Frequency characteristics of very fast transient currents in a 245-kV GIS

The conducted as well as the induced voltages on control cables and control circuits due to transient electromagnetic (EM) fields generated during switching operations in a gas-insulated substation (GIS) depend on the waveshape of the very fast transient overvoltages and the associated very-fast transient currents (VFTCs). The aim of this paper is to build a basis for characterizing the VFTC generated in gas-insulated switchgear and the,associated equipment during switching operations for the study of transient coupling phenomena. The peak magnitudes of VFTC and their dominant frequency content at various locations have been computed in a 245-kV GIS for different switching operations as well as substation configurations. Finally, the influence of the substation layout on the frequency spectrum, dominant frequencies, and the highest possible frequency component of the VFTC at various distances from the switch have been reported.

Performance Analysis of Guidance Laws Based on Timescale Gap

An analytical treatment of performance analysis of guidance laws is possible only in simplistic scenarios. As the complexity of the guidance system increases, a search for analytical solutions becomes quite impractical. In this paper, a new performance measure, based upon the notion of a timescale gap that can be computed through numerical simulations, is developed for performance analysis of guidance laws. Finite time Lyapunov exponents are used to define the timescale gap. It is shown that the timescale gap can be used for quantification of the rate of convergence of trajectories to the collision course. Comparisonbetween several guidance laws, based on the timescale gap, is presented. Realistic simulations to study the effect of aerodynamicsand atmospheric variations on the timescale gap of these guidance laws are also presented.

Strain-Temperature Discrimination Using a Single Fiber Bragg Grating

The out-diffusion of germanium from the core of a photosensitive fiber under elevated temperature is exploited to form a Fabry-Perot filter within a single fiber Bragg grating, by subjecting the diffused region to a single exposure using the standard phase-mask technique. A key aspect of our work is the measurement of the out-diffusion through energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of the above single-grating filter for discrimination and simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. The proposed technique provides a significant advantage over other existing methods that require at least two gratings.

Cloning,overexpression and purification of functionally active Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hop1 protein from scherichia coli

One of the major limitations to the application of high-resolution biophysical techniques such as X-crystallography and spectroscopic analyses to structure-function studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hop1 protein has been the non-availability of sufficient quantities of functionally active pure protein. This has, indeed, been the case of many proteins, including yeast synaptonemal complex proteins. In this study, we have performed expression screening in Escherichia coli host strains, capable of high-level expression of soluble S. cerevisiae Hop1 protein. A new protocol has been developed for expression and purification of S. cerevisiae Hop1 protein, based on the presence of hexa-histidine tag and double-stranded DNA-Cellulose chromatography. Recombinant S. cerevisiae Hop1 protein was >98% pure and exhibited DNA-binding activity with high-affinity to the Holliday junction. The availability of the recombinant HOP1 expression vector and active Hop1 protein would facilitate structure-function investigations as well as the generation of appropriate truncated and site-directed mutant proteins, respectively. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Line Spectral Frequency Model of a Finite-Length Sequence

The line spectral frequency (LSF) of a causal finite length sequence is a frequency at which the spectrum of the sequence annihilates or the magnitude spectrum has a spectral null. A causal finite-length sequencewith (L + 1) samples having exactly L-LSFs, is referred as an Annihilating (AH) sequence. Using some spectral properties of finite-length sequences, and some model parameters, we develop spectral decomposition structures, which are used to translate any finite-length sequence to an equivalent set of AH-sequences defined by LSFs and some complex constants. This alternate representation format of any finite-length sequence is referred as its LSF-Model. For a finite-length sequence, one can obtain multiple LSF-Models by varying the model parameters. The LSF-Model, in time domain can be used to synthesize any arbitrary causal finite-length sequence in terms of its characteristic AH-sequences. In the frequency domain, the LSF-Model can be used to obtain the spectral samples of the sequence as a linear combination of spectra of its characteristic AH-sequences. We also summarize the utility of the LSF-Model in practical discrete signal processing systems.

Application of D transforms in the analysis of nonlinear distributed parameter systems

The scope of application of Laplace transforms presently limited to the study of linear partial differential equations, is extended to the nonlinear domain by this study. This has been achieved by modifying the definition of D transforms, put forth recently for the study of classes of nonlinear lumped parameter systems. The appropriate properties of the new D transforms are presented to bring out their applicability in the analysis of nonlinear distributed parameter systems.

Time-Domain Criteria For L2-Stability Of Nonstationary Feedback-Systems

Criteria for the L2-stability of linear and nonlinear time-varying feedback systems are given. These are conditions in the time domain involving the solution of certain associated matrix Riccati equations and permitting the use of a very general class of L2-operators as multipliers.

A Computationally Efficient Generalized Poisson Solution for Independent Double-Gate Transistors

Previous techniques used for solving the 1-D Poisson equation ( PE) rigorously for long-channel asymmetric and independent double-gate (IDG) transistors result in potential models that involve multiple intercoupled implicit equations. As these equations need to be solved self-consistently, such potential models are clearly inefficient for compact modeling. This paper reports a different rigorous technique for solving the same PE by which one can obtain the potential profile of a generalized IDG transistor that involves a single implicit equation. The proposed Poisson solution is shown to be computationally more efficient for circuit simulation than the previous solutions.

Moment-Matched Lognormal Modeling of Uplink Interference with Power Control and Cell Selection

We develop an alternate characterization of the statistical distribution of the inter-cell interference power observed in the uplink of CDMA systems. We show that the lognormal distribution better matches the cumulative distribution and complementary cumulative distribution functions of the uplink interference than the conventionally assumed Gaussian distribution and variants based on it. This is in spite of the fact that many users together contribute to uplink interference, with the number of users and their locations both being random. Our observations hold even in the presence of power control and cell selection, which have hitherto been used to justify the Gaussian distribution approximation. The parameters of the lognormal are obtained by matching moments, for which detailed analytical expressions that incorporate wireless propagation, cellular layout, power control, and cell selection parameters are developed. The moment-matched lognormal model, while not perfect, is an order of magnitude better in modeling the interference power distribution.

State of Charge of Lead Acid Battery

Lead acid batteries are used in hybrid vehicles and telecommunications power supply. For reliable operation of these systems, an indication of state of charge of battery is essential. To determine the state of charge of battery, current integration method combined with open circuit voltage, is being implemented. To reduce the error in the current integration method the dependence of available capacity as a function of discharge current is determined. The current integration method is modified to incorporate this factor. The experimental setup built to obtain the discharge characterstics of the battery is presented.

Design of incentive compatible protocols for wireless networks: A game theoretic approach

In this thesis work, we design rigorous and efficient protocols/mechanisms for different types of wireless networks using a mechanism design [1] and game theoretic approach [2]. Our work can broadly be viewed in two parts. In the first part, we concentrate on ad hoc wireless networks [3] and [4]. In particular, we consider broadcast in these networks where each node is owned by independent and selfish users. Being selfish, these nodes do not forward the broadcast packets. All existing protocols for broadcast assume that nodes forward the transit packets. So, there is need for developing new broadcast protocols to overcome node selfishness. In our paper [5], we develop a strategy proof pricing mechanism which we call immediate predecessor node pricing mechanism (IPNPM) and an efficient new broadcast protocol based on IPNPM. We show the efficacy of our proposed broadcast protocol using simulation results.

Performance analysis of a suprathreshold, stochastic resonance based nonlinear detector

In this paper we introduce a nonlinear detector based on the phenomenon of suprathreshold stochastic resonance (SSR). We first present a model (an array of 1-bit quantizers) that demonstrates the SSR phenomenon. We then use this as a pre-processor to the conventional matched filter. We employ the Neyman-Pearson(NP) detection strategy and compare the performances of the matched filter, the SSR-based detector and the optimal detector. Although the proposed detector is non-optimal, for non-Gaussian noises with heavy tails (leptokurtic) it shows better performance than the matched filter. In situations where the noise is known to be leptokurtic without the availability of the exact knowledge of its distribution, the proposed detector turns out to be a better choice than the matched filter.

High performance VLSI architecture design for H.264 CAVLC decoder

H.264 video standard achieves high quality video along with high data compression when compared to other existing video standards. H.264 uses context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) to code residual data in Baseline profile. In this paper we describe a novel architecture for CAVLC decoder including coeff-token decoder, level decoder total-zeros decoder and run-before decoder UMC library in 0.13 mu CMOS technology is used to synthesize the proposed design. The proposed design reduces chip area and improves critical path performance of CAVLC decoder in comparison with [1]. Macroblock level (including luma and chroma) pipeline processing for CAVLC is implemented with an average of 141 cycles (including pipeline buffering) per macroblock at 250MHz clock frequency. To compare our results with [1] clock frequency is constrained to 125MHz. The area required for the proposed architecture is 17586 gates, which is 22.1% improvement in comparison to [1]. We obtain a throughput of 1.73 * 10(6) macroblocks/second, which is 28% higher than that reported in [1]. The proposed design meets the processing requirement of 1080HD [5] video at 30frames/seconds.

QoS with selfish nodes in wireless networks

The IEEE 802.1le medium access control (MAC) standard provides distributed service differentiation or Quality-of- Service (QoS) by employing a priority system. In 802.1 le networks, network traffic is classified into different priorities or access categories (ACs). Nodes maintain separate queues for each AC and packets at the head-of-line (HOL) of each queue contend for channel access using AC-specific parameters. Such a mechanism allows the provision of differentiated QoS where high priority, performance sensitive traffic such as voice and video applications will enjoy less delay, greater throughput and smaller loss, compared to low priority traffic (e. g. file transfer). The standard implicitly assumes that nodes are honest and will truthfully classify incoming traffic into its appropriate AC. However, in the absence of any additional mechanism, selfish users can gain enhanced performance by selectively classifying low priority traffic as high priority, potentially destroying the QoS capability of the system.