801 resultados para democratic reform
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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O estudo focaliza a política de Municipalização do Ensino Fundamental no Estado do Pará e suas relações com a Reforma do Estado a partir da análise da proposta de Municipalização do Ensino Fundamental no Pará, compreendida como parte das políticas de descentralização de gestão educacional, desencadeadas a partir da década de 1990. O objetivo principal desse estudo foi tentar estabelecer possíveis nexos entre a política de Municipalização do Ensino e a proposta de gestão gerencial propugnada na Reforma do Estado. A metodologia utilizada privilegiou a análise documental, o levantamento da produção teórica sobre o assunto, bem como a análise dos resultados estatísticos de atendimento da educação básica no período de 1996 a 2004. O estudo demonstrou que a política de descentralização e modernização gerencial preconizada pela Reforma do Estado tem orientado as políticas de descentralização e de focalização do financiamento da educação tais como a criação do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério FUNDEF, que pelas suas características tem induzido à municipalização do ensino fundamental no Brasil, especialmente no Estado do Pará. A proposta de municipalização por parte do governo estadual conta atualmente com a adesão de 67,1% dos municípios e tem como meta universalizar esse processo nos cento e quarenta e três municípios até o ano de 2007. A preocupação que move o governo estadual ao propor essa política, se baseia mais em argumentos que seguem a lógica econômicofinanceira, própria da gestão gerencial proposta pela Reforma do Estado, do que motivos de ampliação da gestão democrática das políticas públicas municipais propiciadas pela proximidade com o poder local, reivindicada pelas lutas sociais na década de 1980. A própria adesão das prefeituras, por terem acontecido predominantemente nos anos de 1997 e 1998 (anos de implantação do FUNDEF no Pará e no Brasil), evidencia o pouco tempo destinado ao planejamento por parte das prefeituras que assumiram um grande contingente de responsabilidades sem uma avaliação mais apurada das suas condições objetivas de gestão educacional dessas novas demandas. Se por um lado existe na proposta uma preocupação extrema com aspectos que envolvem a racionalização do uso dos recursos, (um dos principais aspectos da gestão gerencial), por outro há uma grande fragilidade em relação não apenas ao controle social desses recursos nas municipalidades, evidenciada pelas denúncias de desvios dos recursos do FUNDEF, mas também pela não existência do Conselho Municipal de Educação em mais de 90% dos municípios, o que dificulta a possibilidade de viabilização de uma gestão democrática nos municípios. A eficiência da gestão educacional, um dos princípios basilares da gestão gerencial e da proposta de Municipalização do ensino no Pará encontra-se, portanto, comprometida diante da constatação pela SEDUC de que nos municípios salvo raras exceções, age-se, em regra, apenas gerenciando o presente.
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Este estudo sobre A democratização da gestão escolar no Município de Santa Bárbara do Pará a partir do PDE buscou identificar quais as contribuições do Plano de Desenvolvimento da Escola para a gestão escolar, a partir de análises das ações implementadas na Escola Municipal do Livramento. Ele contempla uma discussão sobre a reforma do Estado e a nova proposta de gestão pública, que tornou-se mais flexível, capaz de se adaptar ao desenvolvimento tecnológico e às novas exigências da economia globalizada, que fizeram a reforma do Estado ser orientada pelos valores da eficiência, da qualidade na prestação de serviços e pela cultura gerencial nas organizações. Este trabalho mostra, também, a articulação existente entre sistema escolar e capitalismo, que exigiu, devido a crise no setor agrário-exportador (nos anos vinte) e a emergência do setor urbano-industrial, melhor escolarização, principalmente para as populações dos centros urbanos, associando, dessa forma, a educação ao desenvolvimento e à economia como solução para a crise. Observa-se, a partir da pesquisa, que as políticas públicas educacionais emanadas dos organismos internacionais têm suscitado novas formas de regulação e de gestão no país, nesse contexto surge a perspectiva de gestão da proposta do Fundescola/ PDE, na qual é reforçado o papel da liderança do diretor. O estudo identifica que o atendimento educacional no Pará e na Região Norte está centrado no ensino fundamental, revelando uma desproporção com relação à educação infantil e ensino médio. A discussão, aqui apresentada, a respeito da modernização da gestão enfatiza a importância da autonomia e da participação na escola pública como meio de alcançar a qualidade desejável na educação. Revela, ainda, o caráter impositivo da proposta do PDE ao ignorar a comunidade escolar e externa na sua formulação, sendo distinta e até contraditória com a proposta estabelecida pela legislação educacional brasileira, apesar do discurso dos idealizadores apontarem-na como uma proposta participativa e democrática.
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Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC
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O artigo apresenta como as operações de paz contemporâneas, conduzidas pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) para gerenciar e/ou resolver conflitos armados, têm lidado com a questão da segurança pública. Como parte do esforço de estabelecer uma paz duradoura nesses territórios, as atividades realizadas pela Organização incluem a reforma do setor de segurança e a estruturação de uma força policial democrática como parte de um amplo processo de construção da paz. Baseado em bibliografia sobre o assunto, documentos das Nações Unidas e observações pessoais, o texto aborda conceitos sobre as operações de paz, as ideias que norteiam a construção de uma polícia democrática, suas finalidades no contexto da segurança pública pós-conflito armado, as atividades realizadas para consecução desse objetivo e os problemas enfrentados pela ONU.
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A transition of Brazil from a juridico-political system of exception to a democracy was accompanied by several legal and institutional reform processes, aimed at the gradual elimination of so-called authoritarian rubble and the implementation of instruments of the democratic system, based on recognized citizenship and justice. However, to this day the extent and effects of those reforms can be questioned, especially in light of the increased public demand for justice and citizenship. The article The Difficult Path to Reform: The Police and Limits of the Post-Redemocratization Reform Process shows that the route to reform, above all in the sphere of police agencies, is a tortuous one, with an extensive agenda of problems and solutions, demanding research on the part of academics in order to form an understanding of the resistance to change and to new paradigms that define the public security agenda.
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The agrarian reform allows for land redistribution and gives rural workers the opportunity to develop their life projects, rescuing the dignity of a historically excluded population. The conquest of the land carries significances that span from the rescue of citizenship to the improvement of living conditions due to the acquisition of goods, products and services. It is pointed out that in Brazil there still exists a marked concentration of large-landed estates. In this sense, this work had the objective of analyzing the Brazilian agrarian reform process during the last two decades. In this period the country had three Presidents, two of them elected with the support of the Rural Landless Workers Movement, increasing the expectations in relation to the fulfillment of the agrarian reform. The advances in the policies of rural settlements are notable; however, the structure of large-land estates remains unaltered. In the last two years (2011 and 2012) the number of settled families, as well as the number of settlements accomplished, were the worst since 2006. The priority of the current government is the eradication of extreme poverty and, in this sense, the agrarian reform becomes an essential policy to contribute to such goal, since with the distribution of the property of the land also diminishes the concentration of wealth.
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Brazil is one of the largest agricultural producers in the world. However, its agrarian composition is based on two markedly different production models, particularly in relation to sustainability: a peasant family agriculture, which plays an important role in food production for domestic consumption and advocates agro-ecological practises; and agribusiness, the politically and economically hegemonic model that produces commodities for export based on monoculture and intensive use of pesticides. Therefore, in order to create the means to develop peasant lands, social movements and peasants have engaged themselves politically and defended an education model grounded in sustainable practises of production and social organisation. Taking this into account, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess the Brazilian experience of integration between education and sustainability, in the National Education Program in Agrarian Reform (PRONERA). To accomplish this aim, a survey with a semi-structured questionnaire was carried out among teachers, students, monitors, and coordinators of the course offered by PRONERA. The surveys showed that the courses are promoting the concepts of sustainability among peasants. However, many adjustments need to be taken into consideration during the planning process for the next courses offered by PRONERA.
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Pós-graduação em História - FCHS
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Several groups reveal their interests, their critical position on reality through structure alternative of communication ways for great media. These ways, that were present during history of brazilian journalism don´t have the repercussion and reach of great communication enterprises, but they are initiatives that collaborate to spread of perspectives about the reality and on structure of a communication more democratic. This analysis organizes itself from observation about the newspaper Sem Terra emphasizing their principal characteristics, their speech about the conception of citizenship related to agrarian reform project and its significance about journalism of great media. The militant journalism just emerges like one of the tools on struggles of citizenship, but fundamental importance to spread the reality readings and to allow reflexions about the admitted journalistic language through arrival of modernity.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Previous studies of the Social Gospel movement have acknowledged the fact that Social Gospelers were involved in multiple social reform movements during the Gilded Age and into the Progressive Era. However, most of these studies have failed to explain how the reform experiences of the Social Gospelers contributed to the development of the Social Gospel. The Social Gospelers’ ideas regarding the need to transform society and their strategies for doing so were largely a result of their personal experiences as reformers and their collaboration with other reformers. The knowledge and insight gained from interaction with a variety of reform methods played a vital role in the development of the ideology and theology of the Social Gospel. George Howard Gibson is exemplary of the connections between the Social Gospel movement and several other social reform movements of the time. He was involved in the Temperance movement, was a member of both the Prohibition Party and the People’s Party, and co-founded a Christian socialist cooperative colony. His writings illustrate the formation of his identity as a Social Gospeler as well as his attempts to find an organization through which to realize the kingdom of God on earth. Failure to achieve the changes he desired via prohibition encouraged him to broaden his reform goals. Like many Midwestern Social Gospelers Gibson believed he had found “God’s Party” in the People’s Party, but he rejected reform via the political system once the Populists restricted their attention to the silver issue and fused with the Democratic Party. Yet his involvement with the People’s Party demonstrates the attraction many Social Gospelers had to the reforms proposed in the Omaha Platform of 1892 as well as to the party’s use of revivalistic language and emphasis on producerism and brotherhood. Gibson’s experimentation with a variety of ways to achieve the kingdom of God on earth provides new insight into the experiences and contributions of lay Social Gospelers. Adviser: Kenneth J. Winkle
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Objectives: The Brazilian public health system does not provide electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is limited to a few academic services. National mental health policies are against ECT. Our objectives were to analyze critically the public policies toward ECT and present the current situation using statistics from the Institute of Psychiatry of the University of Sao Paulo (IPq-HCFMUSP) and summary data from the other 13 ECT services identified in the country. Methods: Data regarding ECT treatment at the IPq-HCFMUSP were collected from January 2009 to June 2010 (demographical, number of sessions, and diagnoses). All the data were analyzed using SPSS 19, Epic Info 2000, and Excel. Results: During this period, 331 patients were treated at IPq-HCFMUSP: 221 (67%) were from Sao Paulo city, 50 (15.2%) from Sao Paulo's metropolitan area, 39 (11.8%) from Sao Paulo's countryside, and 20 (6.1%) from other states; 7352 ECT treatments were delivered-63.0% (4629) devoted entirely via the public health system (although not funded by the federal government); the main diagnoses were a mood disorder in 86.4% and schizophrenia in 7.3% of the cases. Conclusions: There is an important lack of public assistance for ECT, affecting mainly the poor and severely ill patients. The university services are overcrowded and cannot handle all the referrals. The authors press for changes in the mental health policies.
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Liberalism and Marxism are two schools of thought which have left deep imprints in sociological, political and economic theory. They are usually perceived as opposite, rival approaches. In the field of democracy there is a seemingly insurmountable rift around the question of political versus economic democracy. Liberals emphasize the former, Marxists the latter. Liberals say that economic democracy is too abstract and fuzzy a concept, therefore one should concentrate on the workings of an objective political democracy. Marxists insist that political democracy without economic democracy is insufficient. The article argues that both propositions are valid and not mutually exclusive. It proposes the creation of an operational, quantifiable index of economic democracy that can be used alongside the already existing indexes of political democracy. By using these two indexes jointly, political and economic democracy can be objectively evaluated. Thus, the requirements of both camps are met and maybe a more dialogical approach to democracy can be reached in the debate between liberals and Marxists. The joint index is used to evaluate the levels of economic and political democracy in the transition countries of Eastern Europe.