A study of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Chorda filum

Fucoidan fractions from the brown seaweed Chorda filum were studied using solvolytic desulfation.Methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy were applied for native and desulfated polysaccharides.Homefucan sulfate from C.filum was shown to contain poly-a-(1-3)-fucopyranoside backbone with a high degree of branching,mainly of a-(1-2)-linked single units.Some fucopyranose residues are sulfated at O-4(mainly) and O-2 positions.Some a-(1-3)-linked fucose residues were shown by NMR to be 2-O-acetylated.The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of desulfated,deaceylated fucan were complerely assigned.THe spectral data obtained correspond to a quasiregular polysaccharide structure with a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit.Other fucoidan frations from C.filum have more complex carbohydrate composition and give rather complex methvlation patterns.

陕北山地红枣集雨微灌技术集成与示范

陕北山地红枣集雨微灌技术综合集成了坡地降雨径流调控技术、山地红枣矮化密植栽培技术及修剪技术,在对微灌技术进行创新的基础上,形成了黄土高原山地红枣微灌技术体系,并在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第一附区——陕西省榆林市米脂县创建了技术体系应用实体样板,该样板地红枣平均产量达到19 800 kg/hm2,较无灌溉条件(产量4 500~6 000 kg/hm2)增产2~3倍,较管灌条件(产量一般为12 000~15 000 kg/hm2)增产30%~60%,且节水36%以上。在单项技术研究方面,利用Penman-Monteith公式确定了红枣生育期理论耗水量(438.8mm);通过不同灌水量处理的田间试验,初步确定出合理的灌水量区间为396~1 320 m3/hm2;提出了坡地低压滴灌工程新的设计理论,即微地形影响下的均匀度计算方法、滴头设计工作压力取值理论及毛管设计新方法;在此基础上,提出了坡上部采用三项配套技术+低压滴灌、坡下部采用三项配套技术+涌泉根灌+雾喷的工程模式。

潜流人工湿地不同基质除磷研究

目的考察实验材料的磷吸附容量,优选1~2种除磷性能良好的湿地基质材料.方法分析材料的理化特性,通过吸附等温曲线实验和吸附动力学实验比较材料的除磷容量,并对除磷容量与其本身的理化特性进行相关性比较.结果当接触液初始质量浓度为320 mg/L时,试验材料对磷的吸附量为石灰石>硅灰石>沸石>陶粒>沙子;在pH为6.60~7.69时,决定基质材料磷吸附容量最关键的因素是材料钙和铝的含量.接触液磷质量浓度不同对不同材料的吸磷量影响显著.不同材料基质的磷吸附平衡时间和吸附速率都存在着差异,对磷的吸附速率与材料对磷的吸附容量没有直接的相关性.结论石灰石和硅灰石是较好的潜流人工湿地除磷基质,可以与普通沙子混合级配,陶粒如果在制造过程中添加一些钙化合物也将成为一种合适的人工湿地基质材料.

生物有机肥对小油菜生长及品质的影响

在小油菜上进行施用生物有机肥、有机无机配合施肥、三元肥的田间对比试验。结果表明,单施生物有机肥比单施无机三元肥的小油菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量分别降低36.17%和21.77%;种植后土壤中有机质比单施无机三元肥提高11.12%。油菜生产中施用生物有机肥可以提高作物品质,提高土壤有机质含量,培肥地力,与三元肥配合施用不会造成明显减产。

下辽河平原多熟种植农业生态模式专家系统设计Ⅰ．系统设计思想

以下辽河平原为背景，以多熟种植农业生态模式为研究对象，描述了多熟种植农业生态模式在下辽河平原的实践，应用农业生态学原理，提出了多熟种植农业生态模式专家系统设计思想；运用专家系统、地理信息系统和关系数据库管理系统相集成的方法论述了系统总体结构设计原理．本文在理论上试图为应用现代计算机高新技术从事区域农业生态系统管理探索一条新路．

中国东北落叶松属3种植物潜在分布对气候变化的敏感性分析

该文在东北地区多年平均的年均温、年降水分布图,海拔高程图、坡度图、坡向图和植被图的基础上,使用地理信息系统和Logistic回归模型的结合,预测3种落叶松(Larixsp.)的"气候-地形"潜在分布区。预测精度用敏感性、指定度和总正确率进行评价,3个树种的敏感性为61%~88%,指定度为80%~99.8%,总正确率为80%~99.8%。年均温、年降水和海拔是控制3种落叶松分布的主要环境因子。采用5种气温变化方案(+1℃、+2℃、+3℃、+4℃和+5℃)和6种降水变化方案(-30%、-20%、-10%、+10%、+20%和+30%),预测气候变化对各个树种潜在分布的影响,探索不同的树种对气候因子的敏感性。结果表明,气温每上升1℃,兴安落叶松(Larixgmelinii)将减少12%;长白落叶松(Larix olgensisvar.changpaiensis)将增加23%;华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprecntii)将增加500%。降水每增加10%,兴安落叶松将减少12.5%;长白落叶松将增加64%;华北落叶松将减少15%;随气候的"暖干化"(+5℃,-30%),兴安落叶松将向西北方退缩100 km左右;长白落叶松向西北方扩展100 km左右;华北落叶松将向东北方扩展800 km左右。随气候的"暖湿化"(+5℃,+30%),兴安落叶松将向西北退缩400km左右;长白落叶松将向西北方扩展550 km;华北落叶松将向东北方扩展320 km左右。

中国东部森林样带典型生态系统碳收支的季节变化

利用涡度相关技术对中国东部森林样带(NSTEC)上的长白山温带针阔混交林(CBS)、千烟洲亚热带常绿人工针叶林(QYZ)、鼎湖山亚热带常绿针阔混交林(DHS)与西双版纳热带雨林季雨林(XSBN)等4种典型生态系统类型的碳收支特征开展了长期、连续的观测研究．本研究利用ChinaFLUX的连续观测资料,初步分析和评价了4种生态系统2003年碳收支的季节变化及其环境响应特征．在2003年,各生态系统的碳收支对环境因子的变化产生了不同的响应．CBS生态系统的碳收支主要受到了辐射与温度的控制,0℃和10℃是两个重要的临界温度,前者控制了生态系统碳交换的起止时间,后者影响了生态系统碳交换的强度．由于生态系统光合作用(GPP)出现峰值的时间早于呼吸(Re)作用,因此,CBS生态系统的净交换(NEE)在早夏达到最大值．由于夏季降水与温度的不同步性,QYZ生态系统的碳收支受到了干旱的制约,其降低主要来自于生态系统GPP的降低．DHS与XSBN生态系统均表现出在旱季碳吸收强、而雨季吸收弱的特征,特别是XSBN从旱季到雨季的转变过程中出现了由碳汇向碳源的转变．这主要是由于这两个生态系统在雨季的降水量较大,光合有效辐射不足,导致生态系统GPP受到抑制,而尺。随温度升高而增大所致．XSBN的生态系统呼吸温度敏感性参数(Q10)与年呼吸总量最大,CBS与QYZ次之,DHS最小,但CBS生态系统每天的呼吸释放量最高．在2003年,CBS,QYZ,DHS和XSBN的NEE分别为181．5,360．9,536．2和-320．8g·C·m-2·a-1．在CBS,QYZ和DHS三种生态系统之间,随着纬度的降低,温度与降水表现出明显的纬度梯度,生态系统Re占GPP比例逐渐降低,NEE与Re的比例随纬度的降低而逐渐增大．每天的光合吸收量、光能利用率和降水利用效率均表现出了随纬度降低而减少的趋势．但XSBN生态系统往往脱离这一纬度趋势．由于森林生态系统结构和功能具有的高度复杂性,需要更长时间的观测数据和开展更深入的分析,以科学解释不同生态系统对气候环境变化的响应和准确评价生态系统的碳收支能力．

东亚土地覆盖对ENSO事件的响应特征

对1982—1993年气候年际变化的强信号———ENSO进行了确认及再分类。以美国地质调查局EROS中心提供的AVHRR8kmNDVI为数据源,应用地理信息系统技术,计算了1982—1993年每年夏季(5—9月)NDVI平均影像。在此基础上用数据断面分析法对ENSO年东亚地区土地覆盖的空间分布进行了分析,再用主成分分析法对同一时间序列NDVI平均影像进行了运算,发现其第7主成分影像所反映的土地覆盖分布与数据断面分析法所反映的结果是一致的。对此,进一步分析了第7主成分的特征向量与代表ENSO变化特征的南方涛动指数(SOI)之间的关系,进而,对ENSO驱动下的东亚地区土地覆盖年际变化的空间分布特征进行了总结。

Rectangular AgIn(WO4)(2) nanotubes: A promising photoelectric material

Rectangular AgIn(WO4)(2) nanotubes with a diameter range of 80 to 120 nm and length up to 2 mu m have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. These nanotubes exhibit interesting white light emissions when using 320 nm as the excitation wavelength. A photocatalytic reaction for water decomposition to evolve K, was performed under UV irradiation, and the rate of H, evolution is nearly seven times that of the sample prepared by a solid-state reaction, which shows much higher photocatalytic activities compared with their bulk counterparts.

A simple selenium source to synthesize CdSe via the two-phase thermal approach

A novel selenium source was developed to synthesize the size-controlled CdSe nanocrystals with relatively narrow size distribution successfully in a two-phase thermal approach. A highly reactive and aqueous soluble selenium source was provided by the reduction of selenite, and in this route the size of the nanocrystals can be adjusted by the reaction temperature and time. The size, crystalline structure and optical characteristics of these nanocrystals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The influence factors for this approach were also discussed.

Micelle-assisted synthesis of polyaniline/magnetite nanorods by in situ self-assembly process

Polyaniline/magnetite nanocomposites consisting of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods surrounded by magnetite nanoparticles were prepared via an in situ self-assembly process in the presence of PANI nanorods. The synthesis is based on the well-known chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in an acidic environment, with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the oxidant. An organic acid (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, DBSA) was used to replace the conventional strong acidic (1 M HCl) environment. Here, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is used not only as dopant, but also as surfactant in our reaction system.

Synthesis of magnetite core-shell nanoparticles by surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide

Fe3O4-polylactide (PLA) core-shell nanoparticles were perpared by surface functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and subsequent surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide. PLA was directly connected onto the magnetic nanoparticles surface through a chemical linkage. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra directly provided evidence of the PLA on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images (TEM) showed that the magnetic nanoparticles were coated by PLA with a 3-nm-thick shell.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite dodecahedron nanostructure by hydrothermal method

Magnetite dodecahedral nanocrystals were fabricated using ethlenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-mediated hydrothermal route. Scanning electron microscopy images displayed that the products were almost dodecahedrons. The length of two different ribs were about 300 and 200 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the products were the cubic inverse spinel structure. Fourier transform infrared spectrum directly provided evidence of the EDTA bound to a specific surface of the precipitated magnetic nanocrystal.