Las transgresiones sexuales de Clitofonte : Seducción y adulterio

El protagonista de la novela de Aquiles Tacio Leucipa y Clitofonte incurre en dos tipos de transgresiones de la moral sexual: seducción de una joven virgen y adulterio. Analizaremos aquí el modo en que ambas faltas aparecen representadas en la novela, su definición, las reacciones sociales ante ellas y las penas que pueden aplicárseles, y compararemos esa representación con las caracterizaciones de estos delitos en las leyes griegas y romanas que interactuaban en el complejo panorama cultural del período imperial. Postulamos que este análisis puede aportar datos que contribuyan a la comprensión de la historia social y de los códigos morales y legales que delimitaban las relaciones lícitas e ilícitas entre los sexos, pues a pesar de que la ficción novelesca no refleja en forma directa la realidad histórica, afloran en ella elementos propios del contexto socio-cultural en que autor y público están inmersos

Mineralogy and geochemistry at DSDP Hole 62-465A

Core recovered from Hess Rise contains concentrations of pyrite, marcasite, and barite in the lowermost meter of limestone (Unit II) and in the brecciated upper part of the underlying volcanic basement (Unit HI). Petrographic and chemical data indicate that the sulfide-barite assemblage in the limestone is mainly a product of low-temperature diagenetic processes. The iron-sulfide phases are biogenic and their concentrations mark the diffusion of sea water sulfate through sedimentary horizons containing abundant organic matter and mafic, glassy volcanogenic detritus. There is some evidence, however, that elevated temperatures augmented or intensified the synsedimentary diagenetic process.

Las transgresiones sexuales de Clitofonte : Seducción y adulterio

El protagonista de la novela de Aquiles Tacio Leucipa y Clitofonte incurre en dos tipos de transgresiones de la moral sexual: seducción de una joven virgen y adulterio. Analizaremos aquí el modo en que ambas faltas aparecen representadas en la novela, su definición, las reacciones sociales ante ellas y las penas que pueden aplicárseles, y compararemos esa representación con las caracterizaciones de estos delitos en las leyes griegas y romanas que interactuaban en el complejo panorama cultural del período imperial. Postulamos que este análisis puede aportar datos que contribuyan a la comprensión de la historia social y de los códigos morales y legales que delimitaban las relaciones lícitas e ilícitas entre los sexos, pues a pesar de que la ficción novelesca no refleja en forma directa la realidad histórica, afloran en ella elementos propios del contexto socio-cultural en que autor y público están inmersos

Chemical composition and elemental oxide ratios to AI2O3 of bulk solids at DSDP Leg 64 Holes

Analyses of sediments from Leg 64 sites reveal a diverse and in one case unique geochemistry. Sites are characterized by high heat flow along an active, divergent plate boundary, or rapid accumulation of diatom muds, or both. The geochemical trends of Sites 474-476 at the tip of Baja California reflect changes4n the percentages of sedimentary components - particularly biogenous matter and mineralogy - that support interpretations of sedimentary environments inferred to be present since the commencement of subsidence along this young, passive continental margin. The sediments below dolerite sills in Holes 477, 477A, 478, and 481 show major mineralogic and chemical deviations from "average" hemipelagic sediments. The sills appear to have two functions: (1) they allow hydrothermal circulation and metamorphism in a partially closed system by trapping heat and fluids emanating from below, and (2) they expel heated interstitial fluids at the moment of intrusion and mobilize elements, most likely leading to the formation of metalliferous deposits along the surface traces of normal faults in the basin. The hydrothermal system as a whole appears to be localized and ephemeral, as is indicated by the lack of similar geochemical trends and high heat flow at Sites 478 and 481. Site 479 illustrates sedimentation in an oxygen-minimum zone with anoxic sediments and concomitant geochemical trends, especially for MnO. With few exceptions, geochemical trends are remarkably constant with depth, suggesting that Site 479 can serve as an "internal" standard or average sediment against which the magnitude of hydrothermal alteration at the basinal Sites 477, 478, and 481 can be measured.

Analysis and compound of carbon sequestration and serpentinization from the Iberian Margin and the Northern Apennine

Fluid circulation in peridotite-hosted hydrothermal systems influences the incorporation of carbon into the oceanic crust and its long-term storage. At low to moderate temperatures, serpentinization of peridotite produces alkaline fluids that are rich in CH4 and H2. Upon mixing with seawater, these fluids precipitate carbonate, forming an extensive network of calcite veins in the basement rocks, while H2 and CH4 serve as an energy source for microorganisms. Here, we analyzed the carbon geochemistry of two ancient peridotite-hosted hydrothermal systems: 1) ophiolites cropping out in the Northern Apennines, and 2) calcite-veined serpentinites from the Iberian Margin (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 149 and 173), and compare them to active peridotite-hosted hydrothermal systems such as the Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF) on the Atlantis Massif near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Our results show that large amounts of carbonate are formed during serpentinization of mantle rocks exposed on the seafloor (up to 9.6 wt.% C in ophicalcites) and that carbon incorporation decreases with depth. In the Northern Apennine serpentinites, serpentinization temperatures decrease from 240 °C to < 150 °C, while carbonates are formed at temperatures decreasing from ~ 150 °C to < 50 °C. At the Iberian Margin both carbonate formation and serpentinization temperatures are lower than in the Northern Apennines with serpentinization starting at ~ 150 °C, followed by clay alteration at < 100 °C and carbonate formation at < 19-44 °C. Comparison with various active peridotite-hosted hydrothermal systems on the MAR shows that the serpentinites from the Northern Apennines record a thermal evolution similar to that of the basement of the LCHF and that tectonic activity on the Jurassic seafloor, comparable to the present-day processes leading to oceanic core complexes, probably led to formation of fractures and faults, which promoted fluid circulation to greater depth and cooling of the mantle rocks. Thus, our study provides further evidence that the Northern Apennine serpentinites host a paleo-stockwork of a hydrothermal system similar to the basement of the LCHF. Furthermore, we argue that the extent of carbonate uptake is mainly controlled by the presence of fluid pathways. Low serpentinization temperatures promote microbial activity, which leads to enhanced biomass formation and the storage of organic carbon. Organic carbon becomes dominant with increasing depth and is the principal carbon phase at more than 50-100 m depth of the serpentinite basement at the Iberian Margin. We estimate that annually 1.1 to 2.7 × 1012 g C is stored within peridotites exposed to seawater, of which 30-40% is fixed within the uppermost 20-50 m mainly as carbonate. Additionally, we conclude that alteration of oceanic lithosphere is an important factor in the long-term global carbon cycle, having the potential to store carbon for millions of years.

Geochemical and isotopic composition of pore fluids of ODP Hole 131-808C

At the Western Nankai Trough subduction zone at ODP Site 808, chemical concentration and isotopic ratio depth profiles of D, O, Sr, and He do not support fluid flow along the décollement nor at the frontal thrust. They do, however, support continuous or periodic lateral fluid flow: (1) at the base of the Shikoku Basin volcanic-rich sediment member, situated ~140 m above the décollement, and particularly (2) below the décollement. The latter must have been rather vigorous, as it was capable of transporting clay minerals over great distances. The fluid at ~140 m above the décollement is characterized by lower than seawater concentrations of Cl- (>=18% seawater dilution). It is 18O-rich and D-poor and has a non-radiogenic, oceanic, or volcanic arc Sr isotopic signature. It originates from "volcanic" clay diagenesis. The fluid below the décollement has also less Cl- than seawater (>20% dilution), is more enriched in 18O and depleted in D than fluid, but its Sr isotopic signature is radiogenic, continentalterrigenous. The source of this fluid is located arcward, is deep-seated, where illitization of the subducted clay minerals, a mixture of terrigenous and volcanic clays, occurs. The 3He/4He ratio below the décollement points to an ~25% mantle contribution. The nature of the physical and chemical discontinuities across the décollement suggests it is overpressured and is forming a leaky "dynamic seal" for fluid flow. In contrast with the situation at Barbados and Peru, where the major tectonic features are mineralized, here, although the complex is extremely fractured and faulted, mineralized macroscopic veins, fractures, and faults are absent. Instead, mineralized microstructures are widespread, indicating a diffuse mode of dewatering.

Biogeochemical measurements of cold seep sediments inhabit by vesicomyid clams in the Japan Deep Sea Trench

Vesicomyidae clams harbor sulfide-oxidizing endosymbionts and are typical members of cold seep communities associated with tectonic faults where active venting of fluids and gases takes place. We investigated the central biogeochemical processes that supported a vesicomyid clam colony as part of a locally restricted seep community in the Japan Trench at 5346 m water depth, one of the deepest seep settings studied to date. An integrated approach of biogeochemical and molecular ecological techniques was used combining in situ and ex situ measurements. During the cruise YK06-05 in 2006 with the RV Yokosuka to the Japan Trench, we investigated a clam colony inhabited by Abyssogena phaseoliformis (former known as Calyptogena phaseoliformis) and Isorropodon fossajaponicum (former known as Calyptogena fossajaponica). The targeted sampling and precise positioning of the in situ instruments were achieved with the manned research submersible Shinkai 6500 (JAMSTEC, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan). Sampling was first performed close to the rim of the JTC colony and then at the center. Immediately after sample recovery onboard, the sediment core was sub-sampled for ex situ rate measurements or preserved for later analyses. In sediment of the clam colony, low sulfate reduction (SR) rates (max. 128 nmol ml**-1 d**-1) were coupled to the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). They were observed over a depth range of 15 cm, caused by active transport of sulfate due to bioturbation of the vesicomyid clams. A distinct separation between the seep and the surrounding seafloor was shown by steep horizontal geochemical gradients and pronounced microbial community shifts. The sediment below the clam colony was dominated by anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME-2c) and sulfate-reducing Desulfobulbaceae (SEEP-SRB-3, SEEP-SRB-4). Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria were not detected in the sediment and the oxidation of sulfide seemed to be carried out chemolithoautotrophically by Sulfurovum species. Thus, major redox processes were mediated by distinct subgroups of seep-related microorganisms that might have been selected by this specific abyssal seep environment. Fluid flow and microbial activity was low but sufficient to support the clam community over decades and to build up high biomasses. Hence, the clams and their microbial communities adapted successfully to a low-energy regime and may represent widespread chemosynthetic communities in the Japan Trench.

Strength and deformation behavior of ODP Leg 110 sediments

The shape and morphology of the northern Barbados Ridge complex is largely controlled by the sediment yield and failure behavior in response to high lateral loads imposed by convergence. Loads in excess of sediment yield strength result in nonrecoverable deformations within the wedge, and failure strength acts as an upper limit beyond which stresses are released through thrust faults. Relatively high loading rates lead to delayed consolidation and in-situ pore pressures greater than hydrostatic. The sediment yield and failure behavior is described for any stress path by a generalized constitutive model. A yield locus delineates the onset of plastic (non-recoverable) deformation, as defined from the isotropic and anisotropic consolidation responses of high-quality 38-mm triaxial specimens; a failure envelope was obtained by shearing the same specimens in both triaxial compression and extension. The yield locus is shown to be rotated into extension space and is centered about a K-line greater than unity, suggesting that the in-situ major principal stress has rotated into the horizontal plane, and that the sediment wedge is being subjected to extensional effective stress paths.

Neptunian dikes and their fillings in carbonates of the Warstein area (northeastern Rhenish massif)

Neptunian dikes and cavities as weil as their fillings are described from Middle to Upper Devonian carbonates of the Warstein area. The genesis of the pre-Upper Carboniferous dikes is due to pre-orogenic synsedimentary tensional movements. Lifting, subsidence and tilting caused joints and cracks, which are enlarged to dikes and cavities on submarine conditions. The post-Upper Carboniferous dikes are based on the orogenesis during Upper Carboniferous time, causing numerous tectonical divisional planes in the sediments. Along these planes a far-reaching karstification took place since mesozoic time. According to their size the cavities are subdivided into macro-, mega- and microdikes. With the exception of one macrodike all the others are limited to the massive limestone. Megadikes especially occur in Upper Devonian cephalopod limestone and in the Erdbach limestone, microdikes can be found in all carbonatic rocks. The dikes follow pre-orogenic, tectonical and sedimentary divisional planes and are orientated to ac-, bc- as well as bedding planes and diagonal directions. The fillings happened down from above either in a solitary event or repeatedly in long-lived dikes during a span of several ten millions of years. More seldom the fillings took place laterally or upside from beneath. The dikes contain - without regard to autochthonous conodont faunas - older and/or younger mixed faunas, too. Occasionally they were used as life district by a trilobite fauna adapted to the dikes. The dikes represent sedimentary pitfalls and conserve sediments eroded in other places. Therefore, by aid of the fillings, it can be demonstrated, that stratigraphic gaps are not absolutely due to primary interruptions of sedimentation, but were caused by reworking. Some dikes contain the distal offsets of slides and suspension streams. Relations between condensation and development of dikes could not be derived in the Warstein area. However, an increase of the frequency of dikes towards east to the eastern margin of the Warstein carbonate platform could be pointed out. This margin is a slope, persisting more than 10 millions of years, between a block and a basin. Evidently cracks and dikes, which were caused by settlements, slides and earth quakes, occured there frequently. The Warstein dikes and cavities, caused by karstification, are filled with terrestrial Lower Cretaceous, marine Upper Cretaceous and terrestrial Pleistocene to Holocene sediments. Tertiary sediments could not be detected.

Gas hydrates of the Gulf of Mexico

Gas hydrates were recovered from eight sites on the Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. The gas hydrate discoveries ranged in water depths from 530 to 2400 m occurring as small to medium sized (0.5-50 mm) nodules, interspersed layers (1-10 mm thick) or as solid masses (> 150 mm thick). The hydrates have gas:fluid ratios as high as 170:1 at STP, C1/(C2 + C3) ratios ranging from 1.9 to > 1000 and d13C ratios from -43 to -71 per mil. Thermogenic gas hydrates are associated with oil-stained cores containing up to 7% extractable oil exhibiting moderate to severe biodegradation. Biogenic gas hydrates are also associated with elevated bitumen levels (10-700 ppm). All gas hydrate associated cores contain high percentages (up to 65%) of authigenic, isotopically light carbonate. The hydrate-containing cores are associated with seismic "wipeout" zones indicative of gassy sediments. Collapsed structures, diapiric crests, or deep faults on the flanks of diapirs appear to be the sites of the shallow hydrates.

Crete fault scarp point cloud data

This paper assesses the along strike variation of active bedrock fault scarps using long range terrestrial laser scanning (t-LiDAR) data in order to determine the distribution behaviour of scarp height and the subsequently calculate long term throw-rates. Five faults on Cretewhich display spectacular limestone fault scarps have been studied using high resolution digital elevation model (HRDEM) data. We scanned several hundred square metres of the fault system including the footwall, fault scarp and hanging wall of the investigated fault segment. The vertical displacement and the dip of the scarp were extracted every metre along the strike of the detected fault segment based on the processed HRDEM. The scarp variability was analysed by using statistical and morphological methods. The analysis was done in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. Results show a normal distribution for the scanned fault scarp's vertical displacement. Based on these facts, the mean value of height was chosen to define the authentic vertical displacement. Consequently the scarp can be divided into above, below and within the range of mean (within one standard deviation) and quantify the modifications of vertical displacement. Therefore, the fault segment can be subdivided into areas which are influenced by external modification like erosion and sedimentation processes. Moreover, to describe and measure the variability of vertical displacement along strike the fault, the semi-variance was calculated with the variogram method. This method is used to determine how much influence the external processes have had on the vertical displacement. By combining of morphological and statistical results, the fault can be subdivided into areas with high external influences and areas with authentic fault scarps, which have little or no external influences. This subdivision is necessary for long term throw-rate calculations, because without this differentiation the calculated rates would be misleading and the activity of a fault would be incorrectly assessed with significant implications for seismic hazard assessment since fault slip rate data govern the earthquake recurrence. Furthermore, by using this workflow areas with minimal external influences can be determined, not only for throw-rate calculations, but also for determining samples sites for absolute dating techniques such as cosmogenic nuclide dating. The main outcomes of this study include: i) there is no direct correlation between the fault's mean vertical displacement and dip (R² less than 0.31); ii) without subdividing the scanned scarp into areas with differing amounts of external influences, the along strike variability of vertical displacement is ±35%; iii) when the scanned scarp is subdivided the variation of the vertical displacement of the authentic scarp (exposed by earthquakes only) is in a range of ±6% (the varies depending on the fault from 7 to 12%); iv) the calculation of the long term throw-rate (since 13 ka) for four scarps in Crete using the authentic vertical displacement is 0.35 ± 0.04 mm/yr at Kastelli 1, 0.31 ± 0.01 mm/yr at Kastelli 2, 0.85 ± 0.06 mm/yr at the Asomatos fault (Sellia) and 0.55 ± 0.05 mm/yr at the Lastros fault.

Geochemistry of carbonate cements of ODP Leg 112 samples

The evolution of pore fluids migrating through the forearc basins, continental massif, and accretionary prism of the Peru margin is recorded in the sequence of carbonate cements filling intergranular and fracture porosities. Petrographic, mineralogic, and isotopic analyses were obtained from cemented clastic sediments and tectonic breccias recovered during Leg 112 drilling. Microbial decomposition of the organic-rich upwelling facies occurs during early marine diagenesis, initially by sulfate-reduction mechanisms in the shallow subsurface, succeeded by carbonate reduction at depth. Microcrystalline, authigenic cements formed in the sulfate-reduction zone are 13C-depleted (to -20.1 per mil PDB), and those formed in the carbonate-reduction zone are 13C-enriched (to +19.0 per mil PDB). Calcium-rich dolomites and near-stoichiometric dolomites having uniformly heavy d18O values (+2.7 to +6.6 per mil PDB) are typical organic decomposition products. Quaternary marine dolomites from continental-shelf environments exhibit the strongest sulfate-reduction signatures, suggesting that Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations created a more oxygenated water column, caused periodic winnowing of the sediment floor, and expanded the subsurface penetration of marine sulfate. We have tentatively identified four exotic cement types precipitated from advected fluids and derived from the following diagenetic environments: (1) meteoric recharge, (2) basalt alteration, (3) seafloor venting and (4) hypersaline concentration. Coarsely crystalline, low-magnesium (Lo-Mg) calcite cements having pendant and blocky-spar morphologies, extremely negative d18O values (to -7.5 per mil PDB), and intermediate d13C values (-0.4 per mil to +4.6 per mil PDB) are found in shallow-marine Eocene strata. These cements are evidently products of meteoric diagenesis following subaerial emergence during late Eocene orogenic movements, although the strata have since subsided to greater than 4,000 m below sea level. Lo-Mg calcite cements filling scaly fabrics in the late Miocene accretionary prism sediments are apparently derived from fluids having lowered magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) and 18O/16O ratios; such fluids may have reacted with the subducting oceanic crust and ascended through the forearc along shallow-dipping thrust faults. Micritic, high-magnesium (Hi-Mg) calcite cements having extremely depleted d13C values (to -37.3%c PDB), and a benthic fauna of giant clams (Calyptogena sp.) supported by a symbiotic, chemoautotrophic metabolism, provide evidence for venting of methane-charged waters at the seafloor. Enriched d18O values (to +6.6%c PDB) in micritic dolomites from the continental shelf may be derived from hypersaline fluids that were concentrated in restricted lagoons behind an outer-shelf basement ridge, reactivated during late Miocene orogenesis.

Chemical and isotopic composition of interstitial waters and hydrocarbon composition at ODP Site 184-1146

Bottom-simulating reflectors were observed beneath the southeastern slope of the Dongsha Islands in the South China Sea, raising the potential for the presence of gas hydrate in the area. We have analyzed the chemical and isotopic compositions of interstitial water, headspace gas, and authigenic siderite concretions from Site 1146. Geochemical anomalies, including a slight decrease of chlorine concentration in interstitial water, substantial increase of methane concentration in headspace gas, and 18O enrichment in the authigenic siderite concretion below 400 meters below seafloor are probably caused by the decomposition of gas hydrate. The low-chlorine pore fluids contain higher molecular-weight hydrocarbons and probably migrate to Site 1146 along faults or bedded planes.

Bedding dip data from core site CRP-3 in Victoria Land, Antarctica

Bedding dips in the CRP-3 drillhole were determined in three ways: (1) analysis of a dipmeter log, (2) identification of bed boundaries on borehole televiewer log images, and (3) identification of bed boundaries on digital images of the outer surfaces of oriented cores. All three methods determine both dip magnitude and downdip azimuth of bedding. Dipmeter results document variations in bedding dip throughout the logged interval (20-902 mbsf), whereas core and televiewer results are available at present only for selected depth intervals. Dipmeter data indicate that structural dip is remarkably constant, at 21° dip to azimuth 65°, throughout the Tertiary shelf section, except for the top 100 m where dips appear to be 5-10° shallower. This pattern, in conjunction with the systematically increasing dips throughout CRP-2A, suggests that the growth faulting active during CRP-2A deposition began during the final period of deposition at CRP-3. Normal faults at 260 and 539 mbsf in CRP-3 exhibit neither drag (localized dip steepening) nor significant changes in structural dip across them. Oriented core and televiewer analyses, covering a total of 200 m in the interval 400-900 mbsf, indicate bedding patterns that confirm the dipmeter results. The doleritic breccia at the base of the Tertiary section has steeper dips than overlying structural dips, possibly indicating a sedimentary dip to ENE in these fan sediments. Dip directions in the underlying Devonian Beacon sandstone are surprisingly similar to those in the overlying Tertiary section. Superimposed on the average Beacon dip of 22° to the ENE are localized tilts of up to 20°, probably caused by Tertiary fracturing and brecciation rather than original sedimentary dip variations.

Geochemistry of the sheeted dike complex at Pito Deep

Alteration of sheeted dikes exposed along submarine escarpments at the Pito Deep Rift (NE edge of the Easter microplate) provides constraints on the crustal component of axial hydrothermal systems at fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. Samples from vertical transects through the upper crust constrain the temporal and spatial scales of hydrothermal fluid flow and fluid-rock reaction. The dikes are relatively fresh (average extent of alteration is 27%), with the extent of alteration ranging from 0 to >80%. Alteration is heterogeneous on scales of tens to hundreds of meters and displays few systematic spatial trends. Background alteration is amphibole-dominated, with chlorite-rich dikes sporadically distributed throughout the dike complex, indicating that peak temperatures ranged from <300°C to >450°C and did not vary systematically with depth. Dikes locally show substantial metal mobility, with Zn and Cu depletion and Mn enrichment. Amphibole and chlorite fill fractures throughout the dike complex, whereas quartz-filled fractures and faults are only locally present. Regional variability in alteration characteristics is found on a scale of <1-2 km, illustrating the diversity of fluid-rock interaction that can be expected in fast spreading crust. We propose that much of the alteration in sheeted dike complexes develops within broad, hot upwelling zones, as the inferred conditions of alteration cannot be achieved in downwelling zones, particularly in the shallow dikes. Migration of circulating cells along rides axes and local evolution of fluid compositions produce sections of the upper crust with a distinctive character of alteration, on a scale of <1-2 km and <5-20 ka.