Evolution of form and function: morphophysiological relationships and locomotor performance in tropidurine lizards

Locomotor capacity is often considered an excellent measure of whole animal performance because it requires the integrated functioning of many morphological, physiological (and biochemical) traits. However, because studies tend to focus on either structural or functional suits of traits, we know little on whether and how morphological and physiological traits coevolve to produce adequate locomotor capacities. Hence, we investigate the evolutionary relationships between morphological and physiological parameters related to exercise physiology, using tropidurine lizards as a model. We employ a phylogenetic principal component analysis (PCA) to identify variable clusters (factors) related to morphology, energetic metabolism and muscle metabolism, and then analyze the relationships between these clusters and measures of locomotor performance, using two models (star and hierarchical phylogenies). Our data indicate that sprint performance is enhanced by simultaneous evolutionary tendencies affecting relative limb and tail size and physiological traits. Specifically, the high absolute sprint speeds exhibited by tropidurines from the sand dunes are explained by longer limbs, feet and tails and an increased proportion of glycolytic fibers in the leg muscle, contrasting with their lower capacity for overall oxidative metabolism [principal component (PC1)]. However, when sprint speeds are corrected for body size, performance correlates with a cluster (PC3) composed by moderate loads for activity metabolic rate and body size. The simultaneous measurement of morphological and physiological parameters is a powerful tool for exploring patterns of coadaptation and proposing morphophysiological associations that are not directly predictable from theory. This approach may trigger novel directions for investigating the evolution of form and function, particularly in the context of organismal performance.

Use of a gold microelectrode for discrimination of gunshot residues

Gunshot residues (GSR) can be used in forensic evaluations to obtain information about the type of gun and ammunition used in a crime. In this work, we present our efforts to develop a promising new method to discriminate the type of gun [four different guns were used: two handguns (0.38 revolver and 0.380 pistol) and two long-barrelled guns (12-calibre pump-action shotgun and 0.38 repeating rifle)] and ammunition (five different types: normal, semi-jacketed, full-jacketed, green, and 3T) used by a suspect. The proposed approach is based on information obtained from cyclic voltammograms recorded in solutions containing GSR collected from the hands of the shooters, using a gold microelectrode; the information was further analysed by non-supervised pattern-recognition methods [(Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)]. In all cases (gun and ammunition discrimination), good separation among different samples in the score plots and dendrograms was achieved. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A comparative study on multiscale fractal dimension descriptors

Fractal theory presents a large number of applications to image and signal analysis. Although the fractal dimension can be used as an image object descriptor, a multiscale approach, such as multiscale fractal dimension (MFD), increases the amount of information extracted from an object. MFD provides a curve which describes object complexity along the scale. However, this curve presents much redundant information, which could be discarded without loss in performance. Thus, it is necessary the use of a descriptor technique to analyze this curve and also to reduce the dimensionality of these data by selecting its meaningful descriptors. This paper shows a comparative study among different techniques for MFD descriptors generation. It compares the use of well-known and state-of-the-art descriptors, such as Fourier, Wavelet, Polynomial Approximation (PA), Functional Data Analysis (FDA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Symbolic Aggregate Approximation (SAX), kernel PCA, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), geometrical and statistical features. The descriptors are evaluated in a classification experiment using Linear Discriminant Analysis over the descriptors computed from MFD curves from two data sets: generic shapes and rotated fish contours. Results indicate that PCA, FDA, PA and Wavelet Approximation provide the best MFD descriptors for recognition and classification tasks. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Global gene expression profiling of oral cavity cancers suggests molecular heterogeneity within anatomic subsites

Abstract Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a frequent neoplasm, which is usually aggressive and has unpredictable biological behavior and unfavorable prognosis. The comprehension of the molecular basis of this variability should lead to the development of targeted therapies as well as to improvements in specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Results Samples of primary OSCCs and their corresponding surgical margins were obtained from male patients during surgery and their gene expression profiles were screened using whole-genome microarray technology. Hierarchical clustering and Principal Components Analysis were used for data visualization and One-way Analysis of Variance was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Samples clustered mostly according to disease subsite, suggesting molecular heterogeneity within tumor stages. In order to corroborate our results, two publicly available datasets of microarray experiments were assessed. We found significant molecular differences between OSCC anatomic subsites concerning groups of genes presently or potentially important for drug development, including mRNA processing, cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis, metabolic process, cell cycle and apoptosis. Conclusion Our results corroborate literature data on molecular heterogeneity of OSCCs. Differences between disease subsites and among samples belonging to the same TNM class highlight the importance of gene expression-based classification and challenge the development of targeted therapies.

Comparação do perfil químico entre cachaças de um mesmo vinho destiladas em alambiques e em colunas

Six wines were distilled in two different distillation apparatus (alembic and column) producing 24 distillates (6 for each alembic fraction - head, heart and tail; 6 column distillates). The chemical composition of distillates from the same wine was determined using chromatographic techniques. Analytical data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) allowing discrimination of four clusters according to chemical profiles. Both distillation processes influenced the sugarcane spirits chemical quality since two types of distillates with different quantitative chemical profiles were produced after the elimination of fermentation step influence.

Rainwater major and trace element contents in Southeastern Brazil: an assessment of a sugar cane region in dry and wet period

The purpose of this study was to assess the composition of the rainwater in Araraquara City, Brazil, a region strongly influenced by pre-harvest burning of sugar cane crops. Chemical and mineralogical variables were measured in rainwater collected during the harvest, dry period of 2009 and the non-harvest, wet period of 2010. Ca2+ and NH4+ were responsible for 55% of cations and NO3- for 45% of anions in rainwater. Al and Fe along with K were the most abundant among trace elements in both soluble and insoluble fractions. High volume weighted mean concentration (VWM) for most of the analyzed species were observed in the harvest, dry period, mainly due to agricultural activities and meteorological conditions. The chemistry of the Araraquara rainwater and principal component analysis (PCA) quantification clearly indicate the concurrence of a diversity of sources from natural to anthropogenic especially related to agricultural activities.

Population structure and distribution of UCA ( Brachyura: Ocypodidae) influenced by abiotic factors in a tropical estuary

Uca populations have an important functional and structural role in many estuarine ecosystems. These crabs exhibit distinct physiological tolerance to salinity gradients, which may partially explain their heterogeneous distribution. In order to investigate the population structure and distribution of Uca spp. in a tropical estuary, we sampled Uca crabs in replicated 0.75 m2 quadrats at six muddy plain areas during monthly intervals between July and November 2012 in spring tidal conditions. Environmental factors including water temperature, salinity, sediment total organic matter, chlorophyll-a, and granulometry were analyzed. We sampled a total of 2919 individuals distributed in three Uca species (U. uruguayensis, U. thayeri and U. maracoani), from which U. uruguayensis was dominant. The density and biomass of individuals were spatially and temporally heterogeneous. During October and November we found higher Uca spp. densities (71.3 ± 47.3 to 77.6 ± 44,5 ind. 0.75 m-²) and biomass (1.8 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 1.0 g 0.75 m-2 AFDW) if compared to the previous months, density (July 55,5± 44,1 August 52,5± 34,9 and September 47,7 ± 25,6 ind. 0,75m-²) and biomass in others months (July 1,0± 0,94 August 1,1 ± 0,72 and September 1,3±0,93 g 0.75 m-2 AFDW ). The same pattern was found for other variables, such as salinity (32 and 34), organic matter (30 and 67%) and chlorophyll-a (89 and 46 μg g-1). In two study areas we found this pattern which suggests that higher Uca productivity and food availability are related. A principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that salinity and granulometry (silt) can influence (60% correspondence) the distribution of U. maracoani. For U. uruguayensis and U. thayeri the PCA suggests chlorophyll-a was important, which is a good indicator for labile organic matter. Our study suggests that the population structure and distribution of Uca species may be regulated by food availability, supporting their utility as biological models for ecosystem monitoring.

An evolutive approach for smile recognition in video sequences

Facial expression recognition is one of the most challenging research areas in the image recognition ¯eld and has been actively studied since the 70's. For instance, smile recognition has been studied due to the fact that it is considered an important facial expression in human communication, it is therefore likely useful for human–machine interaction. Moreover, if a smile can be detected and also its intensity estimated, it will raise the possibility of new applications in the future

Zur systematischen Relevanz von Juglandaceen-Blättern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung fossiler Funde aus der Grube Messel und dem Eckfelder Maar

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Blattmerkmale der Juglandaceen auf ihre systematische Verwertbarkeit hin untersucht. Ein Datensatz mit 62 Blattmerkmalen von 48 rezenten Juglandaceen-Arten wurde zusammengetragen. Zusätzlich wurden vier fossile Blattformen erfasst. Die fossilen Blätter stammen aus zwei Fundstätten des deutschen Eozäns. Der Datensatz wurde mit dem Computerprogramm MacClade® auf ein Phylogramm aus Manos und Stone (2001) übertragen (‚character mapping’). Zusätzlich wurde eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse mit dem Computerprogramm PAST® durchgeführt. Die meisten taxonomischen Einheiten der Juglandaceen konnten mithilfe des ‚character mapping’ wiedererkannt werden, die dafür verantwortlichen Blattmerkmale haben somit ihre systematische Signifikanz unter Beweis gestellt. Weiterhin konnte eine Evolutionstendenz des Induments belegt werden. Zwischen den ursprünglichen und den abgeleiteten Juglandaceen-Taxa ist eine zunehmende Differenzierung des Induments zu beobachten. Die fossilen Blattformen bildeten in der Hauptkomponentenanalyse eine eindeutig erkennbare Gruppierung, die von allen rezenten Taxa der Analyse separiert ist. Demnach lassen sie sich nicht durch einen Vergleich mit rezenten Blättern systematisch zuordnen. Die fossilen Blattformen der Juglandaceen bestätigen die hier belegte Evolutions-tendenz des Induments. Sie stehen mit ihren ursprünglichen Indumentstrukturen am Ausgangspunkt der Indumentevolution.

Räumliche Verbreitung geogener Schwermetallgehalte in Böden des Taunus: Einfluss von periglazialer Deckschichtengenese

Während der Glazialphasen kam es in den europäischen Mittelgebirgen bedingt durch extensive solifluidale Massenbewegungen zur Bildung von Deckschichten. Diese Deckschichten repräsentieren eine Mischung verschiedener Substrate, wie anstehendes Ausgangsgestein, äolische Depositionen und lokale Erzgänge. Die räumliche Ausdehnung der Metallkontaminationen verursacht durch kleinräumige Erzgänge wird durch die periglaziale Solifluktion verstärkt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war a) den Zusammenhang zwischen den Reliefeigenschaften und den Ausprägungen der solifluidalen Deckschichten und Böden aufzuklären, sowie b) mittels Spurenelementgehalte und Blei-Isotopen-Verhältnisse als Eingangsdaten für Mischungsmodelle die Beitrage der einzelnen Substrate zum Ausgangsmaterial der Bodenbildung zu identifizieren und quantifizieren und c) die räumliche Verteilung von Blei (Pb) in Deckschichten, die über Bleierzgänge gewandert sind, untersucht, die Transportweite des erzbürtigen Bleis berechnet und die kontrollierenden Faktoren der Transportweite bestimmt werden. Sechs Transekte im südöstlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirge, einschließlich der durch periglaziale Solifluktion entwickelten Böden, wurden untersucht. Die bodenkundliche Geländeaufnahme erfolgte nach AG Boden (2005). O, A, B und C-Horizontproben wurden auf ihre Spurenelementgehalte und teilweise auf ihre 206Pb/207Pb-Isotopenverhältnisse analysiert. Die steuernden Faktoren der Verteilung und Eigenschaften periglazialer Deckschichten sind neben der Petrographie, Reliefeigenschaften wie Exposition, Hangneigung, Hangposition und Krümmung. Die Reliefanalyse zeigt geringmächtige Deckschichten in divergenten, konvexen Hangbereichen bei gleichzeitig hohem Skelettgehalt. In konvergent, konkaven Hangbereichen nimmt die Deckschichtenmächtigkeit deutlich zu, bei gleichzeitig zunehmendem Lösslehm- und abnehmendem Skelettgehalt. Abhängig von den Reliefeigenschaften und -positionen reichen die ausgeprägten Bodentypen von sauren Braunerden bis hin zu Pseudogley-Parabraunerden. Des Weiteren kommen holozäne Kolluvien in eher untypischen Reliefpositionen wie langgestreckten, kaum geneigten Hangbereichen oder Mittelhangbereichen vor. Außer für Pb bewegen sich die Spurenelementgehalte im Rahmen niedriger Hintergrundgehalte. Die Pb-Gehalte liegen zwischen 20-135 mg kg-1. Abnehmende Spurenelementgehalte und Isotopensignaturen (206Pb/207Pb-Isotopenverhältnisse) von Pb zeigen, dass nahezu kein Pb aus atmosphärischen Depositionen in die B-Horizonte verlagert wurde. Eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) der Spurenelementgehalte hat vier Hauptsubstratquellen der untersuchten B-Horizonte identifiziert (Tonschiefer, Löss, Laacher-See-Tephra [LST] und lokale Pb-Erzgänge). Mittels 3-Komponenten-Mischungsmodell, das Tonschiefer, Löss und LST einschloss, konnten, bis auf 10 Ausreißer, die Spurenelementgehalte aller 120 B-Horizontproben erklärt werden. Der Massenbeitrag des Pb-Erzes zur Substratmischung liegt bei <0,1%. Die räumliche Pb-Verteilung zeigt Bereiche lokaler Pb-Gehaltsmaxima hangaufwärtiger Pb-Erzgänge. Mittels eines 206Pb/207Pb-Isotopenverhältnis-Mischungsmodells konnten 14 Bereiche erhöhter lokaler Pb-Gehaltsmaxima ausgewiesen werden, die 76-100% erzbürtigen Bleis enthalten. Mit Hilfe eines Geographischen Informationssystems wurden die Transportweiten des erzbürtigen Bleis mit 30 bis 110 m bestimmt. Die steuerenden Faktoren der Transportweite sind dabei die Schluffkonzentration und die Vertikalkrümmung. Diese Untersuchung zeigt, dass Reliefeigenschaften und Reliefposition einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Ausprägung der Deckschichten und Böden im europäischen Mittelgebirgsbereich haben. Mischungsmodelle in Kombination mit Spurenelementanalysen und Isotopenverhältnissen stellen ein wichtiges Werkzeug zur Bestimmung der Beiträge der einzelnen Glieder in Bodensubstratmischungen dar. Außerdem können lokale Bleierzgänge die natürlichen Pb-Gehalte in Böden, entwickelt in periglazialen Deckschichten der letzten Vereisungsphase (Würm), bis über 100 m Entfernung erhöhen.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and found in the atmosphere, aquatic environment, sediments and soils. For environmental risk assessments and the allocation of the polluter it is important to know the PAH sources. PAH contamination sites are usually the result of anthropogenic processes. Three major sources are known: i) petroleum, including crude oil and its refined products and coals (petrogenic PAHs), ii) burning of organic matter (pyrogenic PAHs) and iii) transformation products of natural organic precursors present in the environment (diagenetic processes). In one case elevated PAH concentrations were found in river bank soils when building a retention area along the Mosel River. The source of the PAHs in this area was unclear and required the investigation of possible sources. To evaluate the PAH distribution along the Mosel River, a section of ~ 160 km along the river and a short section along the Saar River were investigated within this study. Concentrations of the Σ16 EPA PAHs were as high as 81 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw). Additionally, coal particles were identified in some soils, which originated from mining activities in the Saarland region. PAH distribution patterns of the 16 EPA PAHs suggest a mainly pyrogenic origin and in some cases a mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. For a comprehensive investigation five sampling sites were selected. Two sites were located before the confluence of the Mosel and Saar River, one site at the confluence and two sites after the confluence. The examination included typical forensic methods such as PAH distribution patterns of 45 PAHs (including alkylated PAHs), calculation of PAH ratios, determination of PAH alkyl homologues, n-alkanes, principal component analysis (PCA) and coal petrography. The results revealed a mainly pyrogenic source at sampling sites before the confluence of the two rivers. At and after the confluence, a mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic inputs were present. With the help of coal petrography, coal derived particles could be identified in these soils. Therefore, coal was suggested to be the petrogenic source. It could be shown that sites with diffuse sources of contaminants, like the bank soils of the Mosel River, are difficult to characterize. As previously mentioned for detailed source identifications, the use of various forensic methods is essential. Determination of PAH alkyl homologue series, biomarkers and isotopes are often recommended. Source identification was evaluated using three different methods (i.e. PAH distribution patterns of an extended PAH spectrum, PAH ratios and analyses of n-alkanes). It was assessed if these methods were sufficient for the initial steps in identifying sources of PAHs in selected samples, and if they could be used for decision-making purposes. Point- and non-point sources were identified by applying the three methods and it could be shown that these relatively simple methods are sufficient in determining the primary source. In a last step of this study two soils (one before the confluence of the Mosel and Saar rivers and one after the confluence), and one sediment of the Mosel River were evaluated by investigating the mutagenic potential of the soils and the sediment with a fluctuation version of the Ames-test. The study showed that coal bearing soils at the Mosel River do not exhibit a greater mutagenic potential than other soils or sediments without coal particles.

L'internazionalizzazione e le specializzazioni commerciali delle regioni italiane nel settore agroalimentare

Il presente lavoro si compone di tre capitoli, tra loro autonomi e allo stesso tempo intrinsecamente collegati. Nel primo capitolo si è voluto offrire una panoramica dello scenario agroalimentare italiano e della sua rilevanza nel sistema economico nazionale. Per fare ciò si è partiti da una disamina del contesto economico mondiale per poi centrare il discorso sull’andamento congiunturale dell’agroalimentare nazionale, analizzato secondo i principali indicatori macroeconomici. Successivamente vengono presentati gli attori del sistema agroalimentare, rilevando per ciascuno di essi le proprie specificità e tendenze. L’ultima parte del primo capitolo è un focus specifico sul ruolo giocato dall’agroalimentare italiano nel commercio e nei mercati internazionali. Nel secondo capitolo si è approntata una mappatura territoriale e per comparti delle principali specializzazioni commerciali del settore agroalimentare delle regioni italiane. Tramite l'utilizzo di appositi indici di specializzazione si è analizzata la realtà agroalimentare delle regioni italiane, mettendone in evidenza la struttura competitiva e approssimandola tramite l’analisi dei vantaggi comparati di cui gode. Infine, nel terzo capitolo, si è ampliato il campo d'analisi tentando di misurare il livello di internazionalizzazione delle regioni italiane, non solo in ambito agroalimentare, ma considerando l'intero sistema territoriale regionale. Si è tentato di fare ciò tramite tre strumenti: l’analisi delle componenti principali (PCA o ACP), il Mazziotta-Pareto Index e il Wroclaw taxonomic method. I risultati ottenuti tramite le tre modalità di elaborazione hanno permesso di approfondire la conoscenza del livello di internazionalizzazione registrato dalle regioni italiane, mettendo in luce ulteriori filoni di ricerca della tematica osservata.

Betreuungsbedürfnisse von Patientinnen im Rahmen der gynäkologischen Krebsfrüherkennungsuntersuchung : Entwicklung eines Erfassungsinstrumentes

Da es bis dato kein spezifisches Instrument gibt, um die Betreuungsbedürfnisse von Patientinnen im Rahmen der gynäkologischen Krebsfrüherkennungsuntersuchung zu erfassen, war es das Ziel der vorliegenden explorativen Studie, eben jene subjektiven Betreuungsbedürfnisse aufzudecken und sie in ein praxistaugliches und messbares Format zu überführen - den Fragebogen „Betreuungsbedürfnisse – Gynäkologische Krebsfrüherkennungsuntersuchung (BB-G KFU)“. Wir stellten hierzu folgende Hypothesen auf: Es ist möglich (a) Betreuungsbedürfnisse zu explorieren und in reliablen Skalen abzubilden, (b) die Wichtigkeit der Betreuungsbedürfnisse in Form einer Wertigkeitsrangfolge abzubilden, (c) Determinanten der Betreuungsbedürfnisse (Alter, Sozialstatus, Familienstand, Gesundheitsbezogene Kontrollüberzeugungen) zu detektieren. Wir entwickelten einen Fragebogen auf der Basis einer ausführlichen systematischen Literaturrecherche, Leitfadeninterviews mit gynäkologischen Patientinnen sowie einer Befragung von 18 Experten. Dieser Fragebogen beinhaltete 58 Arzt bezogene Betreuungsbedürfnisse-Items, 12 Arzthelferinnen bezogene Betreuungsbedürfnisse-Items und 21 Praxisorganisation und Praxisstruktur bezogene Betreuungsbedürfnisse-Items. Die Probandinnen bewerteten die Wichtigkeit der Erfüllung jedes Items anhand einer fünfstufigen Antwortskala im Likert-Format (1 = nicht wichtig, 5 = sehr wichtig). Zudem wurden soziodemografische Daten sowie gesundheitsbezogene Kontrollüberzeugungen der Probandinnen erhoben. Im Sinne einer multizentrisch angelegten Querschnittstudie wurde der Fragebogen an 1.000 Patientinnen in zehn gynäkologischen Praxen in drei deutschen Bundesländern ausgegeben. Insgesamt erhielten wir 965 ausgefüllte Fragebögen zurück. Mittels deskriptiver Statistiken konnten die soziodemografischen Daten sowie die einzelnen Betreuungsbedürfnisse-Items ausgewertet werden. Zur Entwicklung reliabler Betreuungsbedürfnis-Skalen wurde der Datensatz einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA mit Varimax-Rotation) unterzogen. Auf diesem Wege konnte ein Erfassungsinstrument (Fragebogen „Betreuungsbedürfnisse – Gynäkologische Krebsfrüherkennungsuntersuchung (BB-G KFU)“) bestehend aus sieben reliablen Betreuungsbedürfnis-Skalen (BB-S) entwickelt werden, welche die psychosozialen Betreuungsbedürfnisse und -wünsche von Patientinnen mit Bezug auf den Gynäkologen (BB-S-A), die Arzthelferin (BB-S-AH) sowie die Praxisstruktur (BB-S-P) abzubilden vermögen: „Bedürfnis nach Information“ (BB-S-A-I), „Bedürfnis nach Respekt und Einfühlungsvermögen im Rahmen der körperlichen Untersuchung“ (BB-S-A-RE), „Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung und Verfügbarkeit“ (BB-S-A-ZV), „Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung und Service“ (BB-S-AH-ZS), „Bedürfnis nach logistischer Unterstützung“ (BB-S-AH-L), „Bedürfnis nach Basisausstattung und Erreichbarkeit“ (BB-S-P-BE) und „Bedürfnis nach Zusatzausstattung“ (BB-S-P-Z). Die durch die drei arztbezogenen Komponenten (bestehend aus 33 Items) aufgeklärte Gesamtvarianz beträgt 40,29%, die der arzthelferinnenbezogenen 2-Komponentenlösung (11 Items) 48,92%, und die Totalvarianz der zwei Dimensionen mit Bezug auf die Praxisstruktur (19 Items) liegt bei 41,68%. Die Reliabilitäten der sieben Skalen sind als akzeptabel bis sehr gut zu bewerten (Cronbachs α = .71 - .89). Anhand der Korrelationen zum KKG (Fragen zu Kontrollüberzeugungen über Krankheit und Gesundheit von Lohaus und Schmitt) konnten erste positive Hinweise auf die Validität des BB-G KFU gefunden werden. Durch den Vergleich der einzelnen Mittelwerte konnte die hierarchische Organisation der Betreuungsbedürfnisse gemäß ihrer Wichtigkeit sichtbar gemacht werden: Die Arbeit zeigt, dass Patientinnen im Rahmen der gynäkologischen KFU der Informationsvermittlung durch den Arzt (BB-S-A-I; M = 1,51; SD = 0,47) wie auch der ärztlichen Zuwendung und Verfügbarkeit (BB-S-A-ZV; M = 1,39; SD = 0,38) in der Wertigkeitsrangfolge einen besonders hohen Platz einräumen. Die Datenanalysen zeigen zudem eine Abhängigkeit der Betreuungsbedürfnisse vom Alter und vom Sozialstatus der Patientinnen, jedoch nicht vom Familienstand und den gesundheitsbezogenen Kontrollüberzeugungen.

Caratteristiche qualitative delle carni bovine

Lo scopo di questo elaborato di tesi è stato quello di condurre uno studio preliminare volto ad indagare le principali caratteristiche qualitative delle carni bovine in funzione dell’origine e dell’età degli animali. Nel corso della sperimentazione sono stati analizzati 24 campioni di carne bovina ottenuti da animali di origine francese ed italiana di età compresa fra 15 e 23 mesi, acquistati presso la grande distribuzione o acquisiti direttamente dalle aziende produttrici. Da ciascun campione sono state ricavate delle porzioni di 6 mm di spessore impiegate, a loro volta, per la preparazione di sotto-campioni da sottoporre a determinazione di pH, colore, Expressible Moisture (EM %) e sforzo di taglio. Nell’ambito di ciascun parametro, l’insieme dei dati è stato analizzato mediante analisi statistica di tipo descrittivo. Successivamente, calcolata la matrice delle correlazioni fra i parametri oggetto di studio i dati sono stati elaborati mediante analisi multivariata con il metodo delle componenti principali (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) allo scopo di verificare se fosse possibile discriminare la qualità della carne in funzione dell’origine e dell’età degli animali. Quanto emerso evidenzia come non sia possibile discriminare la qualità dei campioni di carne bovina, sia acquistati al dettaglio presso la grande distribuzione che acquisiti direttamente dalle aziende produttrici, sulla base delle informazioni riportate in etichetta circa l’età e l’origine degli animali. Ciò può trovare spiegazione nella molteplicità di fattori intrinseci (specie, razza o tipo genetico, genere, età e peso degli animali alla macellazione) ed estrinseci (fasi pre- e post-macellazione) in grado di svolgere un ruolo rilevante nel determinare la qualità della carne. Pertanto, future ricerche dovranno essere intraprese per individuare quali parametri possano essere considerati più idonei a valorizzare la qualità tecnologica e sensoriale delle carni bovine.

Identification of noninvasive biomarkers for alcohol-induced liver disease using urinary metabolomics and the Ppara-null mouse

Alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of nonaccident-related deaths in the United States. Although liver damage caused by ALD is reversible when discovered at the earlier stages, current risk assessment tools are relatively nonspecific. Identification of an early specific signature of ALD would aid in therapeutic intervention and recovery. In this study, the metabolic changes associated with ALD were examined using alcohol-fed male Ppara-null mouse as a model of ALD. Principal components analysis of the mass spectrometry-based urinary metabolic profile showed that alcohol-treated wild-type and Ppara-null mice could be distinguished from control animals without information on history of alcohol consumption. The urinary excretion of ethyl-sulfate, ethyl-beta-d-glucuronide, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid sulfate was elevated and that of the 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, adipic acid, and pimelic acid was depleted during alcohol treatment in both wild-type and the Ppara-null mice albeit to different extents. However, indole-3-lactic acid was exclusively elevated by alcohol exposure in Ppara-null mice. The elevation of indole-3-lactic acid is mechanistically related to the molecular events associated with development of ALD in alcohol-treated Ppara-null mice. This study demonstrated the ability of a metabolomics approach to identify early, noninvasive biomarkers of ALD pathogenesis in Ppara-null mouse model.