Otimização da rede de estradas secundárias em projetos de manejo sustentável de floresta tropical.

A otimização da rede de estradas secundárias em função das distâncias ideais de arraste não tem sido considerada na elaboração dos planos de manejo de floresta tropical. No Estado do Acre, as florestas com potencial de manejo, possuem diferentes tipologias, volume comercial e potencialmente aproveitáveis por hectare, topografia e solos variados. Isto implicará sempre diferentes densidades ideais de construção de estradas florestais para manejo, tornando necessária a utilização de metodologia que defina o menor custo e dano ao povoamento. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de fornecer suporte técnico à planificação de redes de estradas para o manejo em florestas tropicais, abordando os principais elementos necessários as planejamento e sugerindo uma sistemática de trabalhos para elaboração de um projeto.

Planejamento de arraste mecanizado em floresta tropical.

Este trabalho visa basicamente sugerir uma sequência de metodológica de trabalho para o planejamento adequado do arraste mecanizado, baseado no proposto em Braz & Oliveira (1996), e métodos existentes.

Rapid Losses of Surface Elevation following Tree Girdling and Cutting in Tropical Mangroves.

Discussion Conclusions Materials and Methods Acknowledgments Author Contributions References Reader Comments (0) Figures Abstract The importance of mangrove forests in carbon sequestration and coastal protection has been widely acknowledged. Large-scale damage of these forests, caused by hurricanes or clear felling, can enhance vulnerability to erosion, subsidence and rapid carbon losses. However, it is unclear how small-scale logging might impact on mangrove functions and services. We experimentally investigated the impact of small-scale tree removal on surface elevation and carbon dynamics in a mangrove forest at Gazi bay, Kenya. The trees in five plots of a Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) forest were first girdled and then cut. Another set of five plots at the same site served as controls. Treatment induced significant, rapid subsidence (−32.1±8.4 mm yr−1 compared with surface elevation changes of +4.2±1.4 mm yr−1 in controls). Subsidence in treated plots was likely due to collapse and decomposition of dying roots and sediment compaction as evidenced from increased sediment bulk density. Sediment effluxes of CO2 and CH4 increased significantly, especially their heterotrophic component, suggesting enhanced organic matter decomposition. Estimates of total excess fluxes from treated compared with control plots were 25.3±7.4 tCO2 ha−1 yr−1 (using surface carbon efflux) and 35.6±76.9 tCO2 ha−1 yr−1 (using surface elevation losses and sediment properties). Whilst such losses might not be permanent (provided cut areas recover), observed rapid subsidence and enhanced decomposition of soil sediment organic matter caused by small-scale harvesting offers important lessons for mangrove management. In particular mangrove managers need to carefully consider the trade-offs between extracting mangrove wood and losing other mangrove services, particularly shoreline stabilization, coastal protection and carbon storage.

An Englishwoman's twenty-five years in tropical Africa: being the biography of Gwen Elen Lewis, missionary to the Cameroons and the Congo, by George Hawker

http://www.archive.org/details/anenglishwomanst00hawkuoft

The Cyclone Server Architecture: Streamlining Delivery of Popular Content

We propose a new technique for efficiently delivering popular content from information repositories with bounded file caches. Our strategy relies on the use of fast erasure codes (a.k.a. forward error correcting codes) to generate encodings of popular files, of which only a small sliding window is cached at any time instant, even to satisfy an unbounded number of asynchronous requests for the file. Our approach capitalizes on concurrency to maximize sharing of state across different request threads while minimizing cache memory utilization. Additional reduction in resource requirements arises from providing for a lightweight version of the network stack. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of our Cyclone server as a Linux kernel subsystem.

Heat balances and thermally driven lagoon-ocean exchangeson a tropical coral reef system (Moorea, French Polynesia)

© 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.The role of surface and advective heat fluxes on buoyancy-driven circulation was examined within a tropical coral reef system. Measurements of local meteorological conditions as well as water temperature and velocity were made at six lagoon locations for 2 months during the austral summer. We found that temperature rather than salinity dominated buoyancy in this system. The data were used to calculate diurnally phase-averaged thermal balances. A one-dimensional momentum balance developed for a portion of the lagoon indicates that the diurnal heating pattern and consistent spatial gradients in surface heat fluxes create a baroclinic pressure gradient that is dynamically important in driving the observed circulation. The baroclinic and barotropic pressure gradients make up 90% of the momentum budget in part of the system; thus, when the baroclinic pressure gradient decreases 20% during the day due to changes in temperature gradient, this substantially changes the circulation, with different flow patterns occurring during night and day. Thermal balances computed across the entire lagoon show that the spatial heating patterns and resulting buoyancy-driven circulation are important in maintaining a persistent advective export of heat from the lagoon and for enhancing ocean-lagoon exchange.

Biological and physical interactions on a tropical island coral reef: Transport and retention processes on moorea, French Polynesia

The Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research project funded by the US National Science Foundation includes multidisciplinary studies of physical processes driving ecological dynamics across the fringing reef, back reef, and fore reef habitats of Moorea, French Polynesia. A network of oceanographic moorings and a variety of other approaches have been used to investigate the biological and biogeochemical aspects of water transport and retention processes in this system. There is evidence to support the hypothesis that a low-frequency counterclockwise flow around the island is superimposed on the relatively strong alongshore currents on each side of the island. Despite the rapid flow and flushing of the back reef, waters over the reef display chemical and biological characteristics distinct from those offshore. The patterns include higher nutrient and lower dissolved organic carbon concentrations, distinct microbial community compositions among habitats, and reef assemblages of zooplankton that exhibit migration behavior, suggesting multigenerational residence on the reef. Zooplankton consumption by planktivorous fish on the reef reflects both retention of reef-associated taxa and capture by the reef community of resources originating offshore. Coral recruitment and population genetics of reef fishes point to retention of larvae within the system and high recruitment levels from local adult populations. The combined results suggest that a broad suite of physical and biological processes contribute to high retention of externally derived and locally produced organic materials within this island coral reef system. © 2013 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.

Relación entre la fragmentación del hábitat primario a escala de paisaje y la avifauna dependiente de bosque tropical en la región caribeña de Guatemala

El estudio de los efectos de la modificación del hábitat sobre la diversidad biológica tropical es un tema fundamental para la biología de la conservación. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la modificación del bosque tropical a escala de paisaje, y en particular de la fragmentación del bosque, sobre las comunidades de aves en la región caribeña de Guatemala, e identificar los mecanismos ecológicos principales asociados a dichos efectos. Relevé las comunidades de aves en 123 paisajes, y estudié la relación entre: 1) la presencia de 10 especies blanco; 2) la riqueza, abundancia y composición de las aves dependientes de bosque; 3) la dinámica temporal de dicha comunidad; 4) la riqueza de ocho gremios ecológicos, y la variación en la composición y configuración del hábitat en estos paisajes, mediante modelos lineales generalizados y técnicas multivariadas. Concluí que: 1) la persistencia de las aves en paisajes modificados depende de factores que operan a escalas extra-territoriales; 2) el efecto de la cobertura de bosque sobre la comunidad de aves fue mayor, pero hubo fuertes respuestas a la fragmentación y aumentos del perímetro de las especies de interior de bosque, las granívoras, nectarívoras, e insectívoras residentes de follaje y hojarasca; 3) la dinámica comunitaria de los paisajes con cobertura mayor al 40 por ciento, independientemente del grado de fragmentación, fueron muy similares a la del bosque continuo; 4) las especies más vulnerables a la modificación poseen poca capacidad de utilizar hábitats alternativos, impidiendo la suplementación de recursos en éstos y/o restringiendo su dispersión a otros fragmentos; aquellas que se alimentan y anidan en los estratos inferiores del bosque y construyen nidos abiertos son más vulnerables a los efectos bióticos y abióticos de los bordes de bosque; las especies que son miembros comunes de grupos de alimentación son afectadas por mayores requerimientos de área y una menor amplitud de hábitat.

Species diversity structure analysis at two sites in the tropical rain forest of Sumatra

Data from a hilly forest study site at Batang Ule, Sumatra, are organized into 30 100-m × 10-m subplots lying perpendicular to the line of maximal topographic gradient, from the valley to the plateau/ridge. The following methodological question is addressed: what species diversity measures are best used in order to reveal the ecologically distinct regions in the site. The main tool used to answer this question is the α-diversity curve (Hα). Graphical examination of tree and species densities, and α-diversity curves identifies an anomalous species diversity behaviour of the ‘ridge above the slope’ subplots which may have implications on land-facet class definitions. Factor analysis of the α-diversity curves indicates that the diversity space is two-dimensional: i.e. two diversity measures are sufficient to characterize the site; the species density (H0), and the Berger-Parker index (H[infty infinity]). In the two-dimensional diversity-space three distinct species diversity groups are found which relate to the topographic gradient at the Batang Ule site. The results are compared with those for a flat homogeneous site at Pasirmayang, Sumatra. The implications of the results on land-classifications in species-diversity mapping and conservation strategy are discussed.

Analysis of species hyper-diversity in the tropical rain forests of Indonesia: the problem of non-observance

The main interest in the assessment of forest species diversity for conservation purposes is in the rare species. The main problem in the tropical rain forests is that most of the species are rare. Assessment of species diversity in the tropical rain forests is therefore often concerned with estimating that which is not observed in recorded samples. Statistical methodology is therefore required to try to estimate the truncated tail of the species frequency distribution, or to estimate the asymptote of species/diversity-area curves. A Horvitz-Thompson estimator of the number of unobserved (“virtual”) species in each species intensity class is proposed. The approach allows a definition of an extended definition of diversity, ( or generalised Renyi entropy). The paper presents a case study from data collected in Jambi, Sumatra, and the “extended diversity measure” is used on the species data.