955 resultados para 2,4-dichlorophenol
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对拮抗番茄灰霉病菌的 D2 - 4菌株培养基成分和发酵条件进行研究。结果表明 ,在 2 8℃ ,180 r· min- 1 振荡培养条件下 ,最佳发酵时间为 96 h左右 ,培养 2 0~ 2 4 h的种子液以 7%的接种量转接有利于提高抑菌活性 ,装液量为6 0 m L· 2 5 0 m L- 1 三角瓶 ,均匀设计试验得出 ,最佳培养基配方为 (10 0 m L发酵培养基中含 ) :黄豆饼粉 1.10 g、葡萄糖 2 .71g、蔗糖 1.0 0 g、Na Cl0 .10 g、酵母膏 0 .10 g、p H6 .6 1。
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1 初级视觉皮层功能,GABA系统功能在衰老过程中的变化 本章首先对衰老过程中神经形态学和神经电生理学上的研究进行了综述,然后报道了作者的博士学位论文研究工作。实验采用神经电生理的手段,探讨初级视觉皮层(primary visual cortex;V1)功能,以及GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)系统功能在衰老过程中的变化。 实验1和2均采用单细胞记录技术,检测了中年猴V1细胞的方位选择性、方向选择性、自发放和最大反应,并与年轻和老年猴进行对比;比较了年轻和老年猴V1细胞的感受野外周抑制能力。在实验3中,我们记录了年轻和中年大鼠在给予GABA直接或间接的激动剂,戊巴比妥钠或氯胺酮{通过拮抗NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate)受体}后,其皮层的EEG(electroencephalogram)活动,并分析与年龄相关的差异。结果如下: 实验1:中年猴V1细胞的方向选择性和自发放介于年轻猴和老年猴之间,而方位选择性和最大反应与年龄之间没有相关性。 实验2:感受野外周区的最优刺激明显降低了年轻和老年猴具有高方位选择性细胞的比例。同时,年轻猴所有细胞,以及老年猴高方位选择性细胞具有较高的最大抑制比,与它们相比,老年猴无明显方位偏好细胞的最大抑制比显著降低; 实验3:戊巴比妥钠注射后,在年轻和中年大鼠上,alpha (8-12 Hz) 和beta (12-20 Hz) 频段EEG功率增加,theta (4-8 Hz) 功率减少,这些变化在中年大鼠上较为明显。氯胺酮注射后,中年大鼠theta功率比年轻大鼠具有更大幅度的降低。 我们的结果表明,视觉皮层功能的下调在衰老早期就已发生,其机制可能与抑制系统功能普遍降低有关. 2 奖赏机制,极低频磁场的生物学效应研究 本章首先对自然奖赏和药物成瘾机制、极低频磁场生物学效应,以及极低频磁场对奖赏系统的影响进行了综述,然后报道了作者的博士论文研究工作。实验目的是探讨大鼠眶额叶皮质(orbitofrontal cortex;OFC)活动与食物奖赏刺激的相关性,以及极低频磁场对小鼠空间认知能力的影响。 实验1采用EEG记录技术,检测了大鼠OFC在食物奖赏和渴求过程中EEG各频段的功率变化。在实验2中,使用了一种探索型Y-迷宫实验范式,它仅依赖于啮齿类动物天生的探索欲望,避免了奖赏效应的干扰,利用此新型迷宫,我们检测了25和50 Hz磁场对小鼠空间识别记忆能力的影响。其结果如下: 实验1:大鼠OFC的delta频段(2-4 Hz)EEG活动与食物刺激显著相关,其相对功率在食物渴求时下降,在食物奖赏时升高。 实验2:与短时照射相比,长时的50 Hz磁场照射降低了小鼠对新异臂的探索能力,而25和50 Hz磁场暴露都不影响小鼠的活动力。 本研究表明,食物奖赏与OFC的delta频段EEG活动密切相关,而我们以前发现,大鼠和猴OFC的gamma(20-100 Hz)活动与吗啡成瘾相关,提示了OFC在自然奖赏和药物成瘾中具有不同的作用;另外,本实验首次证明,极低频磁场损害了小鼠不依赖于奖赏系统的空间认知能力,而我们先前发现,极低频磁场可以强化吗啡诱导的条件化位置偏好,从而说明极低频磁场对吗啡成瘾具有独特的生物学效应。
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一、 药物滥用是一种慢性、复发性脑疾病。药物滥用将导致药物成瘾(addiction),其主要表现有药物依赖、药物耐受、药物敏感化以及药物停用后的戒断症状(withdraw symptom)。药物成瘾的核心特征是强迫性觅药和用药行为。药物成瘾会导致药物滥用者认知功能的损伤和认知偏差,并会造成滥用者情绪异常。药物成瘾是一个复杂的生物学过程,有着及其复杂的机理。对药物成瘾机制的解释有很多种,主要认为成瘾过程是一种学习记忆过程,学习记忆的机制在药物成瘾过程中起到了非常重要的作用。首先,学习记忆和药物成瘾过程都受到了相似的神经营养因子以及神经递质系统的调控,例如:它们都受cAMP,CREB等调控因子的调控。其次,研究发现与成瘾相关的线索,如用药有关的人物、地点或暗示等,在药物戒断很长时间后都会恢复吸毒者的用药行为。并且,当把与成瘾相关的线索呈现给毒品戒断中的人时,这些人会出现心率、呼吸加快,血压升高等现象,甚至表现出明显的渴求行为。药物对学习记忆的影响是复杂的,虽然重复使用药物会导致药物成瘾,并且这个过程需要学习记忆机制的参与,但同时使用吗啡却会对其他类型的学习记忆(如:恐惧性学习记忆、一次性被动回避学习记忆和水迷宫空间学习记忆)造成破坏。学习前给予吗啡可以剂量及状态依赖地破坏被动回避试验以及空间辨别试验的记忆获取过程。学习过程结束后立即给予吗啡可以破坏一次性被动回避试验、主动回避试验和恐惧条件化试验的记忆巩固过程。测试前给予吗啡可以破坏空间辨别试验的记忆提取过程。本研究的目的在于更进一步地了解使用吗啡导致吗啡成瘾以及使用吗啡导致学习记忆的各个阶段受损的机制。为此我们采用了药理学以及多种行为学的方法,1、用PTZ诱发的癫痫持续状态干扰吗啡成瘾的学习记忆过程,进一步比较了吗啡成瘾的学习记忆与其他学习记忆,例如:空间学习记忆以及食物奖赏学习记忆的机制有何异同;2、研究了β-肾上腺素系统与阿片系统在空间记忆巩固过程中的相互作用;3、我们还研究了NMDA受体的激动剂和拮抗剂在吗啡破坏空间记忆提取过程中的作用。研究结果发现: 1.戊四唑诱发的癫痫持续状态,对吗啡建立的条件化位置偏好没有任何影响,动物仍然对阳性箱(吗啡匹配箱)表现出明显的偏好。但是癫痫持续状态破坏了食物建立的条件化位置偏好,并且还破坏了水迷宫和Y迷宫检测的空间记忆。癫痫持续状态破坏了食物建立的条件化位置偏好,原因不是由于其影响了动物的食欲。此外,癫痫持续状态也没有持续地破坏动物的活动能力,因此,对动物活动量的影响也不是造成其他学习记忆破坏的原因。这些结果说明,吗啡成瘾的学习记忆和普通的学习记忆在机制上可能存在不同之处。为了说明这个问题,我们还需要进行其他更深入的研究。 2、训练后立即单独注射吗啡(0.25和2.5 mg/kg)或心得安(2,10和20 mg/kg)都不会破坏动物Y-迷宫空间记忆的巩固过程,动物仍然能识别新异环境,并在里面停留较长时间。但是,训练后同时注射吗啡和心得安却可以破坏动物空间记忆的巩固过程。并且,较高剂量的吗啡(2.5 mg/kg)加上较高剂量的心得安(10和20 mg/kg)对记忆的破坏更严重,实验组动物在新异环境停留的时间显著低于对照组。这说明阿片系统和去甲肾上腺素系统在破坏记忆巩固的过程中可能有协同作用。 3、记忆提取前30分钟注射吗啡(1和10 mg/kg)可以剂量依赖地破坏Y-迷宫空间记忆的提取。单独注射NMDA受体的激动剂NMDA(1,2和4 mg/kg)对动物的空间记忆提取没有影响,但是,单独注射NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801(0.05,0.1和0.2 mg/kg)剂量依赖地破坏了空间记忆的提取。同时注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)和NMDA(2 mg/kg)可以阻断吗啡对空间记忆造成的破坏作用。相反,共同注射吗啡(1 mg/kg)和MK-801(0.05 mg/kg)可以加重吗啡对空间记忆造成的破坏作用。这说明谷氨酸系统可以干扰吗啡对记忆提取过程的影响。 二、衰老严重地影响了人们的视觉功能,然而眼睛光学系统的老年性改变并不能完全解释清楚这种视觉功能衰退。一般认为是神经系统的退化导致了这种老年性功能降低。但是,研究显示视网膜(retina)和外膝体(dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, dLGN)在衰老的过程中神经元的数量和体积以及神经元的功能特性,如对比度敏感性、空间分辨率等,都没有明显的变化,因此,人们推测老化导致的神经系统的变化发生在更高级的视觉皮层。过去几年的研究发现老年动物视觉皮层细胞发生了一系列反应特性的改变,如:老年动物皮层细胞的方向选择性和方位选择性降低以及细胞反应的潜伏期延长。这些细胞水平的变化被认为是老年性视觉功能衰退的神经机制。为了更全面地了解衰老过程对视觉皮层的影响以及细胞反应改变与整体功能降低之间的关系,本研究采用活体动物细胞外单位记录的方法,比较了青年和老年猕猴初级视觉皮层细胞时间反应特性和空间反应特性的差异。研究结果发现:老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的时间频率和空间频率敏感性明显比年轻动物降低。表现为老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的最优时间和空间频率、空间分辨率(spatial resolution, SR)和较高时间截至频率(high temporal frequency cut-off, TF50)都显著低于年轻动物初级视觉皮层细胞,同时伴随着这些功能的降低,老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的自发放增加,对视觉刺激的反应增加,但是信噪比却显著降低。这些结果表明,老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的功能在老化过程中都普遍降低。这可能是导致老年人视觉功能降低的原因。
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A series of new rare-earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes [L(1-3)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF)(n)] (L-1 = MeC4H2SCH2NC6H4(Ph)(2)P=NC6H2Me3-2,4,6: Ln = Sc, n = 1 (1a); Ln = Lu, n = 1 (1b); L-2 = MeC4H2SCH2NC6H4(Ph)(2)P=NC6H3Et2-2,6: Ln = Sc, n = 1 (2a); Ln = Lu, n = 1 (2b); Ln = Y, n = 1 (2c); L-3 = MeC4H2SCH2NC6H4(Ph)(2)P=(NC6H3Pr2)-Pr-i-2,6: Ln = Sc, n = 0 (3a)) and (LSc)-Sc-4(CH2SiMe3)(2()THF) (4a) (L-4 = C6H5CH2NC6H4(Ph)(2)P=NC6H3Et2-2,6) have been prepared by reaction of rare-earth metal tris(alkyl)s with the corresponding HL1-4 ligands via alkane elimination.
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Fluorenyl modified N-heterocyclic carbene ligated rare earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes, (Flu-NHC)Ln(CH2SiMe3)2 (Flu-NHC = (C13H8CH2CH2(NCHCCHN)C6H2Me3-2,4,6); Ln = Sc (1a); Ln = Y (1b); Ln = Ho (1c); Ln = Lit (1d)), were synthesized and fully characterized by NMR and X-ray diffraction analyses. Complexes Ib-d with the activation of (AlBu3)-Bu-i and [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] exhibited high activity, medium syndio-but remarkably high 3,4-regio-selectivity, and the unprecedented livingness for the polymerization of isoprene. Such distinguished catalytic performances could be maintained under various monomer-to-initiator ratios (500-5000) and broad polymerization temperatures (25-80 degrees C).
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Newrareearth metal bis(alkyl) complexes [(NPNPh)Ln(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF) (NPNPh:N(Ph)PPh2=NC6H2Me3-2,4,6; Ln = Sc (3a), Ln = Y (3b), Ln = Lu (3c)) and [(NPNPy)Sc(CH2SiMe3)(2)(THF)1 (NPNPY = N(Py)PPh2=NC6H2Me3-2,4,6) (3d)) have been prepared via protonolysis reaction between rare earth metal tris(alkyl)s and the corresponding iminophosphonamines. Complexes 3a-d are analogous monomers of THF solvate. Each metal ion coordinates to a eta(2)-chelated NPN ligand and two cis-located alkyl groups, adopting tetrahedron geometry.
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A series of Zn(II) and Cd(II) metal-organic frameworks, namely, [Zn(DFDA)] (1), [Cd(DFDA)(C2H5OH)] (2), [Zn-2(DFDA)(2)(L-1)(2)](2) center dot 3H(2)O (3), [Cd-2(DFDA)(2)(L-1)(2)] (4), [Zn(DFDA)(L-2)] (5), [Cd(DFDA)(L-2)(DMF)] (6), and [Zn(DFDA)(L-3)] (7) (where DFDA = 9,9-dipropylfluorene-2,7-dicarboxylate anion, L-1 = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, L-2 = 1,1'-(1,4-butanediyl) bis(imidazole), L-3 = 2,2'-bipyridine) have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized. Compound 1 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D framework containing one-dimensional (1D) Zn(II)-O clusters, with (4(8).6(7)) topology. Compound 2 contains hydrophobic channels built from infinite 1D Cd(II)-O clusters, with (4(8).5(4).6(3)) topology.
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The extraction of rare earth elements from chloride medium by mixtures of sec-nonylphenoxy acetic acid (CA100) with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex301) or bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid (Cyanex302) in n-heptane has been studied. The synergistic enhancement of the extraction of lanthanum (III) by mixtures of CA100 with Cyanex301 has been investigated using the methods of slope analysis and constant mole. The extracted complex of lanthanum (III) is determined. The logarithm of the equilibrium constant is calculated as - 1.41. The formation constants and the thermodynamic functions, Delta H, Delta G, and Delta S have also been determined.
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The rational design, synthesis and characterization of five phosphorescent platinum complexes [(C boolean AND N) Pt(acac)] [Hacac = acetylacetone, HC boolean AND N = 1-methyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzoimidazole (H-FMBI), 1-methyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazole (H-MBI), 1,2-diphenyl-benzoimidazole (H-PBI), 1-(4-(3,6-di-t-butylcarbazol-9-yl)) phenyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazole (t-BuCz-H-PBI), and 1-(4-(3,6-di-(3,6-di-t-butyl-carbazol-9-yl))carbazol-9-yl) phenyl-2-phenylbenzoimidazole (t-BuCzCz-H-PBI)] have been discussed. The crystal structure of (MBI) Pt(acac) shows a nearly ideal square planar geometry around Pt atom and the weak intermolecular interactions with pi-pi spacing of 3.55 angstrom. All of the complexes emit green phosphorescence from the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state with high quantum efficiency (0.08-0.17) at room temperature.
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用离子交换法制备了Mn2+交换的NaY分子筛MnNaY,用红外光谱(IR)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等方法进行了表征.研究了Mn2+含量为3.2%的样品在酸性水溶液中的稳定性和离子交换选择性.弛豫时间测量和体内磁共振成像实验表明其弛豫效率变化范围为4.9~9.7mmol·L·s-1,高于目前临床所用造影剂Gd-DTPA,对胃部MRI信号具有良好的增强效果.它是比较好的潜在口服胃肠道造影剂.
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Reaction of 3-(2-pyridylmethyl)indenyl lithium (1) with LnI(2)(THF)(2) (Ln = Sm, Yb) in THF produced the divalent organolanthanides (C5H4NCH2C9H6)(2)Ln(II)(THF) (Ln = Sm (2), Yb (3)) in high yield. 1 reacts with LnCl(3) (Ln = Nd, Sm, Yb) in THF to give bis(3-(2-pyridylmethyl)indenyl) lanthanide chlorides (C5H4NCH2C9H6)(2)Ln(III)Cl (Ln = Nd (4), Sm (5)) and the unexpected divalent lanthanides 3 (Ln = Yb). Complexes 2-5 show more stable in air than the non-functionalized analogues. X-ray structural analyses of 2-4 were performed. 2 and 3 belong to the high symmetrical space group (Cmcm) with the same structures, they are THF-solvated 9-coordinate monomeric in the solid state, while 4 is an unsolvated 9-coordinate monomer with a trans arrangement of both the side-arms and indenyl rings in the solid state. Additionally, 2 and 3 show moderate polymerization activities for F-caprolactone (CL).
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A new coordination polymer [Cd-2(1,10'-phen)(2)(betc)(H2O)](n) (1) (betc = benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate, 1,10'-phen = 1,10'-phenanthroline) was hydrothermally synthesized from CdCl2.2.5H(2)O, H(4)betc and 1,10'-phen at 160 degreesC. It was characterized by IR, XPS, TG and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 possesses infinite chair-like chains which construct 3D framework through pi-pi interactions and the hydrogen bond interactions. The fluorescent spectrum study shows that compound 1 exhibits blue fluorescent emission in the solid at room temperature.
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纳米材料特有的尺寸效应、量子效应和表面效应使其具有许多异于常规材料的性质 ,在催化、生物传感器、微电子器件和磁性材料等诸多领域都有广泛的应用前景 [1] .已有专家预言 ,与纳米材料相关的技术将在新世纪经济发展中起主导作用 ,对其研究是目前科学研究中的热点 .金纳米颗粒是目前研究得最多的金属纳米材料体系 .传统的金纳米颗粒的制备方法以溶胶 -凝胶法为主 [2~ 4 ] ,所制备的金纳米颗粒的粒径较大 (一般大于 1 0 nm) ,粒径分布不均匀 ,易于团聚 ,因而限制了其应用 .为了解决上述问题 ,Brust等 [5]将硫醇化合物在金属表面的自组装技术 [6 ]与纳米技术结合起来 ,制得了表面组装有硫醇配体稳定剂的金纳米颗粒 .采用这种方法制备的纳米颗粒的粒径小 ,且尺寸可控 (小于 5 nm) ,分布均匀 .由于表面组装的硫醇配体降低了其表面势 ,解决了纳米材料易于团聚的问题 [7] .喹啉及其衍生物是一类重要的电化学活性物质 ,同时也是一类重要的药品原料 ,在抗疟疾方面具有极为重要的应用 [8] .本文采用文献 [5 ]报道的方法 ,制备了 2 -巯基喹啉包裹的金纳米颗粒 ,并采用透射电子显微镜、紫外 -...
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Four new iridium(III) complexes 1-4, with 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative as cyclometalated ligand for the first time, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by NMR, EA, MS and X-ray diffraction analysis (except 1). The stronger ligand field strength of the dithiolate ancillary ligands results in higher oxidation potentials and lower HOMO energy levels of complexes than acetylacetone. The absorption spectra of these complexes display low-energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition ranging from 350 to 500 nm. Complexes with dithiolate ancillary ligand emit at maximum wavelengths of ca. 500 nm, blue shifting 17 and 11 nm with respect to their counterpart with acetylacetone ligand. The electrophosphorescent devices with 2-4 as phosphorescent dopant in emitting layer have been fabricated. All devices have a low turn-on voltage in the range of 4.5 and 4.9 V. A high-efficiency green emission with maximum luminous efficiency of 5.28 cd/A at current density of 1.37 mA/cm(2) and a maximum brightness of 2592 cd/m(2) at 15.2 V has been achieved in device using 2 as emitter.
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Hollow porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate)(HEMA-co-EDMA) spheres were prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization, swelling, seed emulsion polymerization and extraction. Then the spheres activated with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine were functioned with adipohydrazide (AH). After periodate oxidation of its carbohydrate moieties, horseradish peroxidase was immobilized on the hydrazide-functionalized hollow porous poly(HEMA-co-EDMA) spheres. The amount of immobilized enzyme was up to 43.4 mu g of enzyme/g of support. Moreover, the immobilized horseradish peroxidase exhibited high activity and good stability.