Manifestações de violência no cotidiano de mulheres cadeirantes: um olhar inovador para a Enfermagem

O objeto deste estudo trata das manifestações de violência no cotidiano das mulheres cadeirantes. Ao reportarmos este fenômeno para Pessoas com Deficiência (PcD) faz-se necessário considerar uma sociedade segregante que valoriza o belo e que atravessa um processo de transformação para a aceitação da diversidade. Compreende-se que estruturas sociais vulnerabilizantes, isolamento, preconceito e violação de direitos aumentam a vulnerabilidade deste grupo e podem deflagrar situações de violência. A violência às mulheres com deficiência é parte da questão maior que envolve a violência às PcD, pois associa fatores socioculturais com as desigualdades de gênero. Partindo do desafio em desvelar a relação das mulheres com sua própria deficiência, com a cadeira de rodas - que traz consigo um importante arsenal simbólico, e suas percepções acerca da violência cotidiana, delimitou-se como participantes deste estudo mulheres com deficiência física cadeirantes. A relevância e as particularidades da violência às mulheres cadeirantes definiu o objetivo geral: discutir as violências vivenciadas por mulheres cadeirantes em seu cotidiano, considerando a perspectiva de gênero e dos estigmas sociais. Objetivos específicos: descrever as perspectivas da mulher cadeirante sobre sua condição; analisar as situações de violência vivenciadas pela mulher cadeirante, em seu cotidiano. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, onde optou-se pelo método denominado Narrativa de Vida - referencial metodológico de Daniel Bertaux que contempla de forma ampla a expressão das participantes selecionadas. Para produção dos dados realizou-se treze entrevistas, em dois cenários que atendem PcD. Para complementar a captação das participantes, utilizou-se a técnica "bola de neve". Deste processo emergiram duas categorias analíticas: "A condição de mulher e cadeirante: necessidades e possibilidades" e "As violências cotidianas vivenciadas pela mulher cadeirante". Categorias estas que contemplam nossos objetivos. À guisa da conclusão, verificou-se que o entendimento destas mulheres acerca das manifestações de violência revelou aspectos que fazem parte de seus cotidianos que, primariamente não seriam consideradas situações de violência, e sim situações que envolvem a relação mulher-deficiência, o reconhecimento de um "novo corpo" e sua ligação com a cadeira de rodas. Destacaram-se questões concernentes à gênero que para mulheres com deficiência seriam ainda mais complexas, principalmente no que se referem as questões relativas à sexualidade/maternidade. Quanto às percepções das situações de violência, emergiram manifestações intrafamiliares, interpessoais e sexuais. No entanto, as violências institucionais e as que se relacionam com o cuidado em saúde prevaleceram. Grande parte das manifestações encontradas se relacionariam de alguma forma com a natureza psicológica da violência. Situações estigmatizantes narradas expuseram episódios reveladores, no que se refere ao comportamento de uma sociedade excludente que reage às diferenças. Conhecer o processo de "construção de uma situação de violência" pode significar um instrumento fundamental para a formação de vínculos e uma futura relação dialógica com os profissionais de saúde, particularmente enfermeiros. A enfermagem e suas práticas reúnem subsídios que podem dar início ao preenchimento da lacuna da assistência em saúde à estas mulheres, no tocante à violência.

Length-weight relationship of some marine fish species in Reunion Island, Indian Ocean

The length-weight relationship of 29 marine fish species form Reunion Island (SW Indian Ocean) belonging to 14 families were computed. Data from 5,340 individuals were used for this purpose. Fish were sampled using different techniques, mainly with rotenone poisoning on coral reef flats, beach seine and handlines on shallow coastal bays, and longline fishing in the nearby open sea.

Length-weight relationship of fishes from coral reefs and lagoons of New Caledonia: an update

Length-weight relationships of 316 reef and lagoon fish from New Caledonia (SW Pacific Ocean) belonging to 68 families are computed. A total of 43,750 individuals was used for this purpose. Fish were sampled by different techniques such as rotenone poisoning, handline and bottom longline fishing, gill and trammel nets, and trawling in various isotopes (coral reefs, lagoon bottoms and mangroves).

The relationship between catch and effort and its effect on predicted yields of sardine fisheries in Lake Kariba

There is an unusual relationship between catch per unit effort and effort in the Lake Kariba sardine (Limnothrissa miodon) fishery. This is apparently a results of ecological changes in the lake following the decline of the Salvinia mats that existed there until 1973. Predictive models based on the entire data set (1974-89) are of limited value because they are influenced by the rapid decline in catch per unit effort that took place from 1974 to 1978. A model based on the 1980-89 data indicates that the current catch could be increased substantially. Some empirical models and features of the sardine's biology suggest that it is a realistic model.

Length-weight relationship of fishes and cephalopods from the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean)

Length-weight relationship (LWR) parameters of 72 species of fishes and 15 species of cephalopods caught in the Balearic Islands demersal fishery are reported. This is the first compilation of LWR for these groups in the Balearic Islands.

Length-weight relationship of marine fish species off Sao Sebastiao system, Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship of the form W = a . L super(b) were estimated for 57 fish species sampled in Sao Sebastiao Channel and shelf system in 1997, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The b values ranged from 2.746 to 3.617. The Student's t-test revealed that mot (44) species had b values significantly different from 3. A normal distribution of the calculated LWR exponents (b) was obtained.

Length-weight relationship of fishes from coral reefs along the coastline of Jordan (Gulf of Aqaba)

The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship of the form W = a.Lb were estimated for 15 fish species caught along the coastline of Jordan in the Gulf of Aqaba. The sampling was carried out between July 1999 and January 2001. Data from 1 000 fish individuals (identified to eight families and 15 species) were used for this purpose.

Catch-effort relationship in Pacific bigeye tuna fishery

Some problems associated with fitting surplus production models to unsuitable data are discussed. This is illustrated by an application of the Schaefer, Fox and PRODFIT models to Pacific Ocean bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus ) catch and effort data for 1952-1987, which appear to be better described by purely empirical models.

Length-weight relationship of some deep-sea fish inhabiting the continental slope beyond 250m depth along the west coast of India

The length–weight relationships of 22 species of deep-sea fishes inhabiting the continental slopes beyond 250 m depth along the West Coast of India are presented. The parameters a and b of the equation W=a Lb were estimated. The fish samples were collected from trawl surveys during 1999 to 2001 on board the FORV Sagar Sampada at a depth range of 250 to 600 m in the area between 7°N and 20°N latitude. The value of b ranged from 1.94 to 3.36.

River fisheries in Africa: their relationship to flow regimes

River fisheries in Africa are important because of their contribution of animal protein to human diets. Such fisheries are highly dependent on hydrological regimes and show considerable year-to-year variation in response to natural climatic events. River flow regimes are being increasingly altered by withdrawals by man, principally for agriculture. The modification of hydrological regimes is leading to diminishing catches of fish and changes in the number and size of the species caught. Given that the trend to remove water from rivers for agriculture and power generation will continue, better appraisals of the impacts of such withdrawals are urgently needed so the policies for water allocation can be better defined. The development of tools to aid in such decision-making is equally important.

Length-weight relationship of Gulf of Thailand fishes

The length-weight relationship of 26 fish species belonging to 17 families obtained from the Gulf of Thailand was examined. As seven species were obtained from different survey periods and three were from two different locations, seasonal and geographic variations of the equation between body weight W and total length L, W = aL super(b), were examined. The b values of the 27 species were tested for their significant differences from the value of 3; this confirmed that a few species showed significant differences of b value from 3. It is suggested that the 'cube law (b = 3)' can be applied to the length-weight relationship of most fishes in the Gulf of Thailand, with a few exceptions. This was confirmed by the analysis of b values from 72 additional species from the South China Sea area.