890 resultados para metabolismo nutricional
Resumo:
[ES]Los misidáceos son pequeños crustáceos que se encuentran en muchas regiones costeras del mundo. Leptomysis lingvura se encuentra en la costa este de Gran Canaria (España) asociada a los fondos arenosos de profundidades entre 5 y 15 metros. Son un importante componente en la cadena trófica como alimento de muchos peces costeros y podrían ser un potencial alimento para ser utilizado en acuicultura. Se ha estudiado su supervivencia y reproducción en cautividad para su utilización en estudios de laboratorio, y han resultado ser una especie apta que se adapta bien a las condiciones de cultivo. En el presente estudio se pretende dilucidar como influyen en la tasa respiratoria y en la tasa de respiración potencial (actividad ETS) las condiciones fisiológicas en que se encuentran los organismos. Se han llevado a cabo dos experimentos, uno de ellos tiene como objetivo el estudio de organismos adultos de similar talla en diferentes períodos de inanición para determinar su efecto en la respiración y en la actividad ETS; el segundo experimento pretende determinar como influyen las condiciones de alimentación en la relación respiración-biomasa. En el primer caso se observa un descenso de la tasa respiratoria en función del aumento del período de inanición, mientras que la respiración potencial no muestra esta relación, siendo más conservativa, lo que se da como resultado una disminución del cociente R/ETS a medida que aumenta el período de inanición. También se observa un aumento de la tasa respiratoria al comienzo de la noche que puede tener relación con ritmos circadianos endógenos de esta especie. El coeficiente de la relación exponencial R-biomasa que presentan los organismos que fueron sometidos durante 7 días a condiciones límite de alimentación son inferiores a 0.75 que establece la ley de Kleiber, mientras que los organismos en buenas condiciones de alimentación muestran un coeficiente muy cercano o superior a 0.75.
Resumo:
Programa de doctorado: Acuicultura: producción controlada de organismos acuáticos
Resumo:
The growth and the metabolism of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 fermenting GOS, lactose, galactose, and glucose were investigated. An unstructerd unsegregated model for growth of B. adolescentis MB 239 in batch cultures was developed and kinetic parameters were calculated with a Matlab algorithm. Galactose was the best carbon source; lactose and GOS led to lower growth rate and cellular yield, but glucose was the poorest carbon source. Lactate, acetate and ethanol yields allowed calculation of the carbon fluxes toward fermentation products. Similar distribution between 3- and 2-carbon products was observed on all the carbohydrates (45 and 55%, respectively), but ethanol production was higher on glucose than on GOS, lactose and galactose, in decreasing order. Based on the stoichiometry of the fructose 6-phosphate shunt and on the carbon distribution among the products, ATP yield was calculated on the different carbohydrates. ATP yield was the highest on galactose, while it was 5, 8, and 25% lower on lactose, GOS, and glucose, respectively. Therefore, a correspondance among ethanol production, low ATP yields, and low biomass production was established demonstrating that carbohydrate preferences may result from different sorting of carbon fluxes through the fermentative pathway. During GOS fermentation, stringent selectivity based on the degree of polymerization was exhibited, since lactose and the trisaccharide were first to be consumed, and a delay was observed until longer oligosaccharides were utilized. Throughout the growth on both lactose and GOS, galactose accumulated in the cultural broth, suggesting that β-(1-4) galactosides can be hydrolysed before they are taken up. The physiology of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 toward xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was also studied and our attention was focused on an extracellular glycosyl-hydrolase (β-Xylosidase) expressed by a culture of B. adolescentis grown on XOS as sole carbon source. The extracellular enzyme was purified from the the supernatant, which was dialyzed and concentrated by ultrafiltration. A two steps purification protocol was developed: the sample was loaded on a Mono-Q anion exchange chromatography and then, the active fractions were pooled and β-Xylosidase was purified by gel filtration chromatography on a Superdex-75. The enzyme was characterized in many aspects. β- Xylosidase was an homo-tetramer of 160 kDa as native molecular mass; it was a termostable enzyme with an optimum of temperature at 53 °C and an optimum of pH of 6.0. The kinetics parameter were calculated: km = 4.36 mM, Vmax = 0.93 mM/min. The substrate specificity with different di-, oligo- and polysaccharides was tested. The reactions were carried out overnight at pH 7 and at the optimum of temperature and the carbohydrates hydrolysis were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Only glycosyl-hydrolase activities on XOS and on xylan were detected, whereas sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, maltose and raffinose were not hydrolyzed. It’s clearly shown that β-Xylosidase activity was higher than the Xylanase one. These studies on the carbohydrate preference of a strain of Bifidobacterium underlined the importance of the affinity between probiotics and prebiotics. On the basis of this concept, together with Barilla G&R f.lli SpA, we studied the possibility to develop a functional food containing a synbiotic. Three probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 were studied to assess their suitability for utilization in synbiotic products on the basis of antioxidative activity, glutathione production, acid and bile tolerance, carbohydrates fermentation and viability in food matrices. Bile and human gastric juice resistance was tested in vitro to estimate the transit tolerance in the upper gastrointestinal tract. B. lactis and L. plantarum were more acid tolerant than S. thermophilus. All the strains resisted to bile. The growth kinetics on 13 prebiotic carbohydrates were determined. Galactooligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides were successfully utilized by all the strains and could be considered the most appropriate prebiotics to be used in effective synbiotic formulations. The vitality of the three strains inoculated in different food matrices and maintained at room temperature was studied. The best survival of Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 was found in food chocolate matrices. Then an in vivo clinical trial was carried out for 20 healthy volunteers. The increase in faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations and the efficacy of the pre-prototype was promising for the future develop of potential commercial products.
Resumo:
[ES]El presente trabajo de tesis titulado "Biomasa, distribución y metabolismo del zooplancton en aguas de la Península Antártica" forma parte de un ambicioso proyecto que tiene como finalidad cuantificar, examinar y desentrañar las interacciones complejas de la cadena trófica en el Océano Sur. La primera parte describe la complejidad de la red trófica característica del Océano Sur. También, esta parte introductora se enfoca en la distribución de las especies zooplanctónicas y surelación con el ciclo del carbono y nitrógeno. En este mismo proyecto y como segunda parte, hemos desarrollado un método no destructivo a partir de imágenes digitales para una estimación precisa de la biomasa de cada grupo sistemático del mesozooplancton.
Resumo:
Programa de doctorado: Avances en Medicina Interna. La fecha de publicación es la fecha de lectura
Manipolazione del metabolismo degli xenobiotici da frutta convenzionale ed attività chemiopreventiva
Resumo:
A reduced cancer risk associated with fruit and vegetable phytochemicals initially dictated chemopreventive approaches focused on specific green variety consumption or even single nutrient supplementations. However, these strategies not only failed to provide any health benefits but gave rise to detrimental effects. In parallel, public-health chemoprevention programmes were developed in the USA and Europe to increase whole vegetable consumption. Among these, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored plan “5 to 9 a day for a better health” was one of the most popular. This campaign promoted wide food choice through the consumption of at least 5 to 9 servings a day of colourful fruits and vegetables. In this study the effects of the diet suggested by NCI on transcription, translation and catalytic activity of both xenobiotic metabolizing (XME) and antioxidant enzymes were studied in the animal model. In fact, the boost of both antioxidant defences and “good” phase-II together with down-regulation of “bad” phase-I XMEs is still considered one of the most widely-used strategies of cancer control. Six male Sprague Dawley rats for each treatment group were used. According to the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, a serving of fruit, vegetables and leafy greens corresponds to 150, 250 and 50 g, respectively, in a 70 kg man. Proportionally, rats received one or five servings of lyophilized onion, tomato, peach, black grape or lettuce – for white, red, yellow, violet or green diet, respectively - or five servings of each green (“5 a day” diet) by oral gavage daily for 10 consecutive days. Liver subcellular fractions were tested for various cytochrome P450 (CYP) linked-monooxygenases, phase-II supported XMEs such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) as well as for some antioxidant enzymes. Hepatic transcriptional and translational effects were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. dROMs test was used to measure plasmatic oxidative stress. Routine haematochemical parameters were also monitored. While the five servings administration didn’t significantly vary XME catalytic activity, the lower dose caused a complex pattern of CYP inactivation with lettuce exerting particularly strong effects (a loss of up to 43% and 45% for CYP content and CYP2B1/2-linked XME, respectively; P<0.01). “5 a day” supplementation produced the most pronounced modulations (a loss of up to 60% for CYP2E1-linked XME and a reduction of CYP content of 54%; P<0.01). Testosterone hydroxylase activity confirmed these results. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that the “5 a day” diet XMEs inactivations were a result of both a transcriptional and a translational effect while lettuce didn’t exert such effects. All administrations brought out none or fewer modulation of phase-II supported XMEs. Apart from “5 a day” supplementation and the single serving of lettuce, which strongly induced DT- diaphorase (an increase of up to 141 and 171%, respectively; P<0.01), antioxidant enzymes were not significantly changed. RT-PCR analysis confirmed DT-diaphorase induction brought about by the administration of both “5 a day” diet and a single serving of lettuce. Furthermore, it unmasked a similar result for heme-oxygenase. dROMs test provided insight into a condition of high systemic oxidative stress as a consequence of animal diet supplementation with “5 a day” diet and a single serving of lettuce (an increase of up to 600% and 900%, respectively; P<0.01). Haematochemical parameters were mildly affected by such dietary manipulations. According to the classical chemopreventive theory, these results could be of particular relevance. In fact, even if antioxidant enzymes were only mildly affected, the phase-I inactivating ability of these vegetables would be a worthy strategy to cancer control. However, the recorded systemic considerable amount of reactive oxygen species and the complexity of these enzymes and their functions suggest caution in the widespread use of vegan/vegetarian diets as human chemopreventive strategies. In fact, recent literature rather suggests that only diets rich in fruits and vegetables and poor in certain types of fat, together with moderate caloric intake, could be associated with reduced cancer risk.
Resumo:
Le conoscenze relative al controllo ormonale del metabolismo epatico dei pesci sono ancora piuttosto limitate e per molti anni sono state controverse. Per lungo tempo si è ritenuto che le catecolamine, adrenalina e noradrenalina, agissero nel fegato dei pesci soltanto attraverso i recettori adrenergici di tipo β. Quindi l’assetto recettoriale dei mammiferi, che comprende recettori α e β, era considerato frutto di un processo evolutivo che non aveva ancora avuto luogo nei pesci. Successivamente, nel fegato di vari teleostei è stata dimostrata la presenza di recettori sia α che β. Tuttavia il ruolo fisiologico dei due tipi di recettori non è ancora chiaro. Per esempio, in acciughe e sgombri non è stato fatto alcuno studio sulla risposta alle catecolamine ottenuta attraverso i recettori α e β, nel fegato di trota i recettori α non sono accoppiati alla cascata fisiologica che porta al rilascio di glucosio, e in anguilla e pesce gatto l’azione delle catecolamine attraverso recettori β è predominante rispetto a quella attraverso recettori α. L’utilizzo di ligandi farmacologici non ha portato a chiarimenti significativi, perché la loro specificità per i recettori di mammifero non trova sempre riscontro nei pesci. In questo studio, quindi, abbiamo studiato l’espressione dei geni codificanti per i recettori α e β adrenergici attraverso la tecnica della PCR real time, ottenendo i primi dati in letteratura per quanto riguarda la loro quantificazione assoluta. L’organismo modello utilizzato è stata l’anguilla, teleosteo caratterizzato da un ciclo biologico molto particolare in cui si distinguono nettamente una fase gialla ed una argentina. Le anguille argentine non sono mai state studiate a tale proposito, e date le estreme differenze nella disponibilità e nell’uso delle risorse energetiche in questi due stadi di crescita, il presente studio ha mirato a valutare la differente sensibilità alle catecolamine da parte degli epatociti isolati da anguille gialle ed argentine. I nostri dati hanno confermato quanto solo ipotizzato nei vari studi pubblicati negli ultimi due decenni, ma mai avvalorato da risultati sperimentali, cioè che i recettori α e β sono contemporaneamente espressi negli epatociti dell’anguilla, sia gialla che argentina, e la proporzione tra loro giustifica il ruolo significativamente maggiore giocato dai recettori β. Nelle anguille argentine infatti, come nelle gialle, l’effetto dell’adrenalina sul rilascio di glucosio ottenuto attraverso recettori β è chiaramente predominante. Inoltre, i nostri dati indicano che in due diverse fasi del ciclo vitale dell’anguilla, così come si osserva nell’ontogenesi dei mammiferi, i recettori adrenergici sono espressi in quantità differente.
Resumo:
Introduction:Persistent Hyperparathyroidism after transplantation (HPT),bone disease and vertebral fractures are an important clinical problem in renal transplant patients. Several factors such as renal osteodystrophy, immunosuppressive therapy, deficit/insufficiency Vitamin D may contribute to that.In literature are described different percentages of HPT, vertebral fractures and Osteoporosis/Osteopenia that may be due to the different therapy and to the different employ of steroid. We analyzed 90 patients who received a renal graft between 2005 e 2010. Patients and Methods: 44 male and 46 female. Average age 52,2± 10,1 years, follow-up 31,3±16,6 months, time on dialysis 37±29,6 months. Patients who had creatinine level greater than 2,5 mg/dl were excluded. Immunosuppressive therapy was based on basiliximab, steroids (1.6 to 2 mg/kg/day progressively reduced to 5 mg/day after 45 days from the transplantation) in all patients + calcineurin inhibitor+ mycophenolate mophetil/mycophenolic acid in 88,8% of patients or Everolimus± calcineurin inhibitor in the others. Patients were studied with X-ray of the spine, dual-energy-X-ray, PTH, 25(OH)VitD. Results: 41,1% had HPT; 41,1% had osteopenia at femoral neck and 36,7% at vertebral column; 16,7% had osteoporosis at femoral neck and 15,6% at vertebral column. 10 patients (11%) had vertebral fractures. Patients with normal bone mineral density, compared to those with osteoporosis/osteopenia, are more younger (average age 46,4±11,7 years vs 54.3±8,6); they have spent less time on dialysis (26,5±14,8 months vs 40,7±32,6) and they have values of 25(OH)VitD higher (22,1±7,6 ng/ml vs 17,8±8,5). Patients with vertebral fractures have values of 25(OH)VitD lowest (14,1±6,4 ng/ml vs 19,7±8,5) and they had transplant since more time (29,1±16,2 vs 48,1±8,7 months). There is a significant correlation between HPT and PTH pre transplantation; HPT and levels of VitD (p<0,05) Conclusion: Prevention of Bone disease and vertebral fractures after renal transplant includes: a)treatment before transplantation b)supplementation of vitamin D with cholecalciferol or calcidiol c)shorten the dialysis time.
Resumo:
La zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) es una de las hortalizas de mayor importancia y difusión en el mundo. Los consumidores la valorizan nutricionalmente por ser una excelente fuente de vitaminas y minerales. Es común su empleo como alimento para bebé, como así también en gran variedad de productos procesados. La calidad nutricional e higiénico-sanitaria de esta hortaliza depende de las prácticas agronómicas como la fertilización. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el contenido de nitratos y la composición centesimal en zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) en un agroecosistema con aplicaciones crecientes de nitrógeno y fósforo, en el momento de la cosecha. Se realizó un ensayo en campo con zanahoria doble propósito en el INTA- EEA La Consulta, Mendoza, con 3 niveles de N (0, 150 y 300 kg N ha-1; N0, N1, N2 respectivamente) y tres de P (0, 30 y 60 kg P ha-1, P0, P1, P2), en un diseño en bloque completos al azar con arreglo factorial y tres repeticiones. Sobre N0P0, N1P1 y N2P2 se realizaron muestreos destructivos de planta entera a los 86, 107, 128 y 142 días después de la siembra (dds). Se separaron en raíz y parte aérea, efectuándose el peso fresco. En el laboratorio, luego de secado procesado el material por separado, se determinó: peso seco, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, nitratos y los principios orgánicos (Cenizas, Proteínas, Grasas, Fibra Bruta, Extracto no Azoado). La determinación de nitratos se realizó por una metodología con electrodo selectivo y por un método colorimétrico. Los principales resultados arrojaron lo siguiente: los contenidos de N, P, K, durante el ciclo de cultivo, en hojas no han respondido a los distintos niveles de fertilización. El Ca y el Mg, han mostrado acumularse en mayor cantidad cuando no se fertilizó. La absorción total de nutrientes mayores al final del ciclo de cultivo muestra una tendencia a la absorción mayor con N1P1. El cultivo extrae gran cantidad de K (400 kg ha-1), Los contenidos de Ca y K en raíz a la cosecha, superan las referencias bibliográficas; lo mismo sucede con el rubro Cenizas. Los valores de nitratos a la cosecha en raíz, oscilaron entre 498 y 1060 mg/ kg ssf, encontrándose los más altos en los tratamientos con 150 y 300 kg N ha-1. Estos contenidos de nitratos superarían los permitidos para niños y lactantes (200 mg kg-1 ssf), tanto en la UE como en la legislación argentina. El método rápido del electrodo selectivo no se ajusta a la determinación de nitratos en raíz de zanahoria, si bien resulta óptimo para el seguimiento del estado nutricional nitrogenado de la planta. En futuros estudios se propone estudiar aspectos del manejo del cultivo, selección de variedades, puesta a punto de técnicas analíticas para la determinación de nitratos
Resumo:
El objetivo es indagar la relación entre el estado nutricional (EN) y su percepción por parte de niños de 2o ciclo de nivel primario en función de la edad. Asimismo, a fin de identificar su incidencia, se observó el desenvolvimiento de los mismos en las clases de Educación Física (EF). Población y Métodos: 160 escolares de 9 a 13 años de una escuela privada de La Plata. Estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta ad hoc, anónima, autoadministrada con acompañamiento y a través de observaciones de las clases de EF. Se evaluó el EN calculando el Indice de Masa Corporal. Los datos fueron procesados con el SPSS. Resultados: El 47 por ciento de los niños tiene normopeso (N), el 25 por ciento sobrepeso (S) y el 28 por ciento obesidad (O). El 72,5 por ciento y 73 por ciento de los niños con S y O respectivamente desearían ser más delgados. Lo mismo opina el 43 por ciento con N. En 5o y 6o año la proporción de niños disconformes con su peso es significativamente mayor que el grupo de menor edad. Dicha proporción supera el porcentaje de los que tienen exceso de peso. Las observaciones corroboran que los niños más grandes se preocupan más por la apariencia y tienen más inhibiciones. Conclusión: La incidencia de S y O en la población escolar estudiada es muy alta. La mayoría de los niños con exceso de peso y casi la mitad con N desearían ser más delgados. Los niños de 4o son los que tienen mayor S y O, pero son los de 5o y 6o los que en mayor proporción expresan disconformidad con su peso
Resumo:
Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), los niños deberían acumular diariamente al menos 60 min. de AF para garantizar un desarrollo saludable. El objetivo es indagar sobre el tiempo dedicado a la AF (escolar y extra-escolar) y su relación con el EN. Población y Métodos: 302 niños de 9 a 13 años. Estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico, llevado a cabo en 3 escuelas de La Plata. Se evaluó el EN calculando en Indice de Masa Corporal. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta ad hoc, anónima, autoadministrada con acompañamiento y fueron procesados con el SPSS. Resultados: El 49 por ciento de los niños tiene normopeso (N), el 25 por ciento Sobrepeso (S) y el 26 por ciento obesidad (O). El 84 por ciento participa "Siempre" de las clases de EF, y el 16 por ciento lo hace "A veces". El 91 por ciento de los N y el 77 por ciento de los niños con S y O participan siempre (p=0,006). El 26 por ciento y el 18 por ciento de los niños con S y O respectivamente alegan razones negativas a al grado de participación en la clase de EF. Respecto de la AFEE, el 42 por ciento de los niños no acumula el tiempo de AF recomendado por la OMS. Al sumar la clase de EF a la AFEE este porcentaje decrece un 10 por ciento. Conclusiones: El S y O en niños es muy alto. Los niños con exceso de peso participan con menos frecuencia de las clases de EF y alegan en mayor proporción, motivos negativos para fundamentar tal participación. La clase de EF incide en un incremento del 10 por ciento de casos que cumplen con el tiempo recomendado de actividad física