Tunnelling induced settlements in soils under the water table.

Tema di questo lavoro sono i cedimenti indotti dallo scavo di gallerie superficiali in terreni coesivi sotto falda. In questi casi la velocità di avanzamento dello scavo v e la permeabilità del mezzo k influenzano molto l'evoluzione della consolidazione. Le ipotesi di risposta non drenata o drenata del mezzo saturo, comunemente adottate, sono valide solo per rapporto v/k estremamente alto o basso. Nei casi intermedi, analisi numeriche accoppiate che tengano conto del processo di consolidazione durante lo scavo sono indispensabili. Ciò nonostante, queste sono molto rare in letteratura viste le notevoli difficoltà teoriche e numeriche ad esse associate. Proprio per non incrementare ulteriormente tali difficoltà, si è deciso di adottare modelli costitutivi semplici quali: il modello elastico perfettamente plastico con criterio di resistenza alla Mohr Coulomb e il Modified Cam Clay. Dopo un' introduzione sulla risposta del terreno nell'intorno dello scavo al variare del modello costitutivo, è stato svolto uno studio parametrico del processo di consolidazione. Ci si è, successivamente, concentrati sulla capacità dei tre modelli costitutivi di predire l'andamento dei cedimenti, mediante confronto con le soluzioni empiriche proposte in letteratura. Infine, sono state effettuate una serie di simulazioni 3D accoppiate passo-passo con il programma agli elementi finiti Abaqus al variare della permeabilità del mezzo e del rivestimento installato, supposto infinitamente permeabile o impermeabile. È emerso che per v/k<100 o v/k>100000 non è necessario esaminare nel dettaglio la dipendenza dal tempo della risposta del suolo e si possono ottenere risultati affidabili assumendo condizioni drenate o non drenate, rispettivamente. Nei casi intermedi, invece, le condizioni sono da ritenersi transienti e l'unico modo per effettuare correttamente le analisi dei cedimenti e lo studio della stabilità del fronte è mediante analisi numeriche 3D idromeccaniche accoppiate.

Monitoring Stormwater Redistribution Into Low Resistivity Soils Using Noninvasive Geophysical Techniques

Water held in the unsaturated zone is important for agriculture and construction and is replenished by infiltrating rainwater. Monitoring the soil water content of clay soils using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has not been researched, as clay soils cause attenuation of GPR signal. In this study, GPR common-midpoint soundings (CMPs) are used in the clayey soils of the Miller Run floodplain to monitor changes in the soil water content (SWC) before and after rainfall events. GPR accomplishes this task because increases in water content will increase the dielectric constant of the subsurface material, and decrease the velocity of the GPR wave. Using an empirical relationship between dielectric constant and SWC, the Topp relation, we are able to calculate a SWC from these velocity measurements. Non-invasive electromagnetics, resistivity, and seismic were performed, and from these surveys, the layering at the field site was delineated. EM characterized the horizontal variation of the soil, allowing us to target the most clay rich area. At the CMP location, resistivity indicates the vertical structure of the subsurface consists of a 40 cm thick layer with a resistivity of 100 ohm*m. Between 40 cm and 1.5 m is a layer with a resistivity of 40 ohm*m. The thickness estimates were confirmed with invasive auger and trenching methods away from the CMP location. GPR CMPs were collected relative to a July 2013 and September 2013 storm. The velocity observations from the CMPs had a precision of +/- 0.001 m/ns as assessed by repeat analysis. In the case of both storms, the GPR data showed the expected relationship between the rainstorms and calculated SWC, with the SWC increasing sharply after the rainstorm and decreasing as time passed. We compared these data to auger core samples collected at the same time as the CMPs were taken, and the volumetric analysis of the cores confirmed the trend seen in the GPR, with SWC values between 3 and 5 percent lower than the GPR estimates. Our data shows that we can, with good precision, monitor changes in the SWC of conductive soils in response to rainfall events, despite the attenuation induced by the clay.

Bacterial GDGTs in Holocene sediments and catchment soils of a high Alpine lake: application of the MBT/CBT-paleothermometer

A novel proxy for continental mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and soil pH, the MBT/CBT-paleothermometer, is based on the temperature (T) and pH-dependent distribution of specific bacterial membrane lipids (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers – GDGTs) in soil organic matter. Here, we tested the applicability of the MBT/CBT-paleothermometer to sediments from Lake Cadagno, a high Alpine lake in southern Switzerland with a small catchment of 2.4 km2. We analysed the distribution of bacterial GDGTs in catchment soils and in a radiocarbon-dated sediment core from the centre of the lake, covering the past 11 000 yr. The distribution of bacterial GDGTs in the catchment soils is very similar to that in the lake's surface sediments, indicating a common origin of the lipids. Consequently, their transfer from the soils into the sediment record seems undisturbed, probably without any significant alteration of their distribution through in situ production in the lake itself or early diagenesis of branched GDGTs. The MBT/CBT-inferred MAAT estimates from soils and surface sediments are in good agreement with instrumental values for the Lake Cadagno region (~0.5 °C). Moreover, downcore MBT/CBT-derived MAAT estimates match in timing and magnitude other proxy-based T reconstructions from nearby locations for the last two millennia. Major climate anomalies recorded by the MBT/CBT-paleothermometer are, for instance, the Little Ice Age (~14th to 19th century) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, ~9th to 14th century). Together, our observations indicate the quantitative applicability of the MBT/CBT-paleothermometer to Lake Cadagno sediments. In addition to the MWP, our lacustrine paleo T record indicates Holocene warm phases at about 3, 5, 7 and 11 kyr before present, which agrees in timing with other records from both the Alps and the sub-polar North-East Atlantic Ocean. The good temporal match of the warm periods determined for the central Alpine region with north-west European winter precipitation strength implies a strong and far-reaching influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on continental European T variations during the Holocene.