917 resultados para depurazione biologica, efficienza energetica, sistemi di aerazione, controllo
Resumo:
L’argomento trattato in questo elaborato è il problema sempre più emergente dello smaltimento dei fanghi provenienti dalla depurazione delle acque reflue. La quantità di fanghi da smaltire, infatti, è in continuo aumento e continuerà a crescere nel corso dei prossimi anni a causa di trattamenti sempre più spinti di depurazione e della costruzione di nuovi impianti. Dopo aver analizzato i vari scenari possibili per lo smaltimento dei fanghi ed i relativi costi, si passa ad analizzare le varie tecniche utilizzate per l’essiccamento dei fanghi (dirette ed indirette), includendo anche tecniche di ultima generazione come l’essiccamento per via solare. Si è andati poi ad analizzare nel dettaglio il funzionamento dell’impianto di essiccamento termico dei fanghi di depurazione di Coriano (RN), situato presso il termovalorizzatore e che sfrutta il calore proveniente da questo come fonte di calore per essiccare i fanghi. Sono state evidenziate le varie parti che compongono l’impianto e le caratteristiche delle correnti in ingresso ed uscita. Si è passati poi ad analizzare il pericolo di esplosione, all’interno dello stesso impianto, dovuto alla presenza di miscele esplosive formate dalla polvere organica del fango e dall’aria. Si sono analizzate tutte le modifiche apportate all’impianto in modo tale da prevenire questo rischio di esplosione. Infine è stata condotta una valutazione economica per dimostrare che l’essiccamento dei fanghi risulta un processo molto conveniente, perché consente di ridurre i volumi da trattare, e, quindi, di conseguenza anche i costi dello smaltimento finale.
Resumo:
Recent statistics have demonstrated that two of the most important causes of failures of the UAVs (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle) missions are related to the low level of decisional autonomy of vehicles and to the man machine interface. Therefore, a relevant issue is to design a display/controls architecture which allows the efficient interaction between the operator and the remote vehicle and to develop a level of automation which allows the vehicle the decision about change in mission. The research presented in this paper focuses on a modular man-machine interface simulator for the UAV control, which simulates UAV missions, developed to experiment solution to this problem. The main components of the simulator are an advanced interface and a block defined automation, which comprehend an algorithm that implements the level of automation of the system. The simulator has been designed and developed following a user-centred design approach in order to take into account the operator’s needs in the communication with the vehicle. The level of automation has been developed following the supervisory control theory which says that the human became a supervisor who sends high level commands, such as part of mission, target, constraints, in then-rule, while the vehicle receives, comprehends and translates such commands into detailed action such as routes or action on the control system. In order to allow the vehicle to calculate and recalculate the safe and efficient route, in term of distance, time and fuel a 3D planning algorithm has been developed. It is based on considering UASs representative of real world systems as objects moving in a virtual environment (terrain, obstacles, and no fly zones) which replicates the airspace. Original obstacle avoidance strategies have been conceived in order to generate mission planes which are consistent with flight rules and with the vehicle performance constraints. The interface is based on a touch screen, used to send high level commands to the vehicle, and a 3D Virtual Display which provides a stereoscopic and augmented visualization of the complex scenario in which the vehicle operates. Furthermore, it is provided with an audio feedback message generator. Simulation tests have been conducted with pilot trainers to evaluate the reliability of the algorithm and the effectiveness and efficiency of the interface in supporting the operator in the supervision of an UAV mission. Results have revealed that the planning algorithm calculate very efficient routes in few seconds, an adequate level of workload is required to command the vehicle and that the 3D based interface provides the operator with a good sense of presence and enhances his awareness of the mission scenario and of the vehicle under his control.
Resumo:
Recent developments in piston engine technology have increased performance in a very significant way. Diesel turbocharged/turbo compound engines, fuelled by jet fuels, have great performances. The focal point of this thesis is the transformation of the FIAT 1900 jtd diesel common rail engine for the installation on general aviation aircrafts like the CESSNA 172. All considerations about the diesel engine are supported by the studies that have taken place in the laboratories of the II Faculty of Engineering in Forlì. This work, mostly experimental, concerns the transformation of the automotive FIAT 1900 jtd – 4 cylinders – turbocharged – diesel common rail into an aircraft engine. The design philosophy of the aluminium alloy basement of the spark ignition engine have been transferred to the diesel version while the pistons and the head of the FIAT 1900 jtd are kept in the aircraft engine. Different solutions have been examined in this work. A first V 90° cylinders version that can develop up to 300 CV and whose weight is 30 kg, without auxiliaries and turbocharging group. The second version is a development of e original version of the diesel 1900 cc engine with an optimized crankshaft, that employ a special steel, 300M, and that is verified for the aircraft requirements. Another version with an augmented stroke and with a total displacement of 2500 cc has been examined; the result is a 30% engine heavier. The last version proposed is a 1600 cc diesel engine that work at 5000 rpm, with a reduced stroke and capable of more than 200 CV; it was inspired to the Yamaha R1 motorcycle engine. The diesel aircraft engine design keeps the bore of 82 mm, while the stroke is reduced to 64.6 mm, so the engine size is reduced along with weight. The basement weight, in GD AlSi 9 MgMn alloy, is 8,5 kg. Crankshaft, rods and accessories have been redesigned to comply to aircraft standards. The result is that the overall size is increased of only the 8% when referred to the Yamaha engine spark ignition version, while the basement weight increases of 53 %, even if the bore of the diesel version is 11% lager. The original FIAT 1900 jtd piston has been slightly modified with the combustion chamber reworked to the compression ratio of 15:1. The material adopted for the piston is the aluminium alloy A390.0-T5 commonly used in the automotive field. The piston weight is 0,5 kg for the diesel engine. The crankshaft is verified to torsional vibrations according to the Lloyd register of shipping requirements. The 300M special steel crankshaft total weight is of 14,5 kg. The result reached is a very small and light engine that may be certified for general aviation: the engine weight, without the supercharger, air inlet assembly, auxiliary generators and high pressure body, is 44,7 kg and the total engine weight, with enlightened HP pump body and the titanium alloy turbocharger is less than 100 kg, the total displacement is 1365 cm3 and the estimated output power is 220 CV. The direct conversion of automotive piston engine to aircrafts pays too huge weight penalties. In fact the main aircraft requirement is to optimize the power to weight ratio in order to obtain compact and fast engines for aeronautical use: this 1600 common rail diesel engine version demonstrates that these results can be reached.
Resumo:
Il Lavoro si inserisce nel quadro complesso del settore Energy & Utilities e si propone l’obiettivo di analizzare l’attuale mercato dell’energia per individuarne i driver al cambiamento e presentare un innovativo modello di business per le aziende di vendita di energia, con lo scopo di recuperare efficienza nella gestione del Cliente finale, cercando di quantificarne i vantaggi potenziali. L’attività di studio e progettuale è stata svolta nell’ambito di un periodo di tirocinio formativo della durata di sei mesi, effettuato presso Engineering Ingegneria Informatica S.p.A., in particolare nella sede di viale Masini di Bologna, a seguito della candidatura autonoma dello studente e del suo immediato inserimento nei processi di business della divisione Utilities dell’azienda. Il Lavoro si suddivide in 9 capitoli: dopo una breve introduzione sul settore Energy&Utilities, nei primi quattro capitoli sono descritte le filiere produttive dei principali servizi, i principali attori del mercato e gli aspetti normativi e tariffari che caratterizzano l’intero settore, valutando in particolare la formazione del prezzo del gas e dell’energia elettrica. I capitoli cinque e sei descrivono invece le principali tendenze, le strategie competitive in atto nel mercato delle Utilities e l’importanza del Cliente, in un’ottica di CRM che segue i dettami del modello “Customer Centric”. Gli ultimi capitoli mostrano invece, dopo una breve presentazione dell’azienda in cui lo studente ha svolto l’attività, l’intero lavoro di analisi realizzato, input del modello di business a chiusura del Lavoro, volto a quantificare gli impatti del processo di liberalizzazione che ha radicalmente modificato il settore delle Utilities negli ultimi anni, valutando a proposito la profittabilità per un cliente medio in base ad un’opportuna pre-analisi di segmentazione. Il modello di business che occupa l’ultimo capitolo costituisce una soluzione originale e innovativa per incrementare tale profittabilità.