 under submerged culture using whey protein concentrate and corn steep liquor: compatibility of enzymes with commercial detergents

Protease and α-amylase production by a thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing 0.25% (w/v) starch as a carbon source reached a maximum at 18 hours (47 U.mg-1 Protein) and 36 hours (325 U.mg-1 Protein), respectively. Culture medium supplementation with whey protein concentrate (0.1%, w/v) and corn steep liquor (0.3%, w/v) not only improved the production of both enzymes but also enabled them to be produced simultaneously. Under these conditions, α-amylase and protease production reached a maximum in 18 hours with levels of 401 U.mg-1 protein and 78 U.mg-1 protein, respectively. The compatibility of the enzymes produced with commercial laundry detergent was investigated. In the presence of Campeiro® detergent, α-amylase activity increased while protease activity decreased by about 27%. These enzymes improved the cleaning power of Campeiro® detergent since they were able to remove egg yolk and tomato sauce stains when used in this detergent.

Plan för hantering av översvämningsrisker i Kymmene älvs avrinningsområde för åren 2016–2021

I den här planen behandlas eventuella sällsynta översvämningar som inträffar i Kymmene älvs avrinningsområde och de åtgärder för att minska översvämningsrisken som de kräver. I planen presenteras olika förhandsåtgärder genom vilka man förbättrar beredskapen inför en översvämning. Planen innehåller också åtgärder som vidtas under och efter översvämningen. En översvämning föreställs som en händelse som oundvikligen orsakar skador. Med tanke på hanteringen av översvämningsrisker är det väsentligt att konsekvenserna av översvämningen dock inte medför något hot mot människors liv eller hälsa och att samhällets nödvändighetstjänster, till exempel vattendistribution, el, värme och sjukvård, fungerar. Åtgärderna i planen för hantering av översvämningsrisker genomförs under de kommande sex åren (2016–2021). Planen uppdateras 2021.

Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1897/02/07 (Numéro 325).

Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1890/08/29 (Numéro 325).

History of England from the peace of Utrecht to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Edition 3,Volume 2 / by lord Mahon

Collection : Collection of ancient and modern british authors ; 325-326

History of England from the peace of Utrecht to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Volume 1,Edition 3 / by lord Mahon

Collection : Collection of ancient and modern british authors ; 325-326