Les Faits-divers illustrés : les événements les plus récents, les romans les plus célèbres

1908/12/03 (Numéro 163).

Puiden kuolinsyyt pohjoisen Fennoskandian luonnontilaisissa kuusimetsissä

Seloste artikkelista: Tree mortality agents in pristine Norway spruce forests in northern Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica 42 (2008) : 2, s. 151-163.

Remoção de compostos fenólicos de soluções aquosas utilizando carvão ativado preparado a partir do aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes): estudo cinético e de equilíbrio termodinâmico

Activated carbon was produced from the water hyacinth (CAA) by impregnation with ZnCl2 (1:2), followed by pyrolysis at 700 ºC, under N2. CAA was used for the adsorption of phenol, m-cresol and o-cresol from aqueous solutions, using batch adsorption. The effects of contact time, pH, temperature and concentration on sorption were investigated. Adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir model proved to be dependent on temperature, reaching values of 163.7, 130.2 and 142.3 mg g-1 for phenol, m-cresol and o-cresol, respectively, at 45 ºC. Thermodynamic data at the solid-liquid interface suggests an endothermic, spontaneous and environmentally-friendly process.

Resultados científicos do cruzeiro do Baependi e do Vega à Ilha da Trindade: oceanografia física - contribuição para o conhecimento das características físicas e químicas das águas

In May 1950 a trip was undertaken by the ships "Baependi" and "Vega" to the Trindade Island - 20º30'S and 29º20'W - Approximately 1200 km off the coast of Espirito Santo State. This scientific expedition was realized by the iniciative of the Minister J. A. Lins de Barros. In this expedition the supervisor of the oceanographic works was Prof. W. Besnard, the director of the São Paulo Oceanographic Institute. He brougth home 42 samples of water for study, collected upon the insular terrace of the island, referring to the 15 established stations - see table I - with depths varying between 0 m and 115 m. The physical and chemical properties of them are to be seen on table II. The results obtained were compared with those of the German Expedition to the South Atlantic, 1925/27 ("Meteor"), observed at the stations 157-158-159-163 of profile VI and 168-169-170 of profile VII. The mean results obtaneid by the boats "Baependi" and "Vega" are represented on table IV. We constructed vertical sections - I to VI - of each group of Stations, showing the slope of the insular shelves and, in a general manner, the distribution of salinity. We made also longitudinal section - E, M, I - involving the island and corresponding, respectively, to the groups of stations, the farthest, nearest and intermediary ones. As the number of samples received is reduced and consequently the data obtained are few, no conclusions could be deduced. We made only a commentary supposing that the predominating waters surrounding the island are the same as those coming from the mentioned stations on Profile VI, marked by the "Meteor". No indication authorizes the supposition that waters of the Brazil Current or those of Profile VII of the "Meteor" reach the Trindade Island. On the contrary, its waters must be warm and salted to which Albert Defant (Die Troposphaere, Wiss. Erg. D. Atl. Exp. "Meteor" Band VI, 1 Tel Lief. 3, Berlin, 1936) has referred, as the island is located very near to the limits of the perspective diagram of warm water circulation pointed out. (Kieler Meeresforschungen, Inst. Meereskunde, Universit. Kiel, Band VII, Heft 1, S 24, 1950).

L'Univers

1867/09/29 (Numéro 163).

Val av species och bestämdhetsform i ett test för finska grundskolelever

Artikel i konferensrapport.

Social capital and health : variations, associations and challenges

Although social capital and health have been extensively studied during the last decade, there are still open issues in current empirical research. These concern for instance the measurement of the concept in different contexts, as well as the association between different types of social capital and different dimensions of health. The present thesis addressed these questions. The general aim was to promote the understanding of social capital and health by investigating the oldest old and the two major language groups in Finland, Swedish- and Finnish-speakers. Another aim was to contribute to the discussion on methodological issues in social capital and health research. The present thesis investigated two empirical data sets, Umeå 85+ and Health 2000. The Umeå 85+ study was a cross-sectional study of 163 individuals aged 85, 90, and 95 or older, living in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden, in the year of 2000. The Health 2000 survey was a national study of 8,028 persons aged 30 or above carried out in Finland in 2000-2001. Different indicators of structural (e.g. social contacts) and cognitive (e.g. trust) social capital, as well as health indicators were used as variables in the analyses. The Umeå 85+ data set was analyzed with factor analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. The Health 2000 data was analyzed with logistic regression techniques. The results showed that the Swedish-speakers in the Finnish data set Health 2000 had consistently higher prevalence of social capital compared to the Finnish-speakers even after controlling for central sociodemographic variables. The results further showed that even if the language group differences in health were small, the Swedishspeakers experienced in general better self-reported health compared with the Finnish-speakers. Common sociodemographic variables could not explain these observed differences in health. The results imply that social capital is often, but not always, associated with health. This was clearly seen in the Umeå 85+ data set where only one health indicator (depressive symptoms) was associated with structural social capital among the oldest old. The results based on the analysis of the Health 2000 survey demonstrated that the cognitive component of social capital was associated with self-rated health and psychological health rather than with participation in social activities and social contacts. In addition, social capital statistically reduced the health advantage especially for Swedish-speaking men, indicating that high prevalence of social capital may promote health. Finally, the present thesis also discussed the issue of methodological challenges faced with when analyzing social capital and health. It was suggested that certain components of social capital such as bonding and bridging social capital may be more relevant than structural and cognitive components when investigating social capital among the two language groups in Finland. The results concerning the oldest old indicated that the structural aspects of social capital probably reflect current living conditions, whereas cognitive social capital reflects attitudes and traits often acquired decades earlier. This is interpreted as an indication of the fact that structural and cognitive social capital are closely related yet empirically two distinctive concepts. Taken together, some components of social capital may be more relevant to study than others depending on which population group and age group is under study. The results also implied that the choice of cut-off point of dichotomization of selfrated health has an impact on the estimated effects of the explanatory variables. When the whole age interval, 35-64 years, was analyzed with logistic regression techniques the choice of cut-off point did not matter for the estimated effects of marital status and educational level. The results changed, however, when the age interval was divided into three shorter intervals. If self-rated health is explored using wide age intervals that do not account for age-dependent covariates there is a risk of drawing misleading conclusions. In conclusion, the results presented in the thesis suggest that the uneven distribution of social capital observed between the two language groups in Finland are of importance when trying to further understand health inequalities that exist between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers in Finland. Although social capital seemed to be relevant to the understanding of health among the oldest old, the meaning of social capital is probably different compared to a less vulnerable age group. This should be noticed in future empirical research. In the present thesis, it was shown that the relationship between social capital and health is complex and multidimensional. Different aspects of social capital seem to be important for different aspects of health. This reduces the possibility to generalize the results and to recommend general policy implementations in this area. An increased methodological awareness regarding social capital as well as health are called for in order to further understand the cfomplex association between them. However, based on the present data and findings social capital is associated with health. To understand individual health one must also consider social aspects of the individuals’ environment such as social capital.

Macrophomina phaseolina: density and longevity of microsclerotia in soybean root tissues and free on the soil, and competitive saprophytic ability

In field experiments, the density of Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotia in root tissues of naturally colonized soybean cultivars was quantified. The density of free sclerotia on the soil was determined for plots of crop rotation (soybean-corn) and soybean monoculture soon after soybean harvest. M. phaseolina natural infection was also determined for the roots of weeds grown in the experimental area. To verify the ability of M. phaseolina to colonize dead substrates, senesced stem segments from the main plant species representing the agricultural system of southern Brazil were exposed on naturally infested soil for 30 and 60 days. To quantify the sclerotia, the methodology of Cloud and Rupe (1991) and Mengistu et al. (2007) was employed. Sclerotium density, assessed based on colony forming units (CFU), ranged from 156 to 1,108/g root tissue. Sclerotium longevity, also assessed according to CFU, was 157 days for the rotation and 163 days for the monoculture system. M. phaseolina did not colonize saprophytically any dead stem segment of Avena strigosa,Avena sativa,Hordeum vulgare,Brassica napus,Gossypium hirsutum,Secale cereale,Helianthus annus,Triticosecalerimpaui, and Triticum aestivum. Mp was isolated from infected root tissues of Amaranthus viridis,Bidens pilosa,Cardiospermum halicacabum,Euphorbia heterophylla,Ipomoea sp., and Richardia brasiliensis. The survival mechanisms of M. phaseolina studied in this paper met the microsclerotium longevity in soybean root tissues, free on the soil, as well as asymptomatic colonization of weeds.

Médicos recém-formados: sólida formação geral ou sólida formação especializada?

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da especialização precoce - dedicação seletiva a uma especialidade médica no período de graduação - sobre a formação geral dos médicos recém-formados. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Candidatos ao processo seletivo a Programas de Residência Médica 2008 (PSPRM), formados na FMUSP em 2007 (universo = 163), destacados e agrupados por carreira pretendida (CP). Este estudo foca o desempenho no PSPRM e no histórico escolar. Análise intergrupos - candidatos a determinada CP x demais candidatos FMUSP e intragrupos - desempenho em diferentes áreas de conhecimento (AC) x média nas demais áreas. Coeficientes de correlação - entre fases do PSPRM e histórico. P < 0,05. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Existe correlação entre histórico e PSPRM. De acordo com os dados investigados, houve tendência de especialização precoce em GO (obstetrícia e ginecologia), PQ (psiquiatria) e PED (pediatria), com prejuízo em áreas de conhecimento não diretamente relacionadas à carreira pretendida. Candidatos à CM (clínica médica) apresentaram desempenho globalmente superior ao dos demais nas provas e no histórico, possivelmente devido ao interesse mais abrangente por toda a Medicina, que levaria a uma formação mais ampla e sólida.

Perfil acadêmico dos professores de bioética nos cursos de pós-graduação no Brasil

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese dos resultados de uma pesquisa documental sobre o ensino de Bioética na pós-graduação da área da saúde. Seu objetivo principal é caracterizar o perfil acadêmico dos professores desse curso. Para tanto, foi mapeado o perfil acadêmico de professores das disciplinas relacionadas com a Bioética de 163 cursos reconhecidos pela CAPES. Por meio da identificação dos docentes nos programas das disciplinas, efetuou-se uma pesquisa nos currículos disponíveis na Plataforma Lattes do CNPq. Devido à ausência de registros e tendo-se excluído aqueles que aparecem mais de uma vez em outras disciplinas, só foi possível analisar os currículos de 96 professores. Desses, 58 (60,4%) eram do sexo masculino, sendo 45 (46,9%) da área médica; 51 (53,1%) de outras 12 áreas acadêmicas; 36 (37,5%) têm duas ou mais pós-graduações; 2 (2,08%) são graduados em Filosofia; 1 (1,04%) em Linguística; 83 (86,47%) dos currículos não registram formação específica em cursos lato ou stricto sensu em Filosofia, Ética e Bioética; 16 (n = 16,7%) integram Comitês de Ética e em apenas 5 (5,2%) constam que já participaram desse tipo de comitê. O estudo evidenciou que o maior desafio é vencer a carência de profissionais qualificados para o ensino da Bioética em pós-graduação no País.

Caracterização hidroambiental da bacia hidrográfica do rio Debossan, Nova Friburgo, RJ

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento hidrológico, o volume de entrada e saída de água da bacia hidrográfica do rio Debossan, onde se localiza uma importante estação de captação de água, administrada pela Concessionária de Águas e Esgotos de Nova Friburgo LTDA. (CAENF), inserida na Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima, Município de Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, foram obtidos dados de vazão e precipitação diários do período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2004. A partir desses dados, foram calculados alguns parâmetros hidrológicos, como vazão específica e deflúvio. A precipitação média observada nos três anos foi de 2.163 mm, sendo que os meses de dezembro/2002 e janeiro/2003 apresentaram os máximos valores. A vazão média anual no período foi de 0,86 m³/s, apresentando o mês de dezembro de 2002 com maior índice e setembro de 2004 com o menor. O balanço hídrico, em termos médios anuais nos três anos de medições, apresentou uma evapotranspiração de 1.923,04 mm, equivalendo a 88% da precipitação convencional. Pode-se dizer que o ecossistema florestal exerce efeito tamponante sobre a quantidade de água da bacia hidrográfica, mantendo uma grande vazão nos meses de menor pluviosidade. Ao analisar a relação entre a entrada de água na bacia, o uso atual do solo e a quantidade de água produzida, concluiu-se que uma bacia hidrográfica bem preservada tem fundamental importância na manutenção constante da vazão ao longo do ano, além da visível participação na qualidade da água.

Modeling of electrolyte sorption – from phase equilibria to dynamic separation systems

In this thesis, general approach is devised to model electrolyte sorption from aqueous solutions on solid materials. Electrolyte sorption is often considered as unwanted phenomenon in ion exchange and its potential as an independent separation method has not been fully explored. The solid sorbents studied here are porous and non-porous organic or inorganic materials with or without specific functional groups attached on the solid matrix. Accordingly, the sorption mechanisms include physical adsorption, chemisorption on the functional groups and partition restricted by electrostatic or steric factors. The model is tested in four Cases Studies dealing with chelating adsorption of transition metal mixtures, physical adsorption of metal and metalloid complexes from chloride solutions, size exclusion of electrolytes in nano-porous materials and electrolyte exclusion of electrolyte/non-electrolyte mixtures. The model parameters are estimated using experimental data from equilibrium and batch kinetic measurements, and they are used to simulate actual single-column fixed-bed separations. Phase equilibrium between the solution and solid phases is described using thermodynamic Gibbs-Donnan model and various adsorption models depending on the properties of the sorbent. The 3-dimensional thermodynamic approach is used for volume sorption in gel-type ion exchangers and in nano-porous adsorbents, and satisfactory correlation is obtained provided that both mixing and exclusion effects are adequately taken into account. 2-Dimensional surface adsorption models are successfully applied to physical adsorption of complex species and to chelating adsorption of transition metal salts. In the latter case, comparison is also made with complex formation models. Results of the mass transport studies show that uptake rates even in a competitive high-affinity system can be described by constant diffusion coefficients, when the adsorbent structure and the phase equilibrium conditions are adequately included in the model. Furthermore, a simplified solution based on the linear driving force approximation and the shrinking-core model is developed for very non-linear adsorption systems. In each Case Study, the actual separation is carried out batch-wise in fixed-beds and the experimental data are simulated/correlated using the parameters derived from equilibrium and kinetic data. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental break-through curves is usually obtained indicating that the proposed approach is useful in systems, which at first sight are very different. For example, the important improvement in copper separation from concentrated zinc sulfate solution at elevated temperatures can be correctly predicted by the model. In some cases, however, re-adjustment of model parameters is needed due to e.g. high solution viscosity.

Qualidade da água em microbacias hidrográficas com agricultura nos municípios de Santarém e Belterra, Pará

A expansão da fronteira agrícola no Oeste do Pará nas últimas décadas tem alterado a paisagem, antes ocupada por florestas ou agricultura familiar, provocando alterações ambientais com impacto nos recursos hídricos. O trabalho avaliou a qualidade da água de 24 microbacias hidrográficas, sob diferentes usos de solo: área natural/referência (Flona Tapajós), agricultura tradicional (PA-Moju) e agriculturas mecanizadas recentes e antigas de soja (Rodovias Curuá-Una e BR-163, respectivamente), com base na Resolução Conama nº 357/05, em Santarém e Belterra, no Pará. As coletas ocorreram em outubro/11 e abril/12. Parâmetros analisados: pH, cor, turbidez, TDS, OD, DBO, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo total, clorofila-a e coliformes termotolerantes. Confrontando os resultados com os da Resolução, constatou-se no período seco que seis microbacias da Flona Tapajós e uma do PA-Moju apresentaram concentrações abaixo dos limites permissíveis para OD. Apenas uma microbacia (BR-163) apresentou pH no intervalo aceitável, e todas as microbacias do PA-Moju superaram o limite estabelecido para clorofila-a. A cor apresentou desconformidade em quatro microbacias da Curuá-Una, durante o período chuvoso. As atividades antrópicas estão causando assoreamento e aporte de compostos e nutrientes aos recursos hídricos, promovendo a sua degradação. A Resolução nº 357/05 necessita de adequações para a região Amazônica, visto que alguns parâmetros que apresentaram valores em desconformidade com a legislação refletem condições naturais da região.

2000-Luvun näkökulmia pohjoisvienalaisen Marina Takalon matkaan runonlaulajaksi ja näkijäksi

Kirja-arvio

Luokan ja sukupuolen leikkauspisteistä

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