Synthesis and characterization of novel 4H-pyran-4-ylidene indole-based heterocyclic systems for several optical applications

The development of organic materials displaying high two-photon absorption (TPA) has attracted much attention in recent years due to a variety of potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics, such as three-dimensional optical data storage, fluorescence imaging, two-photon microscopy, optical limiting, microfabrication, photodynamic therapy, upconverted lasing, etc. The most frequently employed structural motifs for TPA materials are donor–pi bridge–acceptor (D–pi–A) dipoles, donor–pi bridge–donor (D–pi–D) and acceptor–pi bridge-acceptor (A–pi–A) quadrupoles, octupoles, etc. In this work we present the synthesis and photophysical characterization of quadrupolar heterocyclic systems with potential applications in materials and biological sciences as TPA chromophores. Indole is a versatile building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems for several optoelectronic applications (chemosensors, nonlinear optical, OLEDs) due to its photophysical properties and donor electron ability and 4H-pyran-4-ylidene fragment is frequently used for the synthesis of red light-emitting materials. On the other hand, 2-(2,6-dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile (1) and 1,3-diethyl-dihydro-5-(2,6-dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)-2-thiobarbituric (2) units are usually used as strong acceptor moieties for the preparation of π-conjugated systems of the push-pull type. These building blocks were prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of the corresponding ketone precursor with malononitrile or 1,3-diethyl-dihydro-2-thiobarbituric acid. The new quadrupolar 4H-pyran-4-ylidene fluorophores (3) derived from indole were prepared through condensation of 5-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with the acceptor precursors 1 and 2, in the presence of a catalytical amount of piperidine. The new compounds were characterized by the usual spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis., FT-IR and multinuclear NMR - 1H, 13C).

Estudio de epitopes de antígenos para interpretar su respuesta inmune. Modelo 1: Virus rubeola. Modelo 2: Bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis

El estudio de los epitopes de los antígenos permitirá no sólo la diferenciación de cepas sino también la interpretación correcta de la respuesta inmune. Modelo1: Rubeola es una enfermedad infecciosa caracterizada por una erupción localizada, fiebre y adenopatías, que por lo general se produce en niños de edad escolar o preescolar. El virus de la rubeola es el único miembro del género ribivirus en la familia de los Togavirus. Se sabe que es una partícula esférica que mide 60-90 nm y lleva la información genética en una sola cadena de RNA de polaridad positiva formando una cápside icosahédrica. Estructuralmente está compuesto por tres proteínas, una no glicosilada, asociada al RNA en la nucleocápside, llamada C, y dos glicoproteínas E1 y E2 que se encuentran en la envoltura del virus donde se presentan formando complejos por dímeros E1-E1 y E1-E2. Uno de los motivos por los que se realizan estudios comparativos entre diferentes cepas de virus rubeola radica en la observación de que la respuesta inmune frente a la infección con la cepa salvaje es más eficiente y duradera que la inducida por la cepa vacunal y que no se conocen fehacientemente si la capacidad teratogénica del virus depende de la cepa viral o del tipo de infección que se produce en la placenta y en el feto. La disminución o desaparición de la respuesta inmune específica puede posibilitar la reinfección de una persona vacunada, lo que adquiere particular importancia en el caso de las embarazadas. Es por ello que este estudio se centra en el análisis comparativo de las propiedades biológicas y estructurales de la cepa de virus rubeola de circulación local (cepa Córdoba y sus clones) frente a las cepas Glichrist (prototipo) y RA 27/3 (vacunal). Esta parte del trabajo contribuye al proyecto mundial de obtención de una vacuna sintética o infectiva para controlar la infección por el virus rubeola. Objetivos: 1. Estudiar la cinética de aparición de los epitopes en citoplasma y membrana celular con una técnica de inmunofuorescencia indirecta de células infectadas y bloquear a distintos pasos la vía de síntesis de proteínas en las células infectadas para producir el camino de síntesis del complejo E1-E1 hasta su aparición en membrana. 2. Realizar la técnica de mapeo peptídico para la proteína E2 en diferentes cepas. Modelo 2: Chlamydia trachomatis es una bacteria intracelular obligada de un ciclo de vida dimórfico, con una fase extracelular llamada Cuerpo Elemental (CE), que es la forma infectiva y metabólicamente inactiva y una fase intracelular llamada Cuerpo Reticular que es la forma replicada y metabólicamente activa de la bacteria. Es el agente etiológico de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual (ETS) más comunmente aislado en poblaciones de riesgo, además de ser la primera causa de ceguera prevenible a nivel mundial. El resultado de la infección con C. trachomatis puede terminar en inmunidad o enfermedad dependiendo de la interacción del sistema inmune del huésped con los antígenos chlamydiales específicos. El estudio de los antígenos que generan la respuesta inmune humoral como los tipos e isotipos de inmunoglobulinas producidas en esta respuesta, en las poblaciones con diferentes manifestaciones de la infección por C. trachomatis , podrían asociarse a un tipo de perfil de respuesta de linfocitos TH y dar un valor pronóstico de la evolución de la infección. Objetivo: 1. Separar y estudiar algunos de los más importantes antígenos de la bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis .

Efeito do ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) na absorção do fósforo (32p) pelo trigo (Triticum aestivum., L) e a sua distribuição na planta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de 2,4-D na absorção de fósforo - pelo trigo (Triticum aestivum, L) no estado de 3 folhas e a sua distribuição na planta. Foram realizados quatro ensaios em vaso, conduzidos em casa de vegetação, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram cortadas 8 horas, 26 e 50 horas após a pulverização do herbicida. Em cada um dos ensaios foram aplicados 4 doses de 2,4-D: 0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 ppm e uma solução contendo 32p. Os dados obtidos mostraram que: - 0, 2,4-D afetou a absorção do fósforo e a distribuição deste na planta. - A tendência, nos quatro ensaios, foi de que as doses utilizadas estimularam a absorção do fósforo pelo trigo, a qual foi decrescendo com o decorrer do tempo. - A distribuição do fósforo foi, de modo geral, estimulada, decrescendo com o decorrer do tempo. No terceiro ensaio, quando as plantas foram pulverizadas com 2000 e 4000 ppm. de 24-D, a distribuição foi prejudicada, sendo maior naquelas plantas não tratadas com o herbicida.

Accessibilitat web : cas d'anàlisi a partir de les WCAG 1.0 i WCAG 2.0

El document analitza, de forma manual i detallada, l'accessibilitat de 10 pàgines web del portal de la UOC en base a les 14 pautes i 65 punts de validació de les WCAG 1.0 i en base als quatre principis de les WCAG 2.0 que a la vegada s'organitzen en 12 directius i 61 criteris de conformitat.

Footnotes March/April 2003, Vol. 27, no.3/4

Monthly newsletter for the State Library of Iowa

Hottentottisch. 3-4 : Nama, Bergdamaramundart : einzelne Wörter / gespr. von Missionar Baumann

[Traditions. Afrique du sud. Namibie. Khoïkhoï]

VIP Connection Newsletter, May 2004, Vol. 4, no. 2

Iowa Lottery Authority Player Information Newsletter

Footnotes, March/April 2005, Vol. 29, no. 3-4

Monthly newsletter of the State Library

Iowa Community Empowerment Newsletter, March 2003, Vol.4, no.2

Monthly newsletter for the Iowa Department of Public Health

Footnotes, March - May 2006, Vol. 31, no. 3-4

Newsletter of the State Library

Inhibitory effects of (2S, 3S)-3-[3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoylamino]benzyloxy]aspartate (TFB-TBOA) on the astrocytic sodium responses to glutamate.

Astrocytes are responsible for the majority of the clearance of extracellular glutamate released during neuronal activity. dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) is extensively used as inhibitor of glutamate transport activity, but suffers from relatively low affinity for the transporter. Here, we characterized the effects of (2S, 3S)-3-[3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoylamino]benzyloxy]aspartate (TFB-TBOA), a recently developed inhibitor of the glutamate transporter on mouse cortical astrocytes in primary culture. The glial Na(+)-glutamate transport system is very efficient and its activation by glutamate causes rapid intracellular Na(+) concentration (Na(+)(i)) changes that enable real time monitoring of transporter activity. Na(+)(i) was monitored by fluorescence microscopy in single astrocytes using the fluorescent Na(+)-sensitive probe sodium-binding benzofuran isophtalate. When applied alone, TFB-TBOA, at a concentration of 1 muM, caused small alterations of Na(+)(i). TFB-TBOA inhibited the Na(+)(i) response evoked by 200 muM glutamate in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) value of 43+/-9 nM, as measured on the amplitude of the Na(+)(i) response. The maximum inhibition of glutamate-evoked Na(+)(i) increase by TFB-TBOA was >80%, but was only partly reversible. The residual response persisted in the presence of the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist CNQX. TFB-TBOA also efficiently inhibited Na(+)(i) elevations caused by the application of d-aspartate, a transporter substrate that does not activate non-NMDA ionotropic receptors. TFB-TBOA was found not to influence the membrane properties of cultured cortical neurons recorded in whole-cell patch clamp. Thus, TFB-TBOA, with its high potency and its apparent lack of neuronal effects, appears to be one of the most useful pharmacological tools available so far for studying glial glutamate transporters.

Desensitization and phosphorylation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by GLP-1 and 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion by binding to a specific G protein-coupled receptor linked to activation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway. Here, using insulinoma cell lines, we studied homologous and heterologous desensitization of GLP-1-induced cAMP production. Preexposure of the cells to GLP-1 induced a decrease in GLP-1-mediated cAMP production, as assessed by a 3- to 5-fold rightward shift of the dose-response curve and an approximately 20 percent decrease in the maximal production of cAMP. Activation of protein kinase C by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also induced desensitization of the GLP-1-mediated response, leading to a 6- to 9-fold shift in the EC50 and a 30% decrease in the maximal production of cAMP. Both forms of desensitization were additive, and the protein kinase C inhibitor RO-318220 inhibited PMA-induced desensitization, but not agonist-induced desensitization. GLP-1- and PMA-dependent desensitization correlated with receptor phosphorylation, and the levels of phosphorylation induced by the two agents were additive. Furthermore, PMA-induced, but not GLP-1-induced, phosphorylation was totally inhibited by RO-318220. Internalization of the GLP-1 receptor did not participate in the desensitization induced by PMA, as a mutant GLP-1 receptor lacking the last 20 amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail was found to be totally resistant to the internalization process, but was still desensitized after PMA preexposure. PMA and GLP-1 were not able to induce the phosphorylation of a receptor deletion mutant lacking the last 33 amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail, indicating that the phosphorylation sites were located within the deleted region. The cAMP production mediated by this deletion mutant was not desensitized by PMA and was only poorly desensitized by GLP-1. Together, our results indicate that the production of cAMP and, hence, the stimulation of insulin secretion induced by GLP-1 can be negatively modulated by homologous and heterologous desensitization, mechanisms that involve receptor phosphorylation.

Footnotes, March - May 2006, Vol. 31, no. 3-4

Newsletter of the State Library

Tasavallan presidentin virkaanastujaispuhe (eduskunnassa 1.3.1956)

Puhe