Mental health of internally displaced preschool children: a cross-sectional study conducted in Bogotá, Colombia

A causa de los conflictos armados, como el de Colombia, se han desplazado por la fuerza a millones de personas, entre ellas una importante parte de la población infantil. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la salud mental de los niños desplazados internos en edad preescolar en Bogotá Colombia, e identificar los determinantes de la salud mental en estos niños. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado entre 279 niños que asisten a cuatro jardines infantiles en un barrio marginal de Bogotá. La salud mental infantil se evaluó con el instrumento validado de Comportamiento Infantil (CBCL) 1,5-5 años, aplicados a padres y cuidadores. Se realizo un análisis univariado y multivariado de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el desplazamiento y la salud mental de los niños y para identificar las relaciones con la salud mental en los niños desplazados. Resultados: los Niños desplazados (n = 90) se identificaron con más frecuencia sobre los puntos de corte límite para las escalas CBCL que los no desplazados (n = 189) (por ejemplo, problemas totales 46,7 vs 22,8%;p \ 0,001). La asociación entre el desplazamiento y la presencia de problemas CBCL totales se mantuvo después del ajuste por factores socio-demográficos (OR Ajustado 3.3 del 95%: 1,5; 6,9). Donde la salud mental del cuidador explica en parte la asociación. En los niños desplazados, la salud mental del cuidador (p \ 0,01) y el funcionamiento familiar (p \ 0,01) se asociaron independientemente con la salud mental de los niños. La exposición a eventos traumáticos y el apoyo social también se asociaron con la salud mental del niño, sin embargo, las asociaciones no fueron independientes. Conclusión: En este barrio marginal de Bogotá, los niños en edad preescolar registrados como desplazados internos presentan peor salud mental que los no desplazados. El funcionamiento familiar y la salud mental del cuidador fueron fuerte e independientemente asociados con la salud mental de los niños y niñas desplazados.

Estudio Costo-Efectividad de Lidocaína tópica como adyuvante a Pregabalina y Gabapentina en dolor neuropático periférico en una I.P.S de Bogotá 2011.

Introducción: el dolor neuropático es una patología de considerable prevalencia e impacto socio-económico en la población latinoamericana, la evidencia clínica sugiere que los ligandos de canales de calcio y el parche de Lidocaína pueden tratar exitosamente el dolor neuropático periférico y localizado. Metodología: se realizo una evaluación económica tipo costo-efectividad, observacional y retrospectiva con datos extraídos de las historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la clínica de dolor de la IPS. La variable primaria de efectividad fue la mejoría del dolor medida mediante escala visual análoga. Resultados: se estudiaron 94 pacientes tratados con: Gabapentina (G) 21, Pregabalina (P) 24, Gabapentina+ lidocaína (G/P) 24, Pregabalina + Lidocaína (P/L) 25, los costos asociados al tratamiento son los siguientes COP$114.070.835, COP$105.855.920, COP$88.717.481 COP$89.854.712 respectivamente, el número de pacientes con mejoría significativa de dolor fue: 8,10,9 y 21 pacientes respectivamente. El ICER de G/L con respecto a G fue: COP$ -25.353.354. El ICER de P/L con respecto a P fue: COP$ -1.454.655. Conclusiones: la adición del parche de lidocaína a la terapia regular con P/L represento una disminución de consumo de recursos en salud como uso de medicamentos co-analgésicos, analgésicos de rescate y fármacos para controlar reacciones adversas, de la misma forma que consultas a profesionales de la salud. Cada paciente manejado con P/L representa un ahorro de COP $1.454.655 al contrario si se manejase con el anticonvulsivante de manera exclusiva, en el caso de G/L este ahorro es de COP $ 25.353.354 frente a G sola.

Teleconsultation in sexual and reproductive health for young adults through mobile devices: Experience in Colombia

Background: Sexual risk behaviors associated with poor information on sexuality have contributed to major public health problems in the area of sexual and reproductive health in teenagers and young adults in Colombia. Objective: To measure the perception of changes in sexual and reproductive risk behavior after the use of a teleconsultation service via mobile devices in a sample of young adults. Methods: A before and after observational study was designed, where a mobile application to inquire about sexual and reproductive health was developed. The perception of changes in sexual and reproductive health risk behaviors in a sample of young adults after the use of the application was measured using the validated survey “Family Health International (FHI) – Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BSS) – Survey for Adults between 15 to 40 Years”. Non-probabilistic convenience recruitment was undertaken through the study´s web page. Participants answered the survey online before and after the use of the mobile application for a six month period (intervention). For the inferential analysis, data was divided into three groups (dichotomous data, discrete quantitative data, and ordinal data), to compare the results of the questions between the first and the second survey. For all tests, a confidence interval of 95% was established. For dichotomous data, the Chi-squared test was used. For quantitative data, we used the Student’s t-test, and for ordinal data, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Results: A total of 257 subjects were registered in the study and met the selection criteria. The pre-intervention survey was answered by 232 subjects, and 127 completely answered the post-intervention survey, of which 54.3% did not use the application, leaving an effective population of 58 subjects for analysis. 53% (n=31) were female, and 47% (n=27) were male. The mean age was 21 years, ranging between 18 and 40 years. The differences between the answers on the first and the second survey were not statistically significant. The main risk behaviors identified in the population were homosexual relations, non-use of condoms, sexual relations with non-regular and commercial partners, the use of psychoactive substances, and ignorance about the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV transmission. Conclusions: Although there were no differences between the pre- and post-intervention results, the study revealed different risk behaviors among the participating subjects. These findings highlight the importance of promoting educational strategies on this matter and the importance of providing patients with easily accessible tools with reliable health information.

Influencia de las creencias religiosas cristianas en la decisión de realizar suicidio asistido al final de la vida

El suicidio asistido como una posible opción al final de la vida, es una idea que hasta ahora está siendo considerada, ya que existen argumentaciones a favor y en contra que han generado controvertidos debates a su alrededor. Algunos de los argumentos en contra están basados en los principios de las instituciones religiosas de orden cristiano, las cuales defienden el valor sagrado de la vida de las personas y la aceptación del sufrimiento como un acto de amor profundo y sumisión a los mandatos de Dios, el creador. Mientras del lado contrario, se encuentran quienes defienden el procedimiento, impulsando la autonomía y la autodeterminación que cada persona tiene sobre su vida. La revisión de la literatura realizada no sólo permite ampliar los argumentos de estas dos posiciones, sino que también permite conocer la historia del suicidio asistido, la posición que este procedimiento tiene en diferentes países del mundo, incluyendo a Colombia, y finalmente se presentan las contribuciones de la psicología entorno al procedimiento en discusión.

Interdisciplinary Pedagogical Experience for Health Human Resources Focused on the Holistic Promotion of Health and the Prevention of the Disease

The object of this experience is to offer the students the opportunity to take part in the construction of a pedagogic strategy centred on the ludic, for the promotion of the integral health and the prevention of the disease with an educational community; directed to supporting and qualifying the well-being so much individually as group. The project is designed to five years, about interdisciplinary character (Speech Therapy, Medicine, Psychology, Nursery, Occupational Therapy), interinstitutional (Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de San Buenaventura y Universidad de Cundinamarca) and intersectorial (Education and Health). It considers the different actors of the educational community and school and the home as propitious scenes for the strengthening potential, beside being the fundamental spaces for the construction of knowledges and learnings concerning the integral health. To achieve the target, one has come constructing from the second semester of 2003, one pedagogic strategy centred on the ludic and the creativity, from which they are planned, they develop and evaluate the actions of promotion of skills, values, behaviors and attitudes in the care of the health and the prevention of disease, orientated to the early, opportune and effective detection of risk factors and problematic of the development that they affect the integral health. The above mentioned strategy raises a so called scene Bienestarópolis: A healthy world for conquering, centred on prominent figures, spaces and elements that alternate between the fantasy and the reality to facilitate the approximation, the interiorización and the appropriation of the integral health. Across this one, the children motivated by the adults enter an imaginary world in that theirs desires, knowledges and attitudes are the axis of his development. Since Vigotsky raises it, in the game the child realizes actions in order to adapt to the world that surrounds it acquiring skills for the learning. The actions of the project have involved 410 children and 25 teachers, of the degrees Zero, The First and The Second of basic primary; 90 parents of family, and an average of 40 students and 8 teachers of the already mentioned disciplines.

Prevalencia de síndrome de burnout en personal de los servicios de urgencias en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de baja complejidad de Neiva, 2014: estudio de corte transversal

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en personal de los servicios de urgencias en una institución prestadora de servicios de salud de baja complejidad de Neiva. Antecedentes: El Síndrome de Burnout es una respuesta inadecuada al estrés laboral crónico cuyas características principales son: altos niveles de agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal. La prevalencia a nivel mundial de este síndrome en personal de salud varía entre 2,2% y 69,2%. Método: estudio de corte transversal. A una muestra de 90 trabajadores (médicos, enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería) en una Empresa Social del Estado de baja complejidad de la ciudad de Neiva se le aplicó cuestionario auto administrado compuesto por dos instrumentos validados (Maslach Burnout Inventory y la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo). Resultados: La prevalencia de Síndrome de Burnout fue 3,3% (n=3) (niveles elevados en las tres características simultáneamente); 11,1% (n=10) de agotamiento emocional, 20% (n=18) despersonalización y 10% (n=9) baja realización personal. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las condiciones de empleo y trabajo con el Síndrome en mención. Conclusión: Laborar en servicios de urgencias confrontan al trabajador a exigencias para el cumplimiento de su tarea, así como también a relaciones sociales estresantes. Factores como el grado de autonomía y de control, el apoyo social en el trabajo, asociado a relaciones personales positivas y una alta funcionalidad familiar podrían mediar como protectores o moduladores del Síndrome de Burnout.

Small-area variation in health care affecting the choice of cesarean delivery: the case of a Colombian health insurer

In the midst of health care reform, Colombia has succeeded in increasing health insurance coverage and the quality of health care. In spite of this, efficiency continues to be a matter of concern, and small-area variations in health care are one of the plausible causes of such inefficiencies. In order to understand this issue, we use individual data of all births from a Contributory-Regimen insurer in Colombia. We perform two different specifications of a multilevel logistic regression model. Our results reveal that hospitals account for 20% of variation on the probability of performing cesarean sections. Geographic area only explains 1/3 of the variance attributable to the hospital. Furthermore, some variables from both demand and supply sides are found to be also relevant on the probability of undergoing cesarean sections. This paper contributes to previous research by using a hierarchical model and by defining hospitals as cluster. Moreover, we also include clinical and supply induced demand variables.

Determinants of demand for antenatal care in Colombia

Even though antenatal care is universally regarded as important, determinants of demand for antenatal care have not been widely studied. Evidence concerning which and how socioeconomic conditions influence whether a pregnant woman attends or not at least one antenatal consultation or how these factors affect the absences to antenatal consultations is very limited. In order to generate this evidence, a two-stage analysis was performed with data from the Demographic and Health Survey carried out by Profamilia in Colombia during 2005. The first stage was run as a logit model showing the marginal effects on the probability of attending the first visit and an ordinary least squares model was performed for the second stage. It was found that mothers living in the pacific region as well as young mothers seem to have a lower probability of attending the first visit but these factors are not related to the number of absences to antenatal consultation once the first visit has been achieved. The effect of health insurance was surprising because of the differing effects that the health insurers showed. Some familiar and personal conditions such as willingness to have the last children and number of previous children, demonstrated to be important in the determination of demand. The effect of mother’s educational attainment was proved as important whereas the father’s educational achievement was not. This paper provides some elements for policy making in order to increase the demand inducement of antenatal care, as well as stimulating research on demand for specific issues on health.

Psychometric properties of the Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale in family caregivers

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

A qualitative analysis of immigrant population health practices in the Girona Healthcare Region

The research we present here forms part of a two-phase project - one quantitative and the other qualitative - assessing the use of primary health care services. This paper presents the qualitative phase of said research, which is aimed at ascertaining the needs, beliefs, barriers to access and health practices of the immigrant population in comparison with the native population, as well as the perceptions of healthcare professionals. Moroccan and sub-Saharan were the immigrants to who the qualitative phase was specifically addressed. The aims of this paper are as follows: to analyse any possible implications of family organisation in the health practices of the immigrant population; to ascertain social practices relating to illness; to understand the significances of sexual and reproductive health practices; and to ascertain the ideas and perceptions of immigrants, local people and professionals regarding health and the health system. Methods: qualitative research based on discursive analysis. Data gathering techniques consisted of discussion groups with health system users and semi-structured individual interviews with healthcare professionals. The sample was taken from the Basic Healthcare Areas of Salt and Banyoles (belonging to the Girona Healthcare Region), the discussion groups being comprised of (a) 6 immigrant Moroccan women, (b) 7 immigrant sub-Saharan African women and (c) 6 immigrant and native population men (2 native men, 2 Moroccan men and 2 sub-Saharan men); and the semi-structured interviews being conducted with the following healthcare professionals: (a) 3 gynaecologists, (b) 3 nurses and 1 administrative staff. Results: use of the healthcare system is linked to the perception of not being well, knowledge of the healthcare system, length of time resident in Spain and interiorization of traditional Western medicine as a cure mechanism. The divergences found among the groups of immigrants, local people and healthcare professionals with regard to healthcare education, use of the healthcare service, sexual and reproductive healthcare and reticence with regard to being attended by healthcare personnel of the opposite sex demonstrate a need to work with the immigrant population as a heterogeneous group. Conclusions: the results we have obtained support the idea that feeling unwell is a psycho-social process, as it takes place within a specific socio-cultural situation and spans a range of beliefs, perceptions and ideas regarding symptomology and how to treat it

Indicadores da individualização de cuidados para o curso de licenciatura em enfermagem

RESUMO: A individualização dos cuidados de enfermagem tem sido associada a uma evolução clínica mais favorável, representando um importante parâmetro de avaliação e de desenvolvimento dos serviços de saúde. A tónica atribuída a esta problemática não só é evidenciada por diversos autores, como se enquadra nas metas de modernização do Sistema Nacional de Saúde e é destaque em vários códigos normativos da profissão nacionais e internacionais, como uma obrigação moral e deontológica. Assim, pretende-se mediante os ganhos em saúde sensíveis às intervenções de enfermagem, identificar quais indicadores do cuidado individualizado, para se efectivar a sua incorporação na formação inicial em enfermagem. Para tal efeito, construiu-se uma bateria de indicadores mediante análise de duas revisões sistemáticas da literatura, que teve por base o Modelo da Eficácia do Papel de Enfermagem, desenvolvido por Irvine et al. (1998). Para à adaptação à realidade portuguesa recorreu-se à técnica de Delphi, com duas rondas, que incluiu respectivamente, 12 e 10 peritos de enfermagem. Na análise de dados utilizou-se o nível de concordância superior ou igual a 90%, na última ronda. Na segunda fase do estudo, aplicou-se um inquérito por questionário (α de Cronbach = 0,919) para testar a sua aplicabilidade dos indicadores, a 156 enfermeiros, do mesmo hospital da área da grande Lisboa, no Serviço de Medicina e Cirurgia. Recorreu-se ao SPSS, versão 19 e realizou-se análise univariada e estatística analítica. Na bateria final de indicadores foram incorporados aqueles com ponderação positiva (≥51%). Os dados qualitativos obtidos foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Dos 58 indicadores iniciais, consolidaram-se 8 categorias: cuidado à pessoa em fim de vida e família, toque terapêutico, educação para a auto-gestão da saúde, cuidados de proximidade, gestão de casos, empoderamento/ literacia para a saúde, linha telefónica de apoio permanente/ tele-assistência e apoio psico-emocional, com valorização de 28 indicadores. O tempo de experiência profissional, tipo de serviço e tempo de permanência no mesmo serviço influenciou a percepção dos enfermeiros, confirmando os pressupostos de Irvine et al. (1998) e Benner (2001). A correlação total dos indicadores, no questionário, variou entre 0,248 e 0,650, para p<0,01. O facto de todas as correlações serem positivas significa que provavelmente estão associados à problemática da individualização, pelo que se sugere a sua transposição para o ensino de enfermagem. ABSTRACT: The individualization of nursing care has been associated with a more favorable clinical evolution, an important parameter for the evaluation and development of health services. The emphasis given to this problem is not only evidenced by several authors, as fits the goals of modernizing the National Health System and is featured in several normative codes of the profession nationally and internationally, as a moral and ethical obligation. Thus, it is intended by the gains in health sensitive to nursing interventions, identify indicators of individualized care and give effect to its incorporation into the initial training in nursing. For this purpose, we constructed a series of indicators by analyzing two systematic reviews of literature, which was based on the The Nursing Role Effectiveness Model developed by Irvine et al. (1998). For the adaptation to the Portuguese appealed to the Delphi technique with two rounds, which included, respectively, 10 and 12 nursing experts. In data analysis we used the level of agreement greater than or equal to 90% in the last round. In the second phase of the study, we applied a questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.919) to test the applicability of the indicators, the 156 nurses in the same hospital in the Greater Lisbon area, the Department of Medicine and Surgery. Done using the SPSS, version 19 and conducted a univariate analysis and analytical statistics. In the final heat of indicators were incorporated into those with positive weight (≥ 51%). Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Of the initial 58 indicators, eight were consolidated categories: care to the person and family life, therapeutic touch education for self-management of health care outreach, case management, empowerment / literacy to health, a telephone line permanent support / tele-assistance and psycho-emotional, with an appreciation of 28 indicators. The length of professional experience, type of service and length of stay in the same service influenced the perception of nurses, confirming the assumptions of Irvine et al. (1998) and Benner (2001). The total correlation of the indicators in the questionnaire ranged between 0.248 and 0.650, p <0.01. The fact that all correlations are positive means that are probably associated with the problem of individuation, which is suggested by its implementation in nursing education.