870 resultados para duty to act fairly


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Inhibited α brasses are largely immune to dezincification in most water, but the effect of tin and arsenic addition to α/β brasses is not so reliable or predictable in controlling the problem. There have been many cases of dezincification in duplex brasses in both fresh water and seawater. There is no reliable method of inhibiting the dezincification of two-phase brass despite there are some protection methods such as inhibitors, electro deposition and electro polymerization. Organic coatings are effectively used for the protection of metals due to their capacity to act as a physical barrier between the metal surface and corrosive environment. Hence, epoxy coating on brass was applied and effect of this against dezincification in Cochin estuarine water over a period of one year was studied and reported in this paper

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Der Janus Kinase / signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) Signal- transduktionsweg wird für viele Entwicklungsvorgänge benötigt und spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Hämatopoese und bei der Immunantwort. Obwohl der JAK/STAT-Signalweg in den vergangenen Jahren Gegenstand intensiver Forschung war, erschwert die Redundanz des Signalwegs bei Wirbeltieren genetische Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung derjenigen Mechanismen, die den JAK/STAT-Signalweg regulieren. Der JAK/STAT-Signaltransduktionsweg ist evolutionär konserviert und ebenfalls bei der Taufliege Drosophila melanogaster vorhanden. Im Gegensatz zu Wirbeltieren ist der Signaltransduktionsweg von Drosophila weniger redundant und beinhaltet folgende Hauptkomponenten: den Liganden Unpaired (Upd), den Transmembranrezeptor Domeless (Dome), die einzige JAK-Tyrosinkinase Hopscotch (hop), sowie den Transkriptionsfaktor STAT92E. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Rolle des JAK/STAT-Signalwegs bei der zellulären Proliferation mithilfe der Modellsysteme der Flügel- und der Augen-Imaginalscheiben von Drosophila charakterisiert. "Loss-of-function"- und "Gain-of-function"-Experimente zur Verminderung beziehungs-weise Erhöhung der Signalaktivität zeigten, dass der JAK/STAT-Signalweg eine Rolle bei der zellulären Proliferation der Flügel-Imaginalscheiben spielte, ohne die Zellgröße oder Apoptose zu verändern. Bei der Flügelentwicklung während des zweiten und des frühen dritten Larvalstadiums war die Aktivität des JAK/STAT-Signalwegs sowohl notwendig für die zelluläre Proliferation als auch hinreichend, um Überproliferation anzutreiben. Allerdings änderte sich während der späten dritten Larvalstadien die JAK/STAT-Signalaktivität, sodass endogene STAT92E-Mengen einen anti-proliferativen Effekt im gleichen Gewebe aufwiesen. Weiterhin reichte die ektopische Aktivierung des JAK/STAT-Signalwegs zu diesem späten Entwicklungszeitpunkt aus, um die Mitose zu inhibieren und die Zellen in der Phase G2 des Zellzyklus zu arretieren. Diese Ergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass der JAK/STAT-Signalweg sowohl pro-proliferativ in frühen Flügelscheiben als auch anti-proliferativ zu späten Stadien der Flügelscheiben-Entwicklung wirken kann. Dieser späte anti-proliferative Effekt wurde durch einen nicht-kanonischen Mechanismus der STAT92E-Aktivierung vermittelt, da späte hop defiziente Zellverbände im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Zellen keine Veränderungen im Ausmaß der zellulären Proliferation aufwiesen. Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine während der Larvalstadien exprimierte dominant-negative und im N-Terminus deletierte Form von STAT92E (?NSTAT92E) nicht für den anti-proliferativen Effekt verantwortlich ist. Diese Tatsache ist ein weiteres Indiz dafür, dass das vollständige STAT92E den späten anti-proliferativen Effekt verursacht. Um Modulatoren für die von JAK/STAT vermittelte zelluläre Proliferation zu identifieren, wurde ein P-Element-basierter genetischer Interaktions-Screen in einem sensibilisierten genetischen Hintergrund durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden dazu 2267 unabhängige P-Element-Insertionen auf ihre Wechselwirkung mit der JAK/STAT-Signalaktivität untersucht und 24 interagierende Loci identifiziert. Diese Kandidaten können in folgende Gruppen eingeordnet werden: Zellzyklusproteine, Transkriptionsfaktoren, DNA und RNA bindende Proteine, ein Mikro-RNA-Gen, Komponenten anderer Signaltransduktionswege und Zelladhäsionsproteine. In den meisten Fällen wurden mehrere Allele der interagierenden Kandidatengene getestet. 18 Kandidatengene mit übereinstimmend interagierenden Allelen wurden dann zur weiteren Analyse ausgewählt. Von diesen 18 Kandidaten-Loci wurden 7 mögliche JAK/STAT-Signalwegskomponenten und 6 neue Zielgene des Signalwegs gefunden. Zusammenfassend wurde das Verständnis um STAT92E verbessert. Dieses Protein hat die gleiche Funktion wie das STAT3-Protein der Wirbeltiere und treibt die zelluläre Proliferation voran. Analog zu STAT1 hat STAT92E aber auch einen anti-proliferativen Effekt. Ferner wurden 24 mögliche Modulatoren der JAK/STAT-Signalaktivität identifiziert. Die Charakterisierung dieser Wechselwirkungen eröffnet vielversprechende Wege zu dem Verständnis, wie JAK/STAT die zelluläre Proliferation reguliert und könnte bei der Entwicklung von neuartigen therapeutischen Targets zur Behandlung von Krebskrankheiten und Entwicklungsstörungen beitragen.

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Since its beginning in 1999, the Bologna Process has influenced various aspects of higher education in its member countries, e.g., degree structures, mobility, lifelong learning, social dimension and quality assurance. The social dimension creates the focus of this research. The social dimension entered the Bologna Process agenda in 2001. Despite a decade of reforms, it somehow remained as a vague element and received low scholarly attention. This research addresses to this gap. Firstly, different meanings of the social dimension according to the major European policy actors are analysed. Unfolding the understandings of the actors revealed that the social dimension is mostly understood in terms reflecting the diversity of population on the student body accessing to, progressing in and completing higher education, with a special concern on the underrepresented groups. However, it is not possible to observe a similar commonality concerning the actual policy measures to achieve this goal. Divergence occurs with respect to the addressed underrepresented groups, i.e., all underrepresented groups or people without formal qualifications and mature learners, and the values and institutional interests traditionally promoted by these actors. Secondly, the dissertation discusses the reflection of this social dimension understanding at the national level by looking at cases of Finland, Germany and Turkey. The in-depth analyses show an awareness of the social dimension among most of the national Bologna Process actors and a common understanding of the social dimension goals. However, this understanding has not triggered action in any of the countries. The countries acted on areas which they defined problematic before the Bologna Process. Finally, based on these findings the dissertation discusses the social dimension as a policy item that managed to get into the Bologna Process agenda, but neither grew into an implementable policy, nor drop out of it. To this aim, it makes use of the multiple streams framework and explains the low agenda status social dimension with: i. the lack of a pressing problem definition: the lack of clearly defined indicators and a comprehensive monitoring system, ii. the lack of a viable solution alternative: the proposal of developing national strategies and action plans closed the way to develop generic guidelines for the social dimension to be translated into national policy processes, iii. low political perceptivity: the recent trends opt for increasing efficiency, excellence and exclusiveness discourses rather than ensuring equality and inclusiveness iv. high constraints: the social dimension by definition requires more public funding which is less appreciated and strategic constraints of the actors in allocating their resources v. the type of policy entrepreneur: the social dimension is promoted by an international stakeholder, the European Students’ Union, instead of the ministers responsible for higher education The social dimension remains a policy item in the Bologna Process which is noble enough to agree but not urgent enough to act on.

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The traditional task of a central bank is to preserve price stability and, in doing so, not to impair the real economy more than necessary. To meet this challenge, it is of great relevance whether inflation is only driven by inflation expectations and the current output gap or whether it is, in addition, influenced by past inflation. In the former case, as described by the New Keynesian Phillips curve, the central bank can immediately and simultaneously achieve price stability and equilibrium output, the so-called ‘divine coincidence’ (Blanchard and Galí 2007). In the latter case, the achievement of price stability is costly in terms of output and will be pursued over several periods. Similarly, it is important to distinguish this latter case, which describes ‘intrinsic’ inflation persistence, from that of ‘extrinsic’ inflation persistence, where the sluggishness of inflation is not a ‘structural’ feature of the economy but merely ‘inherited’ from the sluggishness of the other driving forces, inflation expectations and output. ‘Extrinsic’ inflation persistence is usually considered to be the less challenging case, as policy-makers are supposed to fight against the persistence in the driving forces, especially to reduce the stickiness of inflation expectations by a credible monetary policy, in order to reestablish the ‘divine coincidence’. The scope of this dissertation is to contribute to the vast literature and ongoing discussion on inflation persistence: Chapter 1 describes the policy consequences of inflation persistence and summarizes the empirical and theoretical literature. Chapter 2 compares two models of staggered price setting, one with a fixed two-period duration and the other with a stochastic duration of prices. I show that in an economy with a timeless optimizing central bank the model with the two-period alternating price-setting (for most parameter values) leads to more persistent inflation than the model with stochastic price duration. This result amends earlier work by Kiley (2002) who found that the model with stochastic price duration generates more persistent inflation in response to an exogenous monetary shock. Chapter 3 extends the two-period alternating price-setting model to the case of 3- and 4-period price durations. This results in a more complex Phillips curve with a negative impact of past inflation on current inflation. As simulations show, this multi-period Phillips curve generates a too low degree of autocorrelation and too early turnings points of inflation and is outperformed by a simple Hybrid Phillips curve. Chapter 4 starts from the critique of Driscoll and Holden (2003) on the relative real-wage model of Fuhrer and Moore (1995). While taking the critique seriously that Fuhrer and Moore’s model will collapse to a much simpler one without intrinsic inflation persistence if one takes their arguments literally, I extend the model by a term for inequality aversion. This model extension is not only in line with experimental evidence but results in a Hybrid Phillips curve with inflation persistence that is observably equivalent to that presented by Fuhrer and Moore (1995). In chapter 5, I present a model that especially allows to study the relationship between fairness attitudes and time preference (impatience). In the model, two individuals take decisions in two subsequent periods. In period 1, both individuals are endowed with resources and are able to donate a share of their resources to the other individual. In period 2, the two individuals might join in a common production after having bargained on the split of its output. The size of the production output depends on the relative share of resources at the end of period 1 as the human capital of the individuals, which is built by means of their resources, cannot fully be substituted one against each other. Therefore, it might be rational for a well-endowed individual in period 1 to act in a seemingly ‘fair’ manner and to donate own resources to its poorer counterpart. This decision also depends on the individuals’ impatience which is induced by the small but positive probability that production is not possible in period 2. As a general result, the individuals in the model economy are more likely to behave in a ‘fair’ manner, i.e., to donate resources to the other individual, the lower their own impatience and the higher the productivity of the other individual. As the (seemingly) ‘fair’ behavior is modelled as an endogenous outcome and as it is related to the aspect of time preference, the presented framework might help to further integrate behavioral economics and macroeconomics.

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La migrafia es una cefalea en cuya etiologia intervienen factores muy diversos. En este trabajo, se revisan 10s resultados de diferentes investigaciones y se proponen pautas para un modelo integrador en el que 10s factores precipitantes del ataque de migraña ('a sean nerviosos, endocrinos, metabólicos o inmunológicos) ven facilitado su poder como desencadenantes a causa de la existencia de un estado de estrés crónico en el paciente

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Based on examples provided by 27 graduate psychology faculty, this self-test incorporates many of the more common errors in style, language, and referencing found in student papers. Taking this self-test helps students to recognize common errors and encourages them to refer the APA Publication Manual on a regular basis. In addition, students begin to think about how to use correctly the language of psychological research. This self-test should take about 30 minutes to complete and score. It is composed of three parts: a) a mock Discussion section, where students are asked to act as editors and find the errors, p. 2 (10 minutes). b) a corrected Discussion section, where students find the errors they missed, p. 3 (5 minutes) and, c) a full description of each error with illustrations of correct usage, pp. 4-7 (15 minutes). This exercise assumes some knowledge of APA style. Thus, it is best-suited for advanced undergraduates who need to write research reports and all levels of graduate students. It may be taken at home or in class. Although the self-test is designed to be fully self-directed, instructors may wish to use it at the beginning or end of a classroom discussion on APA style. It could also be used in a pre-test-post-test fashion to evaluate students learning over the course of a term.

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A PowerPoint presentation used to support a skills development session for postgraduate students who wish to act as demonstrators in lab and workshop sessions.

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Comunicando saberes es una propuesta de formación en artes y cultura que se articula en una región específica del País: el Departamento del Guaviare. A partir de la apropiación de “campos de expresiones y de conocimientos”, es decir, saberes colectivos y vigentes de los diferentes pueblos y regiones representados en este Departamento, se propone su reedificación (la creación), y su tránsito al plano de las significaciones colectivas (la comunicación). En esta propuesta formativa, el acto pedagógico no sólo deberá coincidir, suscitar y adaptarse a los procesos creativos conducidos o espontáneos que supone la actividad artística, sino que deberá poner en marcha otras estrategias tendientes a movilizar los conocimientos que luego se llevarán al acto formativo, a ampliar y mejorar la producción creativa, y activar las relaciones y el tránsito de las creaciones a la sociedad.

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The portfolio comprises a cover sheet plus five pages of reflective writing, one page addressing each different portfolio topic This document summarises the contents of the portfolio IT IS NOT THE PORTFOLIO TEMPLATE The questions shown under each sub-heading are meant to act as thinking prompts to help you in the reflective process.

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Download and edit this document to prepare your hand in. The portfolio comprises a cover sheet plus five pages of reflective writing, one page addressing each different portfolio topic This shows the cover sheet, the assessment criteria and the portfolio summary IT IS NOT THE PORTFOLIO TEMPLATE The questions shown under each sub-heading are meant to act as thinking prompts to help you in the reflective process.

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Los accidentes con riesgo biológico de origen laboral, son aquellos que sufre un trabajador, ya sea por cuenta propia o ajena, como consecuencia de contactos accidentales con fluidos animales, vegetales o humanos, en el ambiente de trabajo o mientras ejecuta sus tareas como empleado. Estos accidentes no son eventos fortuitos y dependen fuertemente del comportamiento inseguro en el lugar de trabajo y de los factores del ambiente laboral. El análisis funcional es una técnica cognitivo-conductual que se basa en el estudio de la evidencia anterior disponible con el objetivo de identificar los mecanismos de ocurrencia y los factores laborales y personales inseguros relacionados con los accidentes y sus antecedentes y consecuentes. Objetivo general: Establecer los mecanismos de ocurrencia y factores personales y laborales asociados a los accidentes de trabajo con riesgo biológico reportados durante los años 2010 a 2012, con el fin de proponer estrategias de intervención para controlarlos y así aportar a un ambiente de trabajo seguro. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, mediante la revisión de los informes de los accidentes laborales con riesgo biológico reportados en el área de Salud Ocupacional de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Bogota; D.C. en los años 2010 a 2012. Resultados: Se registraron 287 reportes de accidentes de trabajo con riesgo biológico que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se encontró una prevalencia en el sexo femenino en una relación de 3,6 : 1 y en el grupo de edad entre 18 y 35 años de 69%. Por ocupación, se reportaron 149 accidentes en el grupo de enfermería y 49 accidentes en el grupo de servicios generales, siendo los dos grupos de mayor incidencia. Así mismo, hubo mayor accidentalidad por objetos cortopunzantes, siendo las punciones las más frecuentes en un 82,2% de los casos, localizándose con mayor frecuencia en los dedos de las manos en un 70,73% de los casos. En cuanto a los mecanismos de ocurrencia, la mayoría se produjo durante el uso del objeto, seguido de los producidos por contacto con objetos dejados en lugares inapropiados y por inadecuada disposición de los desechos. La distribución según el determinante de ocurrencia fue para actos inseguros 68,3% de los casos, para condiciones inseguras 3,1% de los casos y finalmente en el 28,6% de los casos los accidentes fueron debidos a la combinación de ambos, encontrándose una relación estadísticamente significativa entre esta variable y la mayoría de las características de los accidentes (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los accidentes de trabajo con riesgo biológico reportados fueron consecuencia de actos inseguros de los trabajadores. Por lo que se propone establecer diferentes capacitaciones periódicas para los trabajadores, contribuyendo a la incorporación de actos seguros y coherentes con las tareas a desarrollar dentro de su puesto de trabajo, y la manera de actuar frente a situaciones riesgosas.

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El incremento desmedido en el número de desastres naturales, sumado a la frecuencia con que estos ocurren a lo largo del mundo entero, ha evidenciado una de las mayores preocupaciones de los Estados: el desplazamiento forzado de la población por esta causa y la delicada situación de derechos humanos que esto implica, por lo cual los Organismos Internacionales han instado en reiteradas oportunidades a los Estados para actuar conjunta y prontamente para evitar que esta siga siendo una de las causas más altas de desplazamiento. Esta migración forzada pone de presente una problemática al no existir una posición universalmente aceptada sobre cuál es la condición jurídica de las personas que, por causa de los desastres naturales, deben dejarlo todo; la ausencia de esta categorización conlleva a la inexistencia de un marco legal internacional aplicable y con ello, a un vacío en la regulación interna de los Estados. Esta investigación pretende analizar los conceptos de migración existentes en el derecho internacional y establecer si la condición jurídica de quienes deben dejarlo todo por causa de los desastres naturales encaja dentro de alguna de estas categorías o si se hace necesario crear una nueva categoría que atienda las particularidades del contexto de este fenómeno migratorio, desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos. Para esto, se realizan reflexiones sobre tales conceptos así como un análisis de algunos casos de referencia, incluyendo la situación vivida en Colombia con la Ola Invernal de 2010, buscando realizar algunas propuestas de posibles soluciones jurídicamente viables.

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This article has the purpose to prove that the Customary International Law and the Conventional International Law are sources of Constitutional Law. First, it analyses the matter of the relations between International Law and National or Domestic law according with the theories dualism and monist and international decisions. Then, it studies the reception and the hierarchy of International Customary and Conventional Law to Domestic Law including Constitution. This matter has been studied according with several Constitutions and the international doctrine. Then, it considers the constitutional regulations about international law in the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia. The general conclusion is that International Law is incorporated in domestic law according with the Constitution of each country. But every state has the duty to carry out in good faith its obligations arising from treaties and other sources of International Law, and it may not invoke provisions in its Constitutions or its Laws as an excuse for failure to perform this duty. Accordingly, state practice and decided cases have established this provision, and the same rule is established in articles 27 and 46 of the Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties of 1969.

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Este texto presenta las principales propuestas y retos de la sociología contemporánea acerca de la comprensión de los vínculos entre la sociedad y la naturaleza. Para comenzar, problematiza la definición misma del concepto de naturaleza, a partir de lo cual se presenta el modelo teórico de la construcción social de la naturaleza. De forma complementaria, frente a la pregunta ¿qué podemos hacer ante la ‘crisis’ de la relación sociedad-naturaleza? expone un panorama general de un conjunto de respuestas que, desde la Ecología Política, plantean diversos caminos posibles acerca de cómo corregir y enfrentar esta situación. A manera de conclusión, resalta que a pesar de ser una problemática con un reconocimiento social creciente, estamos lejos de un consenso capaz de responder a los retos y riesgos ecológicos y sociales que impone el modelo cultural de dominación de la naturaleza que caracteriza la relación contemporánea entre las sociedades modernas y el mundo natural. 

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This article treats the topic of the perceptions of the delinquency that they have been formed by the inhabitants of two urban areas of the cty of Guadalajara, Mexico: the neighborhood of Analco and the colony Providence. The perceptions are defined as a social construction that propitiates the subjective configurations with those that the fellows appropriate in the daily personal experience and the way like they select the possible interpretations. This definition relates the perceptions with the sensations and the senses, but also with a lattice –can be call net, outline or copy– of symbols, senses and meanings that help them to act in and with the world. The own construction of the perceptions grants elements to link them with situations of vital importance for the fellows: space-temporary descriptions of the world, daily evaluations of the situations and, especially, with the prescriptive aspects of the life. In the sense up described, the perceptions are included inside the processes of social knowledge, located space-temporarily, as long as they depend on the senses of the fellows to capture the reality and of the previous knowledge. This is what gives floor to speak of the subjectivity, of the rationality and of the beliefs.