The determinants of online loan applications from small businesses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine both the characteristics of the business customers and the types of venture which make use of online loan applications. Despite the growth in the use of technology in banking and the advent of online banking, little research has been conducted on the factors underlying online loan application behaviour amongst business banking customers. Design/methodology/approach – A multivariate analysis is conducted on a USA dataset to empirically test the hypotheses derived in this paper. The empirical evidence is drawn from the US Survey of Small Business Finances, which contains 3,561 sample ventures, representing 5.3 million small businesses in the USA. Findings – The paper finds that online loan behaviour is largely determined by the characteristics of the entrepreneur, rather than that of the venture. It is also found that factors that trust, evident in the length of the relationship between the applicants and their primary lender, is important. Moderating these effects is further evidence that suggests the number of lenders and distance between lenders and applicants has a marked effect on online loan behaviour. Originality/value – This paper identifies the factors determining small business online loan application behaviour. This is important because the nature of online loan behaviour is changing the existing relationships between banks and customers. Whilst online loan applications afford banks the opportunity to substantially reduce costs, the danger is that long term relationships with customers are harder to cement.

Everyday revolution: the making of the Soviet Urban commune

This chapter charts the rise the urban commune as a cultural construct in early Soviet Russia and, in so doing, explores the implication of assessing the spaces in-between the apparatus of state -- very much a new venture in Soviet history.

The kommuna impulse: collective mechanisms and commune-ists in the early Soviet State

This study examines the creation of the urban kommuna (commune) and the ideals that stimulated this social phenomenon – the kommuna impulse of the nascent Soviet state. Collective idealism affected Soviet housing, architecture and even urban planning, but little is known of social experiments in commune‐ism. As a result, these collective cells have been dismissed as utopian anomalies or the product of a housing shortage. Here it is argued that these discursive assessments are unsatisfactory and isolated from the historical narrative. While utopian ideals and domestic necessity were central to the formation of collective living, the kommuna was also involved in an active discourse with collectivism and socialist ideology. The kommuna cell was a dynamic entity that required considerable formative planning. The activists who forged these cells – the self‐identified ‘communards’ – turned their everyday domestic life into a socialist battleground, in which they struggled with the key debates of the early Soviet state. This article examines the communard as a social activist in order to better understand this phenomenon. It clarifies the coexistence of ideological and idealist trends among Soviet youth with practical contingencies for socialism. Furthermore, it reveals the process by which the kommuna impulse and these contingencies developed throughout the 1920s and early 1930s.

Science drives horticulture's progress and profit

Horticultural science linked with basic studies in biology, chemistry, physics and engineering has laid the foundation for advances in applied knowledge which are at the heart of commercial, environmental and social horticulture. In few disciplines is science more rapidly translated into applicable technologies than in the huge range of man’s activities embraced within horticulture which are discussed in this Trilogy. This chapter surveys the origins of horticultural science developing as an integral part of the 16th century “Scientific Revolution”. It identifies early discoveries during the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries which rationalized the control of plant growth, flowering and fruiting and the media in which crops could be cultivated. The products of these discoveries formed the basis on which huge current industries of worldwide significance are founded in fruit, vegetable and ornamental production. More recent examples of the application of horticultural science are used in an explanation of how the integration of plant breeding, crop selection and astute marketing highlighted by the New Zealand industry have retained and expanded the viability of production which supplies huge volumes of fruit into the world’s markets. This is followed by an examination of science applied to tissue and cell culture as an example of technologies which have already produced massive industrial applications but hold the prospect for generating even greater advances in the future. Finally, examples are given of nascent scientific discoveries which hold the prospect for generating horticultural industries with considerable future impact. These include systems modeling and biology, nanotechnology, robotics, automation and electronics, genetics and plant breeding, and more efficient and effective use of resources and the employment of benign microbes. In conclusion there is an estimation of the value of horticultural science to society.

Second-life retailing: a reverse supply chain perspective

Purpose – The authors examine the role of entrepreneurial business models in the reverse supply chain of apparel/fashion retailers. The purpose of this paper is to offer an alternative approach to the “return to the point of origin” prevalent in the reverse chain of manufacturers but less technically and economically feasible in the case of apparel/fashion retailers. This approach, second-life retailing, not only reduces waste but also democratises consumption. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on an extensive literature review, semi-structured interviews with managers of two second-life retailers in Malaysia and observations of a number of stores. Findings – Using the Business Model Canvas, the authors demonstrate the essential characteristics of second-life retailers. Retailers in this study, unlike retailers in the developed world, combine traditional business models with off-price retailing. There is no clear demarcation between the forward and reverse supply chain used to manage first- and second-hand retailing. Practical implications – The paper demonstrates the potential of innovative business models in the reverse supply chain. It encourages managers to look beyond the “return to the point of origin” and seek imaginative alternatives. Such alternatives potentially could result in additional revenue, enhanced sustainability and democratisation of consumption meeting triple bottom line objectives. Originality/value – This paper highlights the importance and relevance of entrepreneurial business models in addressing the reverse supply chain, demonstrating this with the aid of two Malaysian off-price retailers. It also contributes to our nascent knowledge by focusing on emerging markets.

Immunomodulatory effects of Pteridium aquilinum on natural killer cell activity and select aspects of the cellular immune response of mice

Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) is one of the most common plants. Epidemiological studies have revealed a higher risk of certain types of cancers (i.e., esophageal, gastric) in people who consume bracken fern directly ( as crosiers or rhizomes) or indirectly through the consumption of milk from livestock that fed on the plant. In animals, evidence exists regarding the associations between chronic bracken fern intoxication, papilloma virus infection, and the development of carcinomas. While it is possible that some carcinogens in bracken fern could be responsible for these cancers in both humans and animals, it is equally plausible that the observed increases in cancers could be related to induction of an overall immunosuppression by the plant/its various constituents. Under the latter scenario, normal tumor surveillance responses against nascent (non-bracken-induced) cancers or responses against viral infections ( specifically those linked to induction of cancers) might be adversely impacted by continuous dietary exposure to this plant. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bracken fern following daily ingestion of its extract by a murine host over a period of 14 ( or up to 30) days. In C57BL/6 mice administered ( by gavage) the extract, histological analyses revealed a significant reduction in splenic white pulp area. Among a variety of immune response parameters/functions assessed in these hosts and isolated cells, both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) analysis and evaluation of IFN gamma. production by NK cells during T(H)1 priming were also reduced. Lastly, the innate response in these hosts-assessed by analysis of NK cell cytotoxic functionality-was also diminished. The results here clearly showed the immunosuppressive effects of P. aquilinum and that many of the functions that were modulated could contribute to the increased risk of cancer formation in exposed hosts.

Racial Conflict in the United States of America : A Deconstructive Perspective on Native Speaker by Changrae Lee

Written about the time of the Golden Venture incident, Chang-rae Lee’s Native Speaker makes a particular reference to that incident, whereby implying that particular immigrants, on the grounds of their racial identities, are mistreated and considered as aliens by some Americas. While some whites discriminate against immigrants, there is widespread ethnic tension between Korean Americans and African Americans. Significantly, racial conflict between Koreans and blacks and the racist attitude of some whites toward immigrants are mirrored in the relationship between the Korean-American protagonist Henry and his American wife Lelia. That is, due to their different racial identities they do not understand each other and they always argue. However, toward the end of the novel, Henry and Lelia come to understand each other. While ethnic conflict between Koreans and blacks and certain whites’ discriminatory attitudes toward immigrants is serious one, the novel suggests the unimportance of racial identity. In other words, the novel concludes that there is no discriminatory treatment of immigrants and, in fact, every one is a native Speaker in America. In the novel there is no message of how racial conflict could be resolved. However, this essay suggests that by investigating how the tension between Henry and Lelia is resolved, one could suggest a solution for the ethnicity problem in America and in real life.

Inte bara jämställdhet : Beslutet om föräldraledighet, moderskaps- och faderskapsidealoch idéer om barns bästa

More than gender equality. Decisions on parental leave and ideals around motherhood, fatherhood and the best interest of the child On the basis of 40 semi-structured interviews, this study discusses decision making processes regarding parental leave among nascent first-time middle-class parents in Sweden. We analyze motives and ideas behind the couples’ plans and decisions and how decisions on parental leave were made. We furthermore show how the decision making processes can be discussed in relation to the institutional context. The results show that ideals and norms of gender equality are accompanied by gendered divisions of work and care and a partially traditional view on motherhood and fatherhood. Contrary to previous studies, we do not find a clear link between gender equal ideals and explicit negotiations. An equal division of parental leave is, in some couples, taken for granted to such an extent that the decision on how to divide the leave is taken implicitly rather than explicitly. Decisions on division of parental leave are not isolated processes. Rather, ideals and norms around motherhood, fatherhood, gender equality and not least what is ‘in the best interest of the child’ constitute part of the context in which these decision making processes take place.

The Passionate Combining Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs are portrayed as salient drivers of regional development and for a number of years nascent entrepreneurs have been studied in a large number of countries as part of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project and the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Scholars have devoted much effort to investigating factors that determine how individuals engage in entrepreneurial activities, with most of the discussion limited to business start-ups. However, since this type of project does not follow identical nascent entrepreneurs over time, limited knowledge exists about their development and whether they stay in this nascent phase for a long time. In practice, it is common for entrepreneurs to run a business and at the same time work in wage work, so-called combining entrepreneurs. In Sweden, almost half of all business owners combine wage work with a business. However, not all combining entrepreneurs will eventually decide to leave the wage work and invest fully in the business. Consequently, much research has focused on the first step of entering entrepreneurship full time, but less has focused on the second step, the transition from the combining phase to full-time self-employment. The aim of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurship by gaining a deeper understanding of combining entrepreneurs and their motives and intentions.   In the context of combining entrepreneurs, the theory of identity, resources and choice overload has been used to examine how entrepreneurs’ age (when starting the business), entrepreneurial tenure (the length of engagement in the side-business), hours spent (weekly involvement in the side-business), involvement in entrepreneurial teams (leading the business with one or more partners) and involvement in networks (business networks) influence their passion for engaging in entrepreneurship while sustaining wage work. Different categories of combining entrepreneurs and their intentions have also been examined.   A survey was administered to 1457 entrepreneurs within the creative sector in two counties in Sweden (Gävleborgs County and Jämtlands County). Since there were no separate mailing lists to only combining entrepreneurs, the survey was sent to all entrepreneurs within the chosen industry and counties. The total response rate was 33.5 percent and of them 57.6 percent combined, yielding 262 combining entrepreneurs who answered the questionnaire. The survey was then followed up with eight focus group interviews and two single interviews to validate the answers from the questionnaire.   The results indicate three types of combining entrepreneurs: nascent – with the intention to leave the combining phase for a transition into full-time self-employment, lifestyle – with the intention to stay in the combining phase, and occasional – with the intention to leave the combining phase for full-time wage work and close down the business. Transitioning fully to self-employment increases with the individual’s age. Also, a positive interactive effect exists with involvement in entrepreneurial networks. The results also indicate that the ability to work with something one is passionate about is the top motive for combining wage work with a side-business. Passion is also more likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who are older at business start-up, but passion is less likely to be the main motive behind the combining form among individuals who spend more time on the business. The longer the individual has had the side-business, the less likely passion is the main motive behind the combining form, and passion is less likely to be the main motive among those who are part of an entrepreneurial team.

O processo inovativo na indústria automobilística: um estudo de caso em empresas automobilísticas da região do ABC

A indústria automobilística tem oferecido lições e modelos de organização industrial e de formação de modelo de negócios desde o seu nascedouro. Essa indústria surgiu baseada em inovação tecnológica e, para atender em quantidade e qualidade o seu mercado consumidor, vem, ao longo das décadas, promovendo sucessivas inovações em seu modelo de negócios e no desenvolvimento de produto, funcionalidades e serviços, oferecendo contínuas oportunidades de investigação científica. Dada a extensa cadeia produtiva mobilizada pela indústria automobilística, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever o processo inovativo na cadeia produtiva automotiva da Região do ABC. Para tanto, optou-se por um estudo de caráter descritivo, envolvendo várias empresas e delineado por um estudo de caso em uma empresa de São Bernardo do Campo, e apoiado por pesquisa documental em fontes secundárias e por entrevistas nas fontes primárias, mediante aplicação de roteiro semiestruturado, dirigido aos profissionais das áreas de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Industrial, Engenharia de Produtos e de Processos, Produção e Comercialização, e de Recursos Humanos, das empresas montadoras da Região do ABC, com estudo de caso detalhado em uma dessas empresas e de participantes da cadeia produtiva. Os resultados apontados pela pesquisa documental, sugerindo a prática de inovação aberta no setor, o que inclui a participação de sistemistas e de competidores, em joint venture, foram confirmados pela pesquisa de campo. Ainda, identificou-se intensa participação do sindicato nas decisões sobre inovação em produtos e de mudança organizacional, inicialmente a partir da experiência da empresa sujeito do estudo de caso detalhado, nas mudanças tecnológicas com desenvolvimento de competências locais que possibilitaram o design, desenvolvimento e implementação locais de veículos

A influência do ambiente institucional na formação de joint ventures internacionais : um estudo de caso na Puig-Memphis

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre a formação da joint venture Puig-Memphis, tendo como questão central investigar como o ambiente institucional e as relações de poder influenciam a formação de joint ventures internacionais entre empresas de países em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O objetivo do trabalho é verificar a forma como as diferentes dimensões do ambiente moldam a decisão de entrar, ou não, em uma parceria, a decisão sobre o parceiro, a decisão sobre a estrutura da parceria e a influência na dinâmica de evolução da parceria. Objetiva, também, verificar como as relações de poder e o estágio de desenvolvimento dos países de origem das empresas-mãe influenciam nessas quatro fases. Para analisar o caso, foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico integrando três abordagens, as quais, no conjunto, permitiram uma melhor compreensão da natureza multifacetada desse fenômeno organizacional. As teorias que compõem o modelo são: a teoria institucional (aspectos sócio-culturais); a teoria dos custos de transação (aspectos econômicos e estratégicos) e a teoria da dependência de recursos (aspectos políticos). O método de pesquisa é eminentemente qualitativo, tipo estudo de caso, adotando a técnica de triangulação de dados (entrevista, questionário, pesquisa documental e observação direta). Concluiu-se que o ambiente institucional influenciou todas as etapas do processo de formação da joint venture Puig-Memphis por meio de uma interação entre fatores econômicos, políticos, sociais e culturais. Observou-se que as dimensões econômicas eram visualizadas claramente pelos dirigentes, enquanto que as dimensões políticas e sócio-culturais nem sempre eram compreendidas objetivamente. Observou-se, também, que as empresas-mãe deixaram de potencializar parte da sinergia estratégica em função de uma visão parcial do fenômeno em estudo.

A transformação do modelo de gestão no futebol II

Este relatório corresponde à primeira fase do nosso segundo projeto de pesquisa intitulado "A transformação do Modelo de Gestão no Futebol" e encaminhado ao Núcleo de Pesquisas e Publicações em Junho de 2000. É a fase de pesquisa de campo em que objetivo principal é a condução de uma pesquisa exploratória sobre o processo de transformação do modelo de gestão estratégica nos clubes de futebol que se transformaram ou estão se transformando "organizacional e/ou institucionalmente" em empresas. Tendo em vista esse intuito exploratório desta pesquisa de campo, dois estudos de caso foram conduzidos - C. R. Flamengo e A. D. São Caetano - e nos permitiram entender melhor: (1) as razões para a parceria entre clube e investidor, (2) o modelo de parceria adotado e principalmente (3) as principais questões que devem ser consideradas para a concepção de um modelo de gestão profissional em um clube de futebol.

Parques e incubadoras de empresas de base tecnológica

The main purpose of this paper is to give a wide vision about science parks, technology parks, incubators and technology based firms and to show the Brazilian experience on these subjects. This kind of enterprises is considered one of the most important local and regional development instruments in the present. They demand actions to strengthen the links between firms, R&D centers, universities and governments, especially, local governments. Furthermore, the venture capital firms have an important role to play in these new approach to further the regional and local development through technological innovations. This paper emphasizes the importance of the venture capital and the strategic alliances to support this new approaches and shows that the lack of these instruments in Brazilian environment is one of the main problem of these technology based enterprises.

Gestão de parcerias na administração pública: uma experiência no setor de telecomunicações

O tema parceria vem sendo objeto de estudo em todo o mundo. Ganhando força, com as Joint-venture Internacionais, nas áreas de telecomunicações, informática, automobilística, aeroespacial etc., o elemento inovador passou a ser a constituição de alianças estratégicas com potenciais concorrentes, seja na exploração de novos nichos de mercado, seja em atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos serviços e produtos. Considerando como normal esta troca ou sinergia entre parceiros, o trabalho apresenta e analisa os dados relativos ao estudo de campo realizado (pesquisa seletiva) junto a profissionais envolvidos com o dia-a-dia do processo de parceria de empresas líderes dos setores de Telecomunicações (Empresa Estatal) e do setor de serviços de Rede e Informática ( Empresa Privada). As considerações estão estruturadas nas seguintes partes: a caracterização e segmentação da amostra utilizada (caracterização dos respondentes); a análise descritiva e avaliação das variáveis representativas dos fatores inibidores e facilitadores; as percepções diferenciadas face aos elementos dependendo da experiência profissional e grau de envolvimento com os processos da parceria; os elementos inibidores e facilitadores apontados como de maior relevância; e os resultados obtidos a partir do uso da técnica de análise fatorial.

Arranjo produtivo local: o caso de São João Del Rei-MG

O objetivo dessa dissertação foi investigar o processo de formação do Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) de estanho em São João del-Rei - A7 Estanho, particularizando suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento local do município. O trabalho foi conduzido mediante uma discussão teórica sobre a situação das micro e pequenas empresas no Brasil, sobre a importância econômica e social dos arranjos produtivos locais, seus impactos no desenvolvimento regional e/ou local, principalmente de municípios sem infra-estrutura para atrair grandes empresas, e sobre políticas públicas que estão em andamento e que se voltam para o fomento desse tipo de aglomerado. Foram realizadas cerca de quatorze entrevistas no município de São João del-Rei: seis integrantes da Associação, uma funcionária, dois representantes das principais instituições parceiras, um representante do governo local e quatro membros da sociedade civil, que possuíam informações relevantes sobre a A7. O método empregado no tratamento dos dados foi a análise de conteúdo. Como resultados, no que diz respeito à análise dos programas que deram origem e/ou sustentação ao aglomerado, verificou-se que dois programas foram mais contundentes em suas contribuições à Associação: o Programa Empreender, da Federaminas, que permitiu a união dos empresários em torno de um objetivo comum, e o Projeto Via Design, do Sebrae, que possibilitou uma série de vantagens ao grupo, solidificando-o no mercado. No que se refere à participação dos diversos atores (membros da A7, poder público, instituições parceiras, sociedade civil) na construção do APL, pode-se perceber que o nível de atuação e comprometimento variava de acordo com as motivações pessoais, cargos ou funções formais exercidas e grau de relacionamento com a Associação. As contribuições ao desenvolvimento local do município, geradas pelo arranjo produtivo, foram enumeradas como geração de emprego e renda, ainda de forma incipiente, mas com possibilidades de crescimento futuro, e divulgação do turismo e cultura sãojoanense.