Genetic diversity of EBV-encoded LMP1 in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and implication for NF-Κb activation.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several types of cancers including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a multifunctional oncoprotein, is a powerful activator of the transcription factor NF-κB, a property that is essential for EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell survival. Previous studies reported LMP1 sequence variations and induction of higher NF-κB activation levels compared to the prototype B95-8 LMP1 by some variants. Here we used biopsies of EBV-associated cancers and blood of individuals included in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) to analyze LMP1 genetic diversity and impact of sequence variations on LMP1-mediated NF-κB activation potential. We found that a number of variants mediate higher NF-κB activation levels when compared to B95-8 LMP1 and mapped three single polymorphisms responsible for this phenotype: F106Y, I124V and F144I. F106Y was present in all LMP1 isolated in this study and its effect was variant dependent, suggesting that it was modulated by other polymorphisms. The two polymorphisms I124V and F144I were present in distinct phylogenetic groups and were linked with other specific polymorphisms nearby, I152L and D150A/L151I, respectively. The two sets of polymorphisms, I124V/I152L and F144I/D150A/L151I, which were markers of increased NF-κB activation in vitro, were not associated with EBV-associated HL in the SHCS. Taken together these results highlighted the importance of single polymorphisms for the modulation of LMP1 signaling activity and demonstrated that several groups of LMP1 variants, through distinct mutational paths, mediated enhanced NF-κB activation levels compared to B95-8 LMP1.

Study of drug tolerance mechanisms and of the calcineurin pathway in the opportunistic pathogen "Candida albicans"

ABSTRACT :Azole antifungal drugs possess fungistatic activity in Candida albicans making this human pathogen tolerant to these agents. The conversion of azoles into fungicidal agents is of interest since their fungistatic properties increase the ability of C. albicans to develop drug resistance. In C. albicans, the phosphatase calcineurin (calcineurin) is essential for antifungal drug tolerance. Up to now, the only known target of calcineurin is Crzl, which is a transcription factor (TF) involved in responses to ionic stress. Thus, most of the components of the calcineurin signaling remain to be identified in C. albicans.In this work, the calcineurin pathway was investigated in order to i) characterize the role of calcineurin in the biology of C. albicans, ii) identify putative targets of calcineurin and iii) characterize the phenomenon of tolerance to antifungal drugs. Towards these aims, four different approaches were used.First, using C. albicans microarrays, an attempt was made to identify a set of calcineurindependent genes (CDGs). Since CDGs were highly dependent upon the external stimulus used to activate calcineurin (Ca2+ or terbinafine), this stimulus bias was bypassed by the construction of strains expressing a truncated autoactive form of calcineurin (Cmp1tr) in a doxycyclinedependent manner. The characterization of Cmpltr was undertaken and results showed that it mimicked awild-type activated calcineurin for all tested phenotypes (i.e. Cnbl-dependence, inhibition by FK506, phosphatase 2B activity, ability to dephosphorylate Crzl and to regulate Crz1-and calcineurin-dependent genes, role in antifungal drug tolerance and susceptibility, role in colony formation on Spider agar). Cmp1tr was therefore considered as a valid tool to study the calcineurin signaling pathway. In silico analysis of CDGs allowed the identification of i) a significant overlap between CDGs and genes regulated by the Cyrl signalíng pathway, ii) putative interactions between calcineurin activation and cell wall reorganization and phospholipid transport, iii) a putative interactión between calcineurin and the regulation of translation and iv) a putative relation between calcineurin and proteasome regulation. Further in silico analyses of the promoters of Crz1-independent CDGs were performed to identify TFs (other than Crz1) that were likely to regulate CDGs and therefore to be a direct target of calcineurin. The analyses revealed that Rpn4 and Mnl1 were TFs likely to be regulated by calcineurin.Second, in order to better characterize azole tolerance, an attempt was made to i) confirm the role of Hsp90 in fluconazole tolerance with a doxycycline-dependent Hsp90 expression system and ii) assess its calcineurin-dependence. Hsp90 was found to be significantly involved in fluconazole tolerance. However, results were not in agreement with the hypothesis that Hsp90 mediates fluconazole tolerance by the only downstream effector calcineurin. Rather Hsp90 is interacting with numerous components for fluconazole tolerance.Third, a collection of C. albicans TFs mutants were screened for loss of tolerance to terbinafine and fluconazole in order to identify TFs involved in antifungal drug tolerance. Out of the 265 TFs mutants screened, only the upc2Δ/Δ mutant showed a loss of fluconazole and terbinafine tolerance. Interestingly, no relation between Upc2 and calcineurin activity was found. These results suggested that the tolerance to antifungal drugs must not be only considered as a calcineurin-dependent phenomenon in C. albicans.Fourth, using FRCS analyses, an attempt was made to identify putative signs of programmed cell death (PCD) in calcineurin mutant cells upon loss of tolerance to terbinafine. A high proportion of cells died from both RO5-dependent (which is a sign of PCD) and ROS-independent (which is a sign of loss of homeostasis) processes in the calcineurin mutant. While these results suggest that calcineurin represses both loss of homeostasis and PCD, the role of calcineurin in PCD is still an open question.In conclusion, this work allowed i) the identification of several putative calcineurin targets, ii) the discovery of several links between calcineurin and signaling pathways and important biological processes and iii) the identification of novel components of calcineurin-independent mechanisms that participate in tolerance to antifungal drugs in C. albicans.RÉSUME :Les azoles sont des antifongiques qui présentent une activité fongistatique contre Candida albicans et rendent cette levure tolérante à ces agents. La conversion des azoles en agents fongicides est d'intérêts car leurs propriétés fongistatiques favorisent le développement de résistance aux drogues chez C. albicans. La calcineurine (calcineurin) est une phosphatase essentielle pour la tolérance aux antifongiques chez C. albicans. La seule cible connue de la calcineurin est Crz1, un facteur de transcription (FT) impliqué dans la réponse aux stress ionique. Ainsi, la plupart des constituants de la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin restent encore à être identifiés chez C. albicans.Dans ce travail de thèse, la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin a été étudiée de sorte à i) caractériser le rôle de la calcineurin dans la biologie de C. albicans, ii) identifier de nouvelles cibles de la calcineurin et iii) caractériser le phénomène de tolérance aux antifongiques. A ce propos, quatre approches ont été entreprises.Premièrement, des puces à ADN de C. albicans ont été utilisées afin d'identifier les gènes dépendants de la calcineurin (GDCs). Les GDCs étant étroitement dépendants du stimulus utilisé pour activer la calcineurin, le biais «stimulus» a été évité via la construction d'une souche exprimant une forme tronquée et autoactive de la calcineurin (Cmp1tr), en présence de doxycycline. La caractérisation de Cmp1tr a été entreprise et les résultats ont montré qu'elle mimait une calcineurin sauvage et activée pour la plupart des phénotypes testés (i.e. dépendance à Cnb1, inhibition par le FK506, activité phosphatase 2B, déphosphorylation de Crz1 et régulation de gènes dépendant de la calcineurin, rôle dans la tolérance et la susceptibilité aux antifongiques, rôle dans la formation des colonies sur milieu Spider). Cmp1tr a donc été considéré comme un outil pertinent pour l'étude de la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin. Les analyses in silico des GDCs ont permis l'identification i) d'un chevauchement entre les GDCs èt les gènes régulés par la voie de signalisation de Cyrl, ii) d'une interaction entre la calcineurin et la réorganisation de la paroi cellulaire ainsi que le transport des phospholipides, iii) d'une interaction entre calcineurin et la régulation de la traduction et iv) une relation entre la calcineurin et la régulation du protéasome. De plus, une analyse in silico des promoteurs des GDCs avec une régulation indépendante de Crz1 a permis d'identifier deux FTs qui pourraient être des cibles directes de la calcineurin, Rpn4 et Mnll.Deuxièmement, afin de caractériser la tolérance aux azoles, il a été entrepris i) de confirmer le rôle de Hsp90 dans la tolérance au fluconazole en utilisant un système d'expression dépendant de la doxycycline et ii) de caractériser sa dépendance à la calcineurin. Hsp90 a été montré impliqué dans la tolérance aux azoles. Cependant, les résultats n'ont pas corroboré une hypothèse expliquant le rôle d'Hsp90 dans la tolérance aux antifongiques par son unique. interaction avec la calcineurin. Il a été proposé que le rôle d'Hsp90 dans la tolérance aux antifongiques soit dû à ces multiples interactions avec le protéome de C. albicans plutôt que par son interaction avec un partenaire unique.Troisièmement, une collection de mutant pour des FTs de C. albicans a été criblée pour une perte de tolérance au fluconazole ou à la terbinafine, de sorte à identifier les FTs impliqués dans la tolérance aux antifongiques. Sur les 265 FTs passés au crible, seul le mutant upc2Δ/Δ a montré une perte de tolérance au fluconazole et à la terbinafine. Aucune relation n'a été trouvée entre la calcineurin et l'activité d'Upc2. Ces résultats suggèrent que la perte de tolérance aux antifongiques ne doit pas être considérée comme un phénomène exclusivement lié à la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin.Quatrièmement, en utilisant la cytométrie de flux, la présence de signes de mort cellulaire programmée (MCP) a été recherchée lors de la perte de tolérance du mutant calcineurin incubé avec de la terbinafine. Une grande proportion de cellules mortes incluant ou non une production de ROS (un signe de MCP) a été détectée dans le mutant calcineurin. Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent que la calcineurin réprime autant la perte d'homéostasie qu'elle régule l'entrée en MCP. Cependant d'autres analyses sont nécessaires pour démontrer clairement le rôle de la calcineurin dans la régulation de la MCP.En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis i) l'identification de plusieurs cibles possibles de la calcineurine, ii) la découverte de plusieurs interactions entre la calcineurine et d'autres voies de signalisation et processus biologiques importants et iii) de démontrer la présence de voies indépendantes de la calcineurine impliquées dans la tolérance aux antifongiques chez C. albicans.

CYR61 and alphaVbeta5 integrin cooperate to promote invasion and metastasis of tumors growing in preirradiated stroma.

Radiotherapy is widely used to treat human cancer. Patients locally recurring after radiotherapy, however, have increased risk of metastatic progression and poor prognosis. The clinical management of postradiation recurrences remains an unresolved issue. Tumors growing in preirradiated tissues have an increased fraction of hypoxic cells and are more metastatic, a condition known as tumor bed effect. The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 promotes invasion and metastasis of hypoxic tumors, but its role in the tumor bed effect has not been reported. Here, we show that tumor cells derived from SCCVII and HCT116 tumors growing in a preirradiated bed, or selected in vitro through repeated cycles of severe hypoxia, retain invasive and metastatic capacities when returned to normoxia. HIF activity, although facilitating metastatic spreading of tumors growing in a preirradiated bed, is not essential. Through gene expression profiling and gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we identified the matricellular protein CYR61 and alphaVbeta5 integrin as proteins cooperating to mediate these effects. The anti-alphaV integrin monoclonal antibody 17E6 and the small molecular alphaVbeta3/alphaVbeta5 integrin inhibitor EMD121974 suppressed invasion and metastasis induced by CYR61 and attenuated metastasis of tumors growing within a preirradiated field. These results represent a conceptual advance to the understanding of the tumor bed effect and identify CYR61 and alphaVbeta5 integrin as proteins that cooperate to mediate metastasis. They also identify alphaV integrin inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for preventing metastasis in patients at risk for postradiation recurrences.

Molecular characterization of signalling complexes involved in G-protein coupled receptor-induced cardiac hypertrophy

In response to pathological stresses, the heart undergoes a remodelling process associated with cardiac hypertrophy. Since sustained hypertrophy can progress to heart failure, there is an intense investigation about the intracellular signalling pathways that control cardiomyocyte growth. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that most stimuli known to initiate pathological changes associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including the αl-adrenergic- (αl-AR), Angiotensin II- (AT-R) and endothelin-1- (ET-R) receptors. In this context, we have previously identified a cardiac scaffolding protein, called AKAP-Lbc (Α-kinase anchoring protein), with an intrinsic Rho specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, that plays a key role in integrating and transducing hypertrophic signals initiated by these GPCRs (Appert-Collin, Cotecchia et al. 2007). Activated RhoA controls the transcriptional activation of genes involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through signalling pathways that remain to be characterized. Here, we identified the nuclear factor-Kappa Β (NF-κΒ) activating kinase ΙΚΚβ as a novel AKAP-Lbc interacting protein. This raises the hypothesis that AKAP-Lbc might promote cardiomyocyte growth by maintaining a signalling complex that promotes the activation of the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor NF-κΒ. In fact, the activation of NF- κΒ-dependent transcription has been detected in numerous disease contexts, including hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, allograft rejection, myocarditis, apoptosis, and more (Hall, Hasday et al. 2006). While it is known by more than a decade that NF-κΒ is a critical mediator of cardiac hypertrophy, it is currently poorly understood how pro-hypertrophic signals controlling NF-κΒ transcriptional activity are integrated and coordinated within cardiomyocytes. In this study, we show that AKAP-Lbc and ΙΚΚβ form a transduction complex in cardiomyocytes that couples activation of αl-ARs to NF-κB-mediated transcriptional reprogramming events associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In particular, we can show that activation of ΙΚΚβ within the AKAP-Lbc complex promotes NF-κB-dependent production of interleukine-6 (IL-6), which, in turn, enhances foetal gene expression. These findings indicate that the AKAP-Lbc/ΙΚΚβ complex is critical for selectively directing catecholamine signals to the induction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

No evidence of association between common autoimmunity STAT4 and IL23R risk polymorphisms and non-anterior uveitis.

OBJECTIVE: STAT4 and IL23R loci represent common susceptibility genetic factors in autoimmunity. We decided to investigate for the first time the possible role of different STAT4/IL23R autoimmune disease-associated polymorphisms on the susceptibility to develop non-anterior uveitis and its main clinical phenotypes. METHODS Four functional polymorphisms (rs3821236, rs7574865, rs7574070, and rs897200) located within STAT4 gene as well as three independent polymorphisms (rs7517847, rs11209026, and rs1495965) located within IL23R were genotyped using TaqMan® allelic discrimination in a total of 206 patients with non-anterior uveitis and 1553 healthy controls from Spain. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found when allele and genotype distributions were compared between non-anterior uveitis patients and controls for any STAT4 (rs3821236: P=0.39, OR=1.12, CI 95%=0.87-1.43; rs7574865: P=0.59 OR=1.07, CI 95%=0.84-1.37; rs7574070: P=0.26, OR=0.89, CI 95%=0.72-1.10; rs897200: P=0.22, OR=0.88, CI 95%=0.71-1.08;) or IL23R polymorphisms (rs7517847: P=0.49, OR=1.08, CI 95%=0.87-1.33; rs11209026: P=0.26, OR=0.78, CI 95%=0.51-1.21; rs1495965: P=0.51, OR=0.93, CI 95%=0.76-1.15). CONCLUSION Our results do not support a relevant role, similar to that described for other autoimmune diseases, of IL23R and STAT4 polymorphisms in the non-anterior uveitis genetic predisposition. Further studies are needed to discard a possible weak effect of the studied variant.

The N-terminal DNA-binding 'zinc finger' of the oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors determines target gene specificity.

Steroid hormone receptors activate specific gene transcription by binding as hormone-receptor complexes to short DNA enhancer-like elements termed hormone response elements (HREs). We have shown previously that a highly conserved 66 amino acid region of the oestrogen (ER) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors, which corresponds to part of the receptor DNA binding domain (region C) is responsible for determining the specificity of target gene activation. This region contains two sub-regions (CI and CII) analogous to the 'zinc-fingers' of the transcription factor TFIIIA. We show here that CI and CII appear to be separate domains both involved in DNA binding. Furthermore, using chimaeric ERs in which either the first (N-terminal) (CI) or second (CII) 'zinc finger' region has been exchanged with that of the GR, indicates that it is the first 'zinc finger' which largely determines target gene specificity. We suggest that receptor recognition of the HRE is analogous to that of the helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif in that the receptor binds to DNA as a dimer with the first 'zinc finger' lying in the major groove recognizing one half of the palindromic HRE, and that protein-DNA interaction is stabilized through non-specific DNA binding and dimer interactions contributed by the second 'zinc finger'.

Essential role of the Wnt pathway effector Tcf-1 for the establishment of functional CD8 T cell memory.

Immune protection from intracellular pathogens depends on the generation of terminally differentiated effector and of multipotent memory precursor CD8 T cells, which rapidly regenerate effector and memory cells during recurrent infection. The identification of factors and pathways involved in CD8 T cell differentiation is of obvious importance to improve vaccination strategies. Here, we show that mice lacking T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1), a nuclear effector of the canonical Wingless/Integration 1 (Wnt) signaling pathway, mount normal effector and effector memory CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). However, Tcf-1-deficient CD8 T cells are selectively impaired in their ability to expand upon secondary challenge and to protect from recurrent virus infection. Tcf-1-deficient mice essentially lack CD8 memory precursor T cells, which is evident already at the peak of the primary response, suggesting that Tcf-1 programs CD8 memory cell fate. The function of Tcf-1 to establish CD8 T cell memory is dependent on the catenin-binding domain in Tcf-1 and requires the Tcf-1 coactivators and Wnt signaling intermediates beta-catenin and gamma-catenin. These findings demonstrate that the canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays an essential role for CD8 central memory T cell differentiation under physiological conditions in vivo. They raise the possibility that modulation of Wnt signaling may be exploited to improve the generation of CD8 memory T cells during vaccination or for therapies designed to promote sustained cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses against tumors.

Genomic acute myeloid leukemia-associated inv(16)(p13q22) breakpoints are tightly clustered.

The inv(16) and related t(16;16) are found in 10% of all cases with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. In these rearrangements the core binding factor beta (CBFB) gene on 16q22 is fused to the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene (MYH11) on 16p13. To gain insight into the mechanisms causing the inv(16) we have analysed 24 genomic CBFB-MYH11 breakpoints. All breakpoints in CBFB are located in a 15-Kb intron. More than 50% of the sequenced 6.2 Kb of this intron consists of human repetitive elements. Twenty-one of the 24 breakpoints in MYH11 are located in a 370-bp intron. The remaining three breakpoints in MYH11 are located more upstream. The localization of three breakpoints adjacent to a V(D)J recombinase signal sequence in MYH11 suggests a V(D)J recombinase-mediated rearrangement in these cases. V(D)J recombinase-associated characteristics (small nucleotide deletions and insertions of random nucleotides) were detected in six other cases. CBFB and MYH11 duplications were detected in four of six cases tested.

An autoregulatory loop controlling CYP1A1 gene expression: role of H(2)O(2) and NFI.

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), like many monooxygenases, can produce reactive oxygen species during its catalytic cycle. Apart from the well-characterized xenobiotic-elicited induction, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of the steady-state activity of CYP1A1 have not been elucidated. We show here that reactive oxygen species generated from the activity of CYP1A1 limit the levels of induced CYP1A1 mRNAs. The mechanism involves the repression of the CYP1A1 gene promoter activity in a negative-feedback autoregulatory loop. Indeed, increasing the CYP1A1 activity by transfecting CYP1A1 expression vectors into hepatoma cells elicited an oxidative stress and led to the repression of a reporter gene driven by the CYP1A1 gene promoter. This negative autoregulation is abolished by ellipticine (an inhibitor of CYP1A1) and by catalase (which catalyzes H(2)O(2) catabolism), thus implying that H(2)O(2) is an intermediate. Down-regulation is also abolished by the mutation of the proximal nuclear factor I (NFI) site in the promoter. The transactivating domain of NFI/CTF was found to act in synergy with the arylhydrocarbon receptor pathway during the induction of CYP1A1 by 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin. Using an NFI/CTF-Gal4 fusion, we show that NFI/CTF transactivating function is decreased by a high activity of CYP1A1. This regulation is also abolished by catalase or ellipticine. Consistently, the transactivating function of NFI/CTF is repressed in cells treated with H(2)O(2), a novel finding indicating that the transactivating domain of a transcription factor can be targeted by oxidative stress. In conclusion, an autoregulatory loop leads to the fine tuning of the CYP1A1 gene expression through the down-regulation of NFI activity by CYP1A1-based H(2)O(2) production. This mechanism allows a limitation of the potentially toxic CYP1A1 activity within the cell.

A positive FGFR3/FOXN1 feedback loop underlies benign skin keratosis versus squamous cell carcinoma formation in humans.

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are common, benign epithelial tumors of the skin that do not, or very rarely, progress into malignancy, for reasons that are not understood. We investigated this by gene expression profiling of human SKs and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and found that several genes previously connected with keratinocyte tumor development were similarly modulated in SKs and SCCs, whereas the expression of others differed by only a few fold. In contrast, the tyrosine kinase receptor FGF receptor-3 (FGFR3) and the transcription factor forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) were highly expressed in SKs, and close to undetectable in SCCs. We also showed that increased FGFR3 activity was sufficient to induce FOXN1 expression, counteract the inhibitory effect of EGFR signaling on FOXN1 expression and differentiation, and induce differentiation in a FOXN1-dependent manner. Knockdown of FOXN1 expression in primary human keratinocytes cooperated with oncogenic RAS in the induction of SCC-like tumors, whereas increased FOXN1 expression triggered the SCC cells to shift to a benign SK-like tumor phenotype, which included increased FGFR3 expression. Thus,we have uncovered a positive regulatory loop between FGFR3 and FOXN1 that underlies a benign versus malignant skin tumor phenotype.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha-null mice have increased white adipose tissue glucose utilization, GLUT4, and fat mass: Role in liver and brain.

Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha increases lipid catabolism and lowers the concentration of circulating lipid, but its role in the control of glucose metabolism is not as clearly established. Here we compared PPARalpha knockout mice with wild type and confirmed that the former developed hypoglycemia during fasting. This was associated with only a slight increase in insulin sensitivity but a dramatic increase in whole-body and adipose tissue glucose use rates in the fasting state. The white sc and visceral fat depots were larger due to an increase in the size and number of adipocytes, and their level of GLUT4 expression was higher and no longer regulated by the fed-to-fast transition. To evaluate whether these adipocyte deregulations were secondary to the absence of PPARalpha from liver, we reexpresssed this transcription factor in the liver of knockout mice using recombinant adenoviruses. Whereas more than 90% of the hepatocytes were infected and PPARalpha expression was restored to normal levels, the whole-body glucose use rate remained elevated. Next, to evaluate whether brain PPARalpha could affect glucose homeostasis, we activated brain PPARalpha in wild-type mice by infusing WY14643 into the lateral ventricle and showed that whole-body glucose use was reduced. Hence, our data show that PPARalpha is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, fat accumulation, and adipose tissue glucose use by a mechanism that does not require PPARalpha expression in the liver. By contrast, activation of PPARalpha in the brain stimulates peripheral glucose use. This suggests that the alteration in adipocyte glucose metabolism in the knockout mice may result from the absence of PPARalpha in the brain.

Malt1-dependent RelB cleavage promotes canonical NF-kappaB activation in lymphocytes and lymphoma cell lines.

The protease activity of the paracaspase Malt1 contributes to antigen receptor-mediated lymphocyte activation and lymphomagenesis. Malt1 activity is required for optimal NF-κB activation, but little is known about the responsible substrate(s). Here we report that Malt1 cleaved the NF-κB family member RelB after Arg-85. RelB cleavage induced its proteasomal degradation and specifically controlled DNA binding of RelA- or c-Rel-containing NF-κB complexes. Overexpression of RelB inhibited expression of canonical NF-κB target genes and led to impaired survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines characterized by constitutive Malt1 activity. These findings identify a central role for Malt1-dependent RelB cleavage in canonical NF-κB activation and thereby provide a rationale for the targeting of Malt1 in immunomodulation and cancer treatment.

Role for inducible cAMP early repressor in promoting pancreatic beta cell dysfunction evoked by oxidative stress in human and rat islets.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Pro-atherogenic and pro-oxidant, oxidised LDL trigger adverse effects on pancreatic beta cells, possibly contributing to diabetes progression. Because oxidised LDL diminish the expression of genes regulated by the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), we investigated the involvement of this transcription factor and of oxidative stress in beta cell failure elicited by oxidised LDL. METHODS: Isolated human and rat islets, and insulin-secreting cells were cultured with human native or oxidised LDL or with hydrogen peroxide. The expression of genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Insulin secretion was monitored by EIA kit. Cell apoptosis was determined by scoring cells displaying pycnotic nuclei. RESULTS: Exposure of beta cell lines and islets to oxidised LDL, but not to native LDL raised the abundance of ICER. Induction of this repressor by the modified LDL compromised the expression of important beta cell genes, including insulin and anti-apoptotic islet brain 1, as well as of genes coding for key components of the secretory machinery. This led to hampering of insulin production and secretion, and of cell survival. Silencing of this transcription factor by RNA interference restored the expression of its target genes and alleviated beta cell dysfunction and death triggered by oxidised LDL. Induction of ICER was stimulated by oxidative stress, whereas antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine or HDL prevented the rise of ICER elicited by oxidised LDL and restored beta cell functions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Induction of ICER links oxidative stress to beta cell failure caused by oxidised LDL and can be effectively abrogated by antioxidant treatment.

Mutant p63 causes defective expansion of ectodermal progenitor cells and impaired FGF signalling in AEC syndrome.

Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, which is characterized by cleft palate and severe defects of the skin, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor p63. Here, we report the generation of a knock-in mouse model for AEC syndrome (p63(+/L514F) ) that recapitulates the human disorder. The AEC mutation exerts a selective dominant-negative function on wild-type p63 by affecting progenitor cell expansion during ectodermal development leading to a defective epidermal stem cell compartment. These phenotypes are associated with impairment of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling resulting from reduced expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, direct p63 target genes. In parallel, a defective stem cell compartment is observed in humans affected by AEC syndrome and in Fgfr2b(-/-) mice. Restoring Fgfr2b expression in p63(+/L514F) epithelial cells by treatment with FGF7 reactivates downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and cell proliferation. These findings establish a functional link between FGF signalling and p63 in the expansion of epithelial progenitor cells and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of AEC syndrome.

Integrative analysis of RUNX1 downstream pathways and target genes.

BACKGROUND: The RUNX1 transcription factor gene is frequently mutated in sporadic myeloid and lymphoid leukemia through translocation, point mutation or amplification. It is also responsible for a familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (FPD-AML). The disruption of the largely unknown biological pathways controlled by RUNX1 is likely to be responsible for the development of leukemia. We have used multiple microarray platforms and bioinformatic techniques to help identify these biological pathways to aid in the understanding of why RUNX1 mutations lead to leukemia. RESULTS: Here we report genes regulated either directly or indirectly by RUNX1 based on the study of gene expression profiles generated from 3 different human and mouse platforms. The platforms used were global gene expression profiling of: 1) cell lines with RUNX1 mutations from FPD-AML patients, 2) over-expression of RUNX1 and CBFbeta, and 3) Runx1 knockout mouse embryos using either cDNA or Affymetrix microarrays. We observe that our datasets (lists of differentially expressed genes) significantly correlate with published microarray data from sporadic AML patients with mutations in either RUNX1 or its cofactor, CBFbeta. A number of biological processes were identified among the differentially expressed genes and functional assays suggest that heterozygous RUNX1 point mutations in patients with FPD-AML impair cell proliferation, microtubule dynamics and possibly genetic stability. In addition, analysis of the regulatory regions of the differentially expressed genes has for the first time systematically identified numerous potential novel RUNX1 target genes. CONCLUSION: This work is the first large-scale study attempting to identify the genetic networks regulated by RUNX1, a master regulator in the development of the hematopoietic system and leukemia. The biological pathways and target genes controlled by RUNX1 will have considerable importance in disease progression in both familial and sporadic leukemia as well as therapeutic implications